Lecture 2 / Chapter 1
COSC1300/ITSC 1401/BCIS 1405
9/1/2004
Any questions?
Everyone is clear about the lab assignment?
Reading Materials:
?
COSC1300/ITSC 1401/BCIS 1405
9/1/2004
Well-informed people know its IMPOSSIBLE
to transmit voice over wires and that were it
possible to do so, the thing would be of NO
practical value.
General Items:
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Lecture 2 / Chapter 1
Read 52 -65
Miscellaneous:
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Boston Post , 1865, quote from an article
concerning the arrest of a man who had been
attempting to raise funds for work on a
telephone
My recommendation to the [patent] office is
that everything that CAN be invented HAS
been invented!
The Commissioner of the United States Office
of Patents , 1899, recommendation to abolish his
office
I dont really foresee any commercial
possibilities for COMPUTERS and I predict a
world market for maybe FIVE computers!
Thomas Watson, 1940, Cha irman of IBM
[Link]
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COSC1300/ITSC 1401/BCIS 1405
9/1/2004
Digital Technology
Computer Technology
Hardware
Software
[Link]
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Lecture 2 / Chapter 1
COSC1300/ITSC 1401/BCIS 1405
Processors:
4 Generations
(Size, Speed)
Application
Software
DAC (Digital to analog Converter)
System Software
- OS
Digital
World!
(Analog)
ADC (Analog to digital Converter)
Programming
Languages
- FORTRAN
- COBOL
- BASIC
Miscellaneous:
Printers
Modem
Wireless mouse!
Much more.
Voice/
Music
MP3
Pictures/
Images
MPEG
Integrated
Circuits
Computer
Networks
Communication D evices
- Faster modems
- Wireless cards
- WiFi
Large -Scale
Integrated
Circ uits
Integration
Level
Vacuum
Tube
[Link]
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Digital technology
? Data representation
? Analog
? Digital (0,1)
? The real world is ANALOG
? Digital technology is based on two states (ON/OFF)
Real
World!
Memory:
- Storage Devices
- Core Memory
(Size, Speed,
Capacity )
File: [Link]
Transistors
Transmission Technology
- Packet Switching
- Ethernet
- IP Technology
- Wireless
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Lecture 2 / Chapter 1
COSC1300/ITSC 1401/BCIS 1405
9/1/2004
Digital Technology Developments
----------------------------------------------------First came the Vacuum Tubes
? An integrated device (contains many components)
? Controlling electron current
? Expensive, unreliable, hot, and bulky
? They were used in first computers
? 1946: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer)
? First large -scale general purpose digital computer
? Used 18,000 tubes, Consumed 160 KW, 30x50
Then came Transistors
? A semiconductor device (GaAs)
? Invented by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley (1947,NJ)
? Revolutionized the digital technology
? 1951: UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic C omputer)
o First commercially available computer
o Correctly predicted the election results!
o Major step in public awareness
? 1953: IBM650 /700
o Development of the Core Memory
o Sold about 1000 units!
? 1957: IBM 305 (RAMAC)
o Using magnetic disk for external storage
Lecture 2 / Chapter 1
COSC1300/ITSC 1401/BCIS 1405
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Later came Integrated Circuits
o Also called CHIPs
o Placing several million transistors on a piece of silicon
o The size of a fingertip
o Invented by Jack Kilby in 1958
o Start of the second generation computers
? High-speed computers
Advances in integrated circuits (1964)
o More controlling devices we re integrated on a single chip
o Mid-scale integration (1000 circuits on a single chip)
o Start of the third-generation computers
o 18,000 computers were around!
o Computers were being used by business people and scientists
Large-scale integration (1970)
o 15,000 circuits on a chip
o Computers were getting much smaller
o Smaller processors (1971-1976)
? Intel 4004 (microprocessor) programmable computer chip
? First Apple Computer was introduced
o Winchester Hard Drives (Developed by IBM)
How Much?
POINT B
POINT A
ELECTRICITY
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Personal Computers
Apple was there first (1976)
Then came IBM PCs
By 1982 there were 3 million PCs around
In 1982 IBM introduced AT version 80286 Intel Processor
In 1989 IBM marketed Intel 486 (1.2 million transistors on a single
chip)
Intel introduced Pentium chip (1993) with 3.1 million transistors
o Pentium II, III , IV (42 million transistors)
[Link]
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File: [Link]
COSC1300/ITSC 1401/BCIS 1405
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Computer Hardware Examples
Hard Drive (Winchester 1970s)
Modem (Hayes 1982)
LaserJet Printers (HP 1984)
CDs and DVD Optical disc storage technology (1997)
Other Gadgets.
o Palm hand / e -book / Mobile PC (Supporting WiFi, BT)
Speed
o E- books / Tablet PC / PDA
Computers and the Society
1982 3 million people had computers
Today-there are 250,000,000 computers around
Computers are becoming a part of our daily lives
o E-commerce ($100 million a year, 5 mil. for advertising alone!)
o Internet (with annul growth of 700%)
Size
Power consumption
# of transistors
Architecture (32-bit)
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Lecture 2 / Chapter 1
COSC1300/ITSC 1401/BCIS 1405
9/1/2004
Computer Software
The key to computer development was its Programmability!
The basic questions:
o Where should we keep a program?
o How should we write a program?
o How should the program interact with the hardware?
Introducing Stored Program Concept (1945)
o The Memory should hold both programs and data (John
Neumann)
Introducing Reusable Software (1952)
o Programming computers with symbol notations (Grace Hopper)
o Generating a layer between the machine language and software
New programming languages (200 languages by 1958)
o FORTRAN (efficient, easy-to-use) - 1957
o COBOL (high-level, used for business people) 1960
o BASIC (Very easy, simple instructions) - 1965
o Structured Programming Dijskra 1968
o Object Oriented programming language
Lecture 2 / Chapter 1
COSC1300/ITSC 1401/BCIS 1405
9/1/2004
Development of operating systems
o Apple OS
o MS-DOS used for IBM PCs
o MAC OS Using GUI interface 1984
o Windows 3.1 1992
o Another OS called Linux
o Window 95, 98, Me, XP
How many lines of codes?
What is the point of all these?
o Technology is a combined effort of thousands of minds!
o Changes in technology are very political!
o Lets try to be wise consumers!
NOT USED!
Application Software
o First Spreadsheet program for Apple (1979)
o Lotus 1-2-3 Editor, Spreadsheet, database programs
o MS Office becomes very popular
Windows being tested by 50,000 people, 10 million lines
MP: Moving Picture Expert Group Layer 3 (Layer 3 algorithm to
filter out the inaudible noise) compressed format
Semiconductor: Electrical conductor between metals and
insulators Silicon (IV group in the periodic table) - compounds
such as GaAs used in transistors.
Programming Language (high level)
Compiler
Machine Language (bits: 010100110)
[Link]
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About silicon:
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