I.

Mechanical design of the elevator

A. Hydraulic elevator
The hydraulic system has four main parts:
A tank (the fluid reservoir)
A pump, powered by an electric motor
A valve between the cylinder and the reservoir
Cylinder is connected to a fluid pumping system.
In the conventional system, the entire cylinder structure must be
buried below the bottom elevator stop. This means you have to dig deeper
as you build higher. This is an expensive project with buildings over a
few stories tall. In this project, we will use the telescopic piston (it can
lengthen and shorten) to save space (see fig.1)

Figure 1
Principle operation
The car of a hydraulic elevator is lifted
from below by a hydraulic ram. A hydraulic
ram is a long piston that is driven into or out
of a hollow cylinder by pressure in a
hydraulic fluid. The hydraulic fluid, usually
oil or water, exerts a force on any surface it
touches, including the base of the piston. If
the pressure in the hydraulic fluid is high
enough, the force it exerts on the base of the
piston will exceed the weight of the piston and elevator car and they will
accelerate upward.
1

But as the piston rises, the hydraulic fluid has more space to fill
and its pressure drops. To keep the piston moving upward, something
must continuously add high-pressure hydraulic fluid to the cylinder, that
is usually an electrically powered pump. This pump draws low-pressure
hydraulic fluid from a reservoir and pumps it into the cylinder. The pump
does work on the fluid and this work is what lifts the elevator car.
When the elevator car has reached the proper height, the pump
stops and the piston rests on the high-pressure hydraulic fluid beneath it.
As long as the amount of fluid in the cylinder doesnt change, the piston
and car will stay where they are as the passengers get on and off.
To let the car descend, the elevator opens a valve and permits the
high-pressure hydraulic fluid to return to the low-pressure reservoir. The
fluid naturally accelerates toward the lower pressure and the cylinder
begins to empty. The car descends. However, the fluid in the cylinder has
considerable pressure potential energy and that energy must go
somewhere. As it flows through the valve, the fluid accelerates and it
rushes into the reservoir at high speed. But its kinetic energy soon
becomes thermal energy as the fluid swirls around randomly. When the
swirling has stopped, the fluid in the reservoir will be warmer than it was
before the elevator made its trip up and down.
Because it lifts the car from below like a jackscrew, the hydraulic
elevator is naturally very safe. Even if the cylinder springs a leak, the
hydraulic fluid will probably not flow out of the cylinder fast enough for
the car to descend at a dangerous speed. But unlike a jackscrew, a
hydraulic ram encounters very little friction and wear, so its piston can
move in or out of the cylinder rapidly. As a result, the car of a hydraulic
elevator can be lifted as fast as the pump can deliver high-pressure
hydraulic fluid. Of course, the pump has to do a great deal of work on
that fluid in a short time, so it must be very powerful. Nonetheless, the
speed of a hydraulic elevator is limited only by the power of the pump
and the comfort of the passengers.

1. Car frame (sling) and platform

The car frame forms the supporting steel
structure of the car. It consists of three main
parts: the crosshead beam, two vertical uprights,
called stiles and the safety plank. The car sling is
completed by bolting, riveting or welding the
stiles to the crosshead at their upper end and to
the safety plank at the bottom. It must be guided
on each guide rail by upper and lower slide guide
shoes attached to the frame.
The crosshead beam is the upper member of the
car sling
The stiles must have sufficient stiffness to
carry an eccentric load which tends to bend the
stiles and distort the frame.
The safety plank forms the base of the
sling and supports the car platform, on which passengers and/or load rest
during the travel. The platform has more functions as a support for
various other elevator equipment. Junction boxes are supported either
from steel car frame members or from the underside of the platform. All
electrical connections to the car are established at this junction.
Toe guards are also attached to the car platform. They must be
effectively flush with the hoist way edges of the sills and must span the
entire width of the hoist way door opening. They are made of steel. They
have a straight vertical face, extending below the floor surface of the
platform.
Platform isolation is rubber or other vibration absorbing material
which reduces the transmission of vibration and noise to the platform.
These pads are often replaced when modernizing as new isolation is more
resilient and helps to reduce vibration and improve the comfort of the ride
for passengers.
Brace rod is a rod extending from the elevator platform framing to
another part of the elevator car frame or sling for the purpose of
supporting the platform or holding it securely in position. Brace robs are
supports for the outer corners of the platform, each of which tie to upper
portions of the stile.
Car enclosure is mounted onto the platform and as a rule, it is made
up of a series of panels. The material for car enclosures and car linings
3

must be either metal, fire-retardant-treated wood, or some equally fireretardant approved materials.

2. Door Mechanism

Figure 3: Doors Mechanism

1. Motor 2. Pulley 3. Belt 4. Guide way 5. Door panel
The automatic doors at grocery stores and office buildings are
mainly there for convenience and as an aid for handicapped people. The
automatic doors in an elevator, on the other hand, are absolutely essential.
They are there to keep people from falling down an open shaft.
Elevators use two different sets of doors: doors on the cars and
doors opening into the elevator shaft. The doors on the cars are operated
by an electric motor, which is hooked up to the elevator computer. You
can see how a typical door-opener system works in Figure 3.
The electric motor turns, the motion is transmitted to the pulley,
then to two door panels which are mounted on the belt through the
pulley-belt mechanism. Two panels will slide back and forth in two
opposite direction on a metal rail.
The door is made of two sheets of steel will be mounted on the two
panels. The computer turns the motor to open the doors when the car
arrives at a floor and close the doors before the car starts moving again.
Many elevators have a motion sensor system that keeps the doors from
closing if somebody is between them.
The car doors have a clutch mechanism that unlocks the outer
doors at each floor and pulls them open. In this way, the outer doors will
only open if there is a car at that floor (or if they are forced open). This
keeps the outer doors from opening up into an empty elevator shaft.

3. Hydraulic System
Telescopic Cylinders
The great advantage of telescopic cylinders over conventional rodtype cylinders is their ability to provide an exceptionally long stroke
from a compact initial package. The collapsed length of typical
telescopic cylinders varies between 20% to 40% of their extended
length. Thus, when mounting space is limited and the application
needs a long stroke, a telescopic cylinder is a natural solution.
Telescopic hydraulic cylinders are relatively simple devices, but
their successful application requires an understanding of their
construction. Knowledge of how telescopic cylinders work and which
special application criteria to consider will help you design them
safely and economically into your equipment.

Main and Stages

As the name suggests, telescopic cylinders are constructed like a
telescope. Sections of DOM (drawn over mandrel) steel tubing with
successively smaller diameters nest inside each other. The largest
diameter section is called the main or barrel; the smaller-diameter
sections that move are called stages. The smallest stage is also called
the plunger. The maximum practical number of moving stages is
generally six. Theoretically, cylinders with more stages could be
designed but their stability would be compromised.
Telescopic cylinders normally extend from the largest stage to the
smallest. The pressure depends on the magnitude of the load and
contact area. This means that the largest stage with all the smaller
6

stages nested inside it will move first, and will complete its stroke
before the next stage begins to move. This procedure will continue for
each stage until the smallest-diameter stage is fully extended.
Conversely, when retracting, the smallest diameter stage will retract
fully before the next stage starts to move. This continues until all
stages are nested back in the main
To extend, the high pressure oil is directed by the control valve into
port A. The oil passes through the transfer tube in the rod to the base
of the cylinder.
To retract: with no oil pumps, the weight of the body pushes oil in
the cylinders to the tank and cylinder will be shorten.
Basic Cylinder Types
As with conventional cylinders, the two basic types of telescopic
hydraulic cylinders are single-acting and double-acting.
Single-acting telescoping cylinders extend under hydraulic
pressure and rely on gravity or some external mechanical force for
retraction. Single-acting cylinders are used in applications where some
form of load is always on the cylinders. Pressurized oil extends the
telescopic cylinder to raise one end of the dump body and expel its
load.
When pressure is released, the weight of the dump body forces oil
out of the cylinder and it retracts.
Double-acting telescopic cylinders are powered hydraulically in
both directions. They can be used in applications where neither gravity
nor external force is available. They are well suited to non-critical
positioning applications requiring out-and-back movement of a
substantial load. A classic application is the packer-ejector cylinder in
refuse vehicles and transfer trailers. The horizontally-mounted
cylinder pushes a platen to compress the load, then must retract with
the platen so that more material can be added. Gravity cannot assist,
so a double-acting cylinder is used.
In our project we just consider single-acting telescopic.

Bearings and Seals

Each stage is supported within each successively larger stage by at
least two bearings. One is at the bottom outside diameter or piston end
of the stage, and the other is at the top internal diameter or packing
section of the next larger stage. The distance between these two
bearings determines the degree by which one stage overlaps the next.
Generally, this distance or overlap must increase as overall stroke
increases in order to resist deflection caused by the weight of extended
stages and the load.

There are several designs for sealing telescopic cylinders.

One of the most common is the use of several hinged chevron 'vee'
seals and/or one-piece, multiple-lip seals with hinged lips moulded in
place. These seals are held in place by a stop ring or snap ring and
packing nut and they use guide bearings on the sleeve piston. The
internal diameter of each stage is sealed against the outer diameter of
the next smaller stage nested inside it. The style and positioning of
these seals varies among cylinder manufactures. The style of seal also
depends on its particular function. Zero-leakage, multiple-lip soft seals
are usually found in the internal diameter at the packing section of the
main and moving stages. Low-leakage hard seals are found on the
piston end of double-acting telescopic cylinders. These piston seals
allow the cylinder to retract under pressure.

Principle diagram of the hydraulic system:

7
6

11

3
5

10

1. Reservoir
2. Filter
3,4. Pump
5. Relief valve
6. Pressure gauge
7. Distribution valve
8. Cylinder
9. Check valve
10. Flow regulating valve

4. Calculation and design of the cylinder

a. Principle :

Pascal's Laws relates to pressures in fluids - liquid or gaseous state:

- if the weight of a fluid is neglected the pressure throughout an
enclosed volume will be the same
- the static pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions
- the static pressure acts at right angles to any surface in contact
with the fluid

b. Requirements
Load : 1500kg.
Fluid pressure: 6 Mpa
Single acting cylinder
Stroke length: 12m.
Stroke velocity: 1.5m/s
c. Length of the cylinder:
The system is used for 4-story building
Then the stroke length is: 3x4m=12m.
We use the telescopic cylinder with 6 stages, the length of each stage is 2m.
d. Diameter of the cylinder:
From the formula: F=A.P
10

F: Force acting on the piston, F = 15000N

P: Fluid pressure, P = 6MPa = 6*106 N/m2
A: Working area
Then:
A=

F
P

15000
6106

2,5.10 3 m 2

D 2
4

A=
Then the inner diameter of the plunger(the smallest stage):
4A

4.2,5.10 3 m 2
3.14

D=
=
=0.056m
We also have:
- The thickness of the wall of the cylinder: t = 5mm (for all stages)
- The width of the shoulder of the cylinder: s = 5mm (for all stages)
- The width of slits between the wall of stages: b = 1mm

b=1mm

From that we can calculate the diameter of other stages.

11

e. Structure:
- The plunger:

- Connection between stages:

12

- The barrel:

- Between stages we use 3 seals: 1 PSP seal and 2 V-packing seals

13

14

5. Calculation and selection of pump :

The formula for the capacity of the pump:
PQe
6000m

N=

(1)

Where:
N: pump capacity
0

: volumetric efficiency

=0.9

: mechanical efficiency
=0.96
P: working pressure P=6Mpa=60bar

Qe: efficient flow rate of the pump, Qe=

Q: theoretical flow rate
Q= V*A
A: the area of of the working surface
A=

F 15000
=
P 610 6

.Q

=0.0025

The stroke velocity:

V=1,5m/s
Q=0.0025. 1,5=3,75.10-3(m3/s)=3.75(litres/s)
Then
3,75600.9

N= 6000.960.9 = 0.39 (kW)

We choose pump with capacity of: N= 400W
Flow rate of the pump : Q=3,75 .10-3(m3/s)
6. Valve selection :
a. Relief valve:
The relief valve is a type of valve used to control or limit the pressure in a
system or vessel which can build up by a process upset, instrument or
equipment failure. It opens proportionally as the increasing pressure
overcomes the spring pressure, prevent overloading.
- Valve pressure 6 Mpa
- Height h=2d
Diameter of the pipe d=20mm
15

Then h=40mm
Diameter slit:

=0.1mm

Combination of ball valve and piston valve

b. Distribution valve :
Distribution valve 5/3( 5 ways 3 positions)
Position 1: Sliding block go down
Position 2: Sliding block keep still
Position 3: Sliding block go up
Choose valve with the inner diameter of the pipe is:
d = 20mm
Then we have the other technical parameters:
Qmax = 100 l/ph
L = 160 mm
D = 25 mm. (sliding block diameter).

= 27 mm. (stroke length)

= 0,4 bar.
Valve control:
To control the position of the sliding block, we use controlling top
(electromagnetic control)

16

Structure of the controlling top of the distribution valve

Spring (1) and bearing (2) hold the position of the sliding block at mid-point.
Pin (3) press against the axis of the magnets core, the tolerance of the pin to the
hole is about 512 m.
c. Flow regulating valve:
It is used to control the fluid flow, which helps controlling the speed of the
actuators.
We set up the valve near the reservoir. Although it then doesnt help decrease
the load for the system, but the response is quick. The valve also has the
function of a check valve, create a certain pressure on the output of the cylinder,
so that it can move smoothly.
We choose the adjustable valve, and it is axial adjusting.

17

Characteristic of the valve

d. Check valve : one-way valves, which normally allows fluid to flow
through it in only one direction. allowing an accumulator to charge and
maintain its pressure after the machine is turned off, for example.
- Prevent the fluid from boiling
- Prevent changing the flow direction.
- Control the flow
- Protect the mechanisms

18

7. Reservoir :
a. Function:
- Holds excess hydraulic fluid to accommodate volume changes
from: cylinder extension and contraction, temperature driven
expansion and contraction, and leaks.
- Aid in separation of air from the fluid and also work as a heat
accumulator to cover losses in the system when peak power is
used.
- Maintain the temperature of fluid at allowable range.
b. Figure and dimension:
Figure: Deep and narrow are better than shallow and wide because the fluid
level could be higher and prevent it from whirling.
Dimension:
Vmin=3Q
c. Structure:
Baffle with the height about 2/3 the height of the fluid, with two functions:
- Prevent the return fluid from going directly to the pump.
- Prevent the fluid from splashing.

The lid of the reservoir has the vent with filter to prevent the dirts.
Choose water cooling:

19

8. Filters
Filter the dirt and metal particles which continually produced by mechanical
components. They need to be removed along with other contaminants.
Unrefined filter and fine filter:
- Unrefined filter: Metal net filter purity 0,08-0,1 mm placed before the pump
- Fine filter: Paper filter, purity 4-5, placed after the pump.
Choose the filters with assisting valve that is closed at normal flow rate.
When the flow rate is too high or the filter is clogging, the valve is opened and
the fluid can go directly through the valve without filtering.
9. Pipes: Steel C45.
Depend on the height the system and disposition of reservoir, we can
determine the length of pipes.
Inner diameter of the pipe: d = 20 mm.
Flow rate : Q = 3.75 (l/s).
Pressure loss:

= 0,16 bar.

Steel C45:
= 400-500 MPa.
Allowable velocity of fluid: v = 5-6 m/s.
[Link]:
Fluid in hydraulic system is the energy transferring environment. It also
functions as lubricant and cooling. We chose SAE 10W-30.
180

990

- Working range:
C to
C
- Various additives to improve lubricity.

20

B. Traction elevators

21

1.

22

+ Lifting structure
Installed in the engine wiring lift lifting generate traction and movement
of the counterweight.
Elevation mechanism includes the following components: pull cable parts
(pulleys), reduce speed box, electromagnetic brake and drive motor. All
parts are mounted on steel base. In the elevator often use two lifting
systems:
- Lifting with speed box
- Lifting without speed box
Lifting without speed boxes are often used in high speed lifts.
+ Electric cabinet: the circuit breaker panel assembly, fuses, switches and
intermediated relay.
Division speed limit part works in collaboration with brake insurance
cable to limit the speed movement of the lift
2. Equipment installed in machine cabinet
+ Lifting structure
Installed in the engine wiring lift lifting generate traction and movement
of the counterweight.
Elevation mechanism includes the following components: pull cable parts
(pulleys), reduce speed box, electromagnetic brake and drive motor. All
parts are mounted on steel base. In the elevator often use two lifting
systems:
- Lifting with speed box
- Lifting without speed box
Lifting without speed boxes are often used in high speed lifts.
+ Electric cabinet: the circuit breaker panel assembly, fuses, switches and
intermediated relay.
Division speed limit part works in collaboration with brake insurance
cable to limit the speed movement of the lift

23

a)
With speed box; b) Without speed box
1. Drive motor 2. Electromagnetic brake, 3. Speed box 4. Pull the
cable part
3. Cabin and other related equipment
Cabin is part of the elevator load bearing structure. Cabin must have the
ability to disassemble it into small parts. About structure, cabin consists
of 2 parts: bearing structures (the frame cabin) and the wall covering,
ceiling and floor form frame. Over the frame cabin is the guide block,
cabin suspension system and brake handles insurance, the system shut
down and open structure. In addition, the elevator cabin seats must meet
the information requirements wind, temperature and light.
4. Cab suspension
Because cabin and counterweight are suspended by many separate strands
so it requires a suspension to ensure that the separate strands improve the
same. In tension case, tensile strength cable will be overloaded even
without tension, cable pulley grooves will slide on a very dangerous
friction. In addition, due to fiber tension so slack fiber cable on the pulley
grooves are worn friction will not same. So that why the suspension
system must be equipped with electric contact of the safety circuit
breaker to stop the elevator when a in the excess cable slack to allow the
ladder to prevent disasters. At this time the elevator can only work when

24

adjusting tension of the cable as the other. The cabin suspension with
beams installed on the frame will stand in the cabin bearing system.
5. Guide rails
Guide rails were installed along the ladder to lead well and for
instructions for cabin moves along well. Guide rails will ensure the cabin
always located in the well and will not be moved horizontal during
movement. Additionally guide rails also have the stiffness enough for the
weight of the cabin and the passengers rest on cabin. The guide rails have
bars so when the load brake they will make the insurance (in case of
broken cable or cabin goes down at a rate higher than the value allowed).
6. Counterweight
Counterweight is the part played a key role in balancing system of the
elevator. For the elevators height is not large, people choose
counterweight so that its weight equals the weight of cabin plus some
weight of its passenger. When the elevators weight increase, the weight
of the lifting cable and power cable is considerable so people use chain to
compensate the weight of the lifting cables
Counter weight can be determined by the formula:
m=C + eQ
In that
C: Weight cabin
Q: The nominal load of the elevator
e: Coefficient balance
If the weight of the counterweight balance perfectly equal with the cabin
and payload weight lifting (e = 1) then when raise or lower cabin with
fully loaded, the engine's lifting is to overcome friction and inertia force,
but the cabin does not load the engine must overcome more resistance is
equal to the nominal lifting capacity Q to lower cabin (or lift
counterweight). So for that reason people choose counterweight to
balance e coefficients so that the force needed to lift the cabin filled with
passengers will lower the cabin at no load.

25

7. Cabin door and floor door

Cabin door and the floor door have a very important role in ensuring safe
and major damage to elevator quality, productivity of the elevator. The
floor and cabin door system is designed so that when you stop at any
level, only the engine and open the lift mechanical systems association
affiliated with the lift door. In the same way when the system closes the
link will not impact and the elevator will move the other floor.
8. The winch system
Depending on the diagram that the winch drive is located in the engine
room driving or located above, below or next to the elevator well.
The winch system has two kinds: electric actuator including the gearbox
and those without the gearbox. For greater speed elevators people use the
winch system that do not use the hoisting gear box.
9. Mechanical safety device
Safety equipment in the elevator will do the job of keeping safety for the
elevator and passengers in the event of incidents such as broken cables,
cable pulley sliding on a track friction, lower the cabin with racket speed
than the permitted value

Insurance brake type pliers

1. Navigation bar
2. Grip
3. Cables associated with the engine speed limit
4. Wheel screw
5. Wedge
26

10. Limit switch

A limit switch is an electrical switch designed to cut off power to a

machine at the extent of its possible movement.
A limit switch placed on an elevator would shut off the power if the car
goes higher or lower than it is supposed to go within safety measures.
Keeping an elevator from passing a certain point protects not only
the occupants but also the motors and pulleys that drive the elevation of
the car.
Before a machine is produced and used, a limit switch must be included
in the design to satisfy safety regulations.

27

II.

Electronic design
1. Concept

In the design of the elevator, our requirements are:

- Serving passengers quickly
- Highest proficiency
- Safety
- Low cost
Expending on our list of attribute, we speculate that the elevator control would
consist of 5 modules:
- Power supply
- Buttons includes in-car buttons, up-down call buttons at each floors.
- Sensors contain of the floor sensors (to tell microcontroller that car has
reached exact position), and the coming sensors (to signal the
microcontroller to reduce the speed of the motor).
- Actuator consists of two motor to lift car and drive the doors.
- Display module to indicate the position of the car on 7 segments LED and
led to light up buttons when they are pressed.

1.

2.

3.

2. Definition
2.1Operational specification
On each floor there are up and down call buttons for the elevators.
Depending on which way, the user presses one of the call buttons. Once
in the elevator the user chooses his destination by pressing the
appropriate button inside the card. The elevator moves to the desired floor
and the user disembarks.
Because this project have the human-to-product interface, it is necessary
to have a clear display module to inform the passengers the position of
the elevator so that they can use elevator more efficiently. The operational
specification of display module list as following:
The buttons are lighten up by green LEDs when they are pressed.
The 7 segment LED indicate the position when the car reaches each
floors.
The arrows (also using LEDs) indicate the direction of the car.
The floor sensors send signal to the controller that the car has reached the
exact position to stop.
The coming sensor send signal to the controller that the car should reduce
speed and ready to stop.
28

4. Two power circuits to control the main motor and the motor that drives
the door.
The speed of two motors will be control by pulse width modulation
(PWM)
2.2Basic Block Diagrams

The ATMegal6 was chosen for the prototype development. The Mega16
is pin-for-pin compatible with the smaller-memory model ATMega8535 as
well as with the larger-memory model ATMega32. This allows some
freedom during the design phase. The option of increasing the memory
model may be needed, since we do not know exactly how much code space
is required in either unit. At the end of the project, and after the features have
ceased to creep, if the code would fit into a potentially less expensive
component with a smaller memory size, that choice is available as well.
3. Hardware Design
3.1AVR Microprocessor

29

AVR is a member of microcontrollers manufactured by Atmel

production. The reason we choose AVR is that: compared with the 8-bit
microcontroller chip other, AVR has many superior properties over the
whole of the application (user) and especially on the functions
Besides programming in ASM, the structure is designed compatible AVR
C.
Resources on the source code, documentation, application notes on
the internet are great.
Most AVR chips have features (features) follows:
Can be used up to 16MHz clock, or use the internal clock of
up to 8 MHz (error 3%)
Flash program memory can be reprogrammed many times
and large, have SRAM (static RAM) is larger, and especially
the memory storage is EEPROM programming.
Multiple input output (I / O PORT) two directions (bidirectional).
8 bits, 16 bits timer / counter integrated PWM.
Analog Converters - Digital resolution 10 bits, channels.
USART serial interface (compatible with standard serial RS232).
Serial Interface Two-Wire-Serial (I2C compatible)
Serial Interface Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
In this project we choose ATmega 16

30

3.2Power Supply
The supply power of the implemented circuit need to have a
capability of maintaining be a steady voltage level despite vary current
demands and input voltage variations. For this purpose, we use IC 7805
LM 7805 is used very simple with input pin will be the (9-24V),
common leg for ground, which is connected mass, the output pin is 5V to
feed the circuit.
Also we will use the power supply of the PC to generate the 12V sources
from the 220V AC

The role of capacitors is to store and release electricity to smooth

out noise, surges, and sags. Without the capacitors, the 7805 would still
output 5 V but wouldnt react as quickly to changes in supply and demand,
and thus it wouldnt provide as clean of a regulated output.
31

3.3Button
Because ATmega16 has a limited number of pins and this system
requires quite many buttons to operate, we use each of three pins to
take the input of each group of buttons. Here we use matrix 3x8 like
the following figure
3.4Floor sensors
Use the same matrix as buttons
3.5Display module
To display the position of the car, we use 7 segment LED, to light
up background of the pressed buttons, we use green LED. To control
all of these LED, we use IC 74HC595

The 74HC/HCT595 are high-speed Si-gate CMOS devices and are

pin compatible with low power Schottky TTL (LSTTL). They are
specified in compliance with JEDEC standard no. 7A.
The 74HC/HCT595 is an 8-stage serial shift register with a storage
register and 3-state outputs. The shift register and storage register have
separate clocks.
Data is shifted on the positive-going transitions of the SH_CP
input. The data in each register is transferred to the storage register on
a positive-going transition of the ST_CP input. If both clocks are
connected together, the shift register will always be one clock pulse
ahead of the storage register. The shift register has a serial input (DS)
and a serial standard output (Q7) for cascading. It is also provided
with asynchronous reset (active LOW) for all 8 shift register stages.
The storage register has 8 parallel 3-state bus driver outputs. Data in

32

the storage register appears at the output whenever the output enable
input (OE) is LOW.
4. Software Design
Build and Test Prototype Hardware
4.1. Display function using 74HC595
void display (unsigned char x, unsigned char y, unsigned char z, unsigned
char w)
{
Int i,j,k,l,t1,t2,t3,t4;
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
t1=x;
t1=t1&0x80;
if(t1==0x80)
DATA=1;
else
DATA=0;
x*=2;
SCK=0;
SCK=1;
}
for(j=0;j<8;j++)
{
t2=y;
t2=t2&0x80;
if(t2==0x80)
DATA=1;
else
DATA=0;
y*=2;
SCK=0;
SCK=1;
}
for(k=0;k<8;k++)
{
t3=z;
t3=t3&0x80;
33

if(t3==0x80)
DATA=1;
else
DATA=0;
z*=2;
SCK=0;
SCK=1;
}
for(l=0;l<8;l++)
{
t4=w;
t4=t4&0x80;
if(t4==0x80)
DATA=1;
else
DATA=0;
w*=2;
SCK=0;
SCK=1;
}
SCL=0;
SCL=1;
}
4.2Display button LED
void scan(){
switch(button)
{
case 1:
button_led |=0x01;
break;
case 2:
button_led |=0x02;
break;
case 3:
button_led |=0x04;
break;
case 4:
button_led |=0x08;
break;
case 5:
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button_led |=0x10;
break;
case 6:
button_led |=0x20;
break;
}
switch(call_up)
{
case 1:
up_led |=0x01; break;
case 2:
up_led |=0x02; break;
case 3:
up_led |=0x04; break;
case 4:
up_led |=0x08; break;
case 5:
up_led |=0x10; break;
}
switch(call_down)
{
case 1:
down_led |=0x01; break;
case 2:
down_led |=0x02; break;
case 3:
down_led |=0x04; break;
case 4:
down_led |=0x08; break;
case 5:
down_led |=0x10; break;
}
switch(floor_sensor)
{
case 1:
seg_led=1; break;
case 2:
seg_led=2; break;
case 3:
seg_led=3; break;
case 4:
seg_led=4; break;
case 5:
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seg_led=5; break;
case 6:
seg_led=6; break;
} }

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4.3Door Control Function

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void door()
{ do{
PORTD.5=0;
PORTD.6=1;
}while(PINC.6!=0);
PORTD.5=0;
PORTD.6=0;
delay_ms(2000);
do{
PORTD.5=1;
PORTD.6=0;
}while(PINC.7!=0);
PORTD.5=0;
PORTD.6=0; }

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4.4Motor control Function

Activity Diagram 1- User Call Elevator

39

Activity Diagram 2 - User Travel in Elevator

40

Activity diagram 3 - User presses a floor button while traveling

Activity Diagram 4 - User uses the Master Control Panel

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void go(char d)
{
do{
PORTD.3=1;
PORTD.4=0;
}
while(d!=((PINC>>3)&0x07));
PORTD.3=0;
PORTD.4=0;
button_led &=~(button_led);
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}
4.5. Test Program
void main()
{
DDRA = 0x00;
PORTA = 0x00;
DDRB = 0x00;
PORTB = 0x00;
DDRC = 0x00;
PORTC = 0xC0;
DDRD = 0xFF;
PORTD = 0x00;
while(1)
{
button = PINA&0x07;
call_up = (PINA>>3)&0x07;
call_down = (PINA>>6)|((PINB<<2)&0x04);
floor_sensor = (PINC>>3)&0x07;
coming_sensor = PINC&0x07;
scan();
display(code[seg_led],down_led,up_led,button_led);
if(button == 1){
dest_floor = 1;
go_up(dest_floor);
door();
}
else if(button == 2){
dest_floor = 2;
go_up(dest_floor);
door();
}
else if(button == 3){
dest_floor = 3;
go_up(dest_floor);
door();
}
else if(button == 4){
dest_floor = 4;
go_up(dest_floor);
door();
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}
else if(button == 5){
dest_floor = 5;
go_up(dest_floor);
door();
}
else if(button == 6){
dest_floor = 6;
go_up(dest_floor);
door();
} }}

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