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SEO Best Practices for Content Optimization

This document provides an outline for Chapter 7 of an application of ANSYS to thermo-mechanics. Section 7.1 describes heat transfer through two walls, constructing a finite element model and determining the temperature distribution and heat fluxes through each wall. Section 7.2 involves constructing the model and defining the material behavior.

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Ganesh KC
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views68 pages

SEO Best Practices for Content Optimization

This document provides an outline for Chapter 7 of an application of ANSYS to thermo-mechanics. Section 7.1 describes heat transfer through two walls, constructing a finite element model and determining the temperature distribution and heat fluxes through each wall. Section 7.2 involves constructing the model and defining the material behavior.

Uploaded by

Ganesh KC
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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EFSYX XIQTIVEXYVIW ERH LIEX Y\IW EGVSWW XLI JYVREGIW [EPPW
*VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX +IRIVEP 4SWXTVSG
4PSX 6IWYPXW
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4PSX
2SHEP 7SPY 8LI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ETTIEVW

*MKYVI 

'SRXSYV 2SHEP 7SPYXMSR (EXE

7IPIGXMSRW QEHI EVI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  'PMGOMRK ?%A 3/ FYXXSR VIWYPXW MR XLI
KVETL WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
-R SVHIV XS SFWIVZI XLI LIEX S[ EGVSWW XLI [EPPW XLI JSPPS[MRK GSQQERH WLSYPH
FI MWWYIH +IRIVEP 4SWXTVSG
4PSX 6IWYPXW
:IGXSV 4PSX
4VIHIRIH 8LMW
TVSHYGIW XLI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
'PMGOMRK ?%A 3/ FYXXSR TVSHYGIW E KVETL WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
-R SVHIV XS SFWIVZI XIQTIVEXYVI ZEVMEXMSRW EGVSWW XLI [EPPW MX MW RIGIWWEV]
XS HIRI XLI TEXL EPSRK [LMGL XLI ZEVMEXMSRW EVI KSMRK XS FI HIXIVQMRIH *VSQ
9XMPMX] 1IRY WIPIGX 4PSX %VIEW 2I\X JVSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX +IRIVEP
4SWXTVSG
4EXL 3TIVEXMSRW
(IRI 4EXL
3R ;SVOMRK 4PERI 8LI VIWYPXMRK
JVEQI MW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
&] EGXMZEXMRK ?%A %VFMXVEV] TEXL FYXXSR ERH GPMGOMRK ?&A 3/ ERSXLIV JVEQI MW
TVSHYGIH ERH MW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 

 ,IEX XVERWJIV XLVSYKL X[S [EPPW

*MKYVI 

8IQTIVEXYVI HMWXVMFYXMSR MR XLI JYVREGI EW E GSRXSYV TPSX

*MKYVI 

:IGXSV 4PSX SJ 4VIHIRIH :IGXSVW



 'LETXIV  %TTPMGEXMSR SJ %27=7 XS XLIVQS QIGLERMGW

*MKYVI 

,IEX S[ EGVSWW XLI [EPP TPSXXIH EW ZIGXSVW

&

*MKYVI 

3R ;SVOMRK 4PERI HIRMXMSR SJ XLI TEXL 

 ,IEX XVERWJIV XLVSYKL X[S [EPPW



*MKYVI 

3R ;SVOMRK 4PERI WIPIGXMSR SJ X[S TSMRXW HIRMRK XLI TEXL 

8[S TSMRXW WLSYPH FI WIPIGXIH F] GPMGOMRK SR XLI MRRIV PMRI SJ XLI GSRGVIXI
[EPP ERH QSZMRK MR = HMVIGXMSR EX XLI VMKLX ERKPI F] GPMGOMRK SR XLI SYXIV PMRI SJ
XLI FVMGO [EPP %W E VIWYPX SJ GPMGOMRK ?%A 3/ FYXXSR JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
ETTIEVW
-R XLI FS\ ?%A (IRI 4EXL 2EQI [VMXI %& ERH GPMGO ?&A 3/ FYXXSR
4EXL 3TIVEXMSRW
1ET
*VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX +IRIVEP 4SWXTVSG
SRXS 4EXL 8LI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ETTIEVW
-R *MKYVI  XLI JSPPS[MRK WIPIGXMSRW EVI QEHI ?%A *PY\
KVEHMIRX ERH ?&A
8LIVQEP KVEH 8+< &] VITIEXMRK WXITW HIWGVMFIH EFSZI VIGEPP XLI JVEQI WLS[R MR
*MKYVI  8LMW XMQI WIPIGX XLI JSPPS[MRK ?%A *PY\
KVEHMIRX ERH ?&A 8LIVQEP
KVEH 8+= *MREPP] VIGEPP XLI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ERH WIPIGX ?%A *PY\

KVEHMIRX ERH ?&A 8LIVQEP KVEH 8+791 EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ERH GPMGO ?'A 3/
FYXXSR
*VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX +IRIVEP 4SWXTVSG
4EXL 3TIVEXMSRW
4PSX
4EXL -XIQ 3R +VETL 8LI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ETTIEVW
8LI WIPIGXMSRW QEHI ?%A EVI LMKLPMKLXIH MR *MKYVI  4VIWWMRK ?&A 3/ FYXXSR
VIWYPXW MR E KVETL WLS[R MR *MKYVI 

 'LETXIV  %TTPMGEXMSR SJ %27=7 XS XLIVQS QIGLERMGW

&

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3R ;SVOMRK 4PERI TEXL REQI %& 

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1ET 6IWYPX -XIQW SRXS 4EXL %& TEXL 

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4PSX SJ 4EXL -XIQW SR +VETL

7XIEH]WXEXI XLIVQEP EREP]WMW SJ E


TMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR
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% G]PMRHVMGEP XERO MW TIRIXVEXIH VEHMEPP] F] E WQEPP TMTI EX E TSMRX SR MXW E\MW VIQSXI
JVSQ XLI IRHW SJ XLI XERO EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 

 'LETXIV  %TTPMGEXMSR SJ %27=7 XS XLIVQS QIGLERMGW

*MKYVI 

:EVMEXMSRW SJ XIQTIVEXYVI KVEHMIRXW EPSRK TEXL %&

*MKYVI 

4MTI MRXIVWIGXMSR

8LI MRWMHI SJ XLI XERO MW I\TSWIH XS E YMH [MXL XIQTIVEXYVI SJ  ' 8LI
TMTI I\TIVMIRGIW E WXIEH] S[ SJ YMH [MXL XIQTIVEXYVI SJ  ' ERH XLI X[S S[
VIKMQIW EVI MWSPEXIH JVSQ IEGL SXLIV F] QIERW SJ E XLMR XYFI 8LI GSRZIGXMSR PQ
GSIJGMIRX MR XLI TMTI ZEVMIW [MXL XLI QIXEP XIQTIVEXYVI ERH MW XLYW I\TVIWWIH EW E

 7XIEH]WXEXI XLIVQEP EREP]WMW SJ E TMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR



QEXIVMEP TVSTIVX] 8LI SFNIGXMZI MW XS HIXIVQMRI XLI XIQTIVEXYVI HMWXVMFYXMSR EX XLI


TMTIXERO NYRGXMSR
8LI JSPPS[MRK HEXE HIWGVMFMRK XLI TVSFPIQ EVI KMZIR
d -RWMHI HMEQIXIV SJ XLI TMTI !  QQ
d 3YXWMHI HMEQIXIV SJ XLI TMTI !  QQ
d -RWMHI HMEQIXIV SJ XLI XERO !  QQ
d 3YXWMHI HMEQIXIV SJ XLI XERO !  QQ
d -RWMHI FYPO YMH XIQTIVEXYVI XERO !  '
d -RWMHI GSRZIGXMSR GSIJGMIRX XERO !  ;Q '
d -RWMHI FYPO YMH XIQTIVEXYVI TMTI !  '
d -RWMHI GSRZIGXMSR GSIJGMIRX TMTI ZEVMIW JVSQ EFSYX  XS  ;Q '
HITIRHMRK SR XIQTIVEXYVI
8EFPI  TVSZMHIW MRJSVQEXMSR EFSYX ZEVMEXMSR SJ XLI XLIVQEP TEVEQIXIVW [MXL
XIQTIVEXYVI

8EFPI 

:EVMEXMSR SJ XLI XLIVQEP TEVEQIXIVW [MXL XIQTIVEXYVI


8IQTIVEXYVI ? 'A





'SRZIGXMSR GSIJGMIRX  


?;Q 'A
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7TIGMG LIEX
?.OK 'A





 





8LI EWWYQTXMSR MW QEHI XLEX XLI UYEVXIV W]QQIXV] MW ETTPMGEFPI ERH XLEX EX XLI
XIVQMRYW SJ XLI QSHIP PSRKMXYHMREP ERH GMVGYQJIVIRXMEP GYXW MR XLI XERO  XLIVI
MW WYJGMIRX EXXIRYEXMSR SJ XLI TMTI IJJIGXW WYGL XLEX XLIWI IHKIW GER FI LIPH EX
 '
8LI WSPMH QSHIP MW GSRWXVYGXIH F] MRXIVWIGXMRK XLI XERO [MXL XLI TMTI ERH XLIR
VIQSZMRK XLI MRXIVREP TEVX SJ XLI TMTI YWMRK &SSPIER STIVEXMSR
&SYRHEV] XIQTIVEXYVIW EPSRK [MXL XLI GSRZIGXMSR GSIJGMIRXW ERH FYPO YMH
XIQTIVEXYVIW EVI HIEPX [MXL MR XLI WSPYXMSR TLEWI EJXIV [LMGL E WXEXMG WSPYXMSR MW
I\IGYXIH
8IQTIVEXYVI GSRXSYVW ERH XLIVQEP Y\ HMWTPE]W EVI SFXEMRIH MR TSWXTVSGIWWMRK
(IXEMPW SJ WXITW XEOIR XS GVIEXI XLI QSHIP SJ TMTI MRXIVWIGXMRK [MXL XERO EVI
SYXPMRIH FIPS[

 'LETXIV  %TTPMGEXMSR SJ %27=7 XS XLIVQS QIGLERMGW



4VITEVEXMSR JSV QSHIP FYMPHMRK


*VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 4VIJIVIRGIW 8LMW JVEQI MW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 

*MKYVI 

4VIJIVIRGIW 8LIVQEP

(ITIRHMRK SR XLI REXYVI SJ EREP]WMW XS FI EXXIQTXIH ER ETTVSTVMEXI EREP]WMW X]TI


WLSYPH FI WIPIGXIH -R XLI TVSFPIQ GSRWMHIVIH LIVI ?%A 8LIVQEP [EW WIPIGXIH EW
WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
*VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 4VITVSGIWWSV ERH XLIR )PIQIRX 8]TI ERH
%HH)HMX(IPIXI 8LI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ETTIEVW
'PMGOMRK ?%A %HH FYXXSR EGXMZEXIW E RI[ WIX SJ STXMSRW [LMGL EVI WLS[R MR
*MKYVI 
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WIPIGXIH ?%A 8LIVQEP 1EWW 7SPMH ERH ?&A RSHI 
*VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 1EXIVMEP 4VSTW ERH XLIR 1EXIVMEP 1SHIPW
*MKYVI  WLS[W XLI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI
*VSQ XLI STXMSRW PMWXIH SR XLI VMKLX LERH WIPIGX ?%A 8LIVQEP EW WLS[R MR
*MKYVI 
2I\X WIPIGX ?&A 'SRHYGXMZMX] -WSXVSTMG 8LI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ETTIEVW

 7XIEH]WXEXI XLIVQEP EREP]WMW SJ E TMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR



*MKYVI 

)PIQIRX 8]TIW WIPIGXMSR

*MKYVI 

&

0MFVEV] SJ )PIQIRX 8]TIW

8LIR YWMRK GSRHYGXMZMX] ZIVWYW XIQTIVEXYVI ZEPYIW PMWXIH MR 8EFPI  ETTVSTVM
EXI KYVIW WLSYPH FI X]TIH MR EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
&] WIPIGXMRK ?'A 7TIGMG ,IEX STXMSR SR XLI VMKLXLERH GSPYQR WII *MKYVI  
XLI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  MW TVSHYGIH
%TTVSTVMEXI ZEPYIW SJ WTIGMG LIEX ZIVWYW XIQTIVEXYVI XEOIR JVSQ 8EFPI  EVI
X]TIH EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
8LI RI\X QEXIVMEP TVSTIVX] XS FI HIRIH MW HIRWMX] %GGSVHMRK XS 8EFPI 
HIRWMX] MW GSRWXERX JSV EPP XIQTIVEXYVIW YWIH 8LIVIJSVI WIPIGXMRK ?(A (IRWMX]

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(IRI 1EXIVMEP 1SHIP &ILEZMSV

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JVSQ XLI VMKLXLERH GSPYQR WII *MKYVI   VIWYPXW MR XLI JVEQI WLS[R MR
*MKYVI 
(IRWMX] SJ  OKQ MW X]TIH MR XLI FS\ WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
%PP XLI EFSZI TVSTIVXMIW [IVI YWIH XS GLEVEGXIVM^I 1EXIVMEP 2YQFIV  'SRZIGXMSR
SV PQ GSIJGMIRX MW ERSXLIV MQTSVXERX TEVEQIXIV GLEVEGXIVM^MRK XLI W]WXIQ FIMRK
EREP]^IH ,S[IZIV MX MW RSX E TVSTIVX] FIPSRKMRK XS 1EXIVMEP 2YQFIV  QEXIVMEP SJ
XLI XERO ERH TMTI FYX XS E XLMR PQ JSVQIH F] XLI PMUYMH SR WSPMH WYVJEGIW -X MW E
HMJJIVIRX IRXMX] ERH XLIVIJSVI MW GEPPIH 1EXIVMEP 2YQFIV 

 7XIEH]WXEXI XLIVQEP EREP]WMW SJ E TMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR

*MKYVI 

7TIGMG ,IEX JSV 1EXIVMEP 2YQFIV 

*MKYVI 

(IRWMX] JSV 1EXIVMEP 2YQFIV 



7IPIGXMRK ?)A 'SRZIGXMSR SV *MPQ 'SIJ WII *MKYVI  VIWYPXW MR XLI JVEQI
WLS[R MR *MKYVI  %TTVSTVMEXI ZEPYIW SJ PQ GSIJGMIRX JSV ZEVMSYW XIQTIVEXYVIW
XEOIR JVSQ 8EFPI  EVI MRXVSHYGIH EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 



'SRWXVYGXMSR SJ XLI QSHIP


8LI IRXMVI QSHIP SJ XLI TMTI MRXIVWIGXMRK [MXL XLI XERO MW GSRWXVYGXIH YWMRK SRI SJ
XLI XLVIIHMQIRWMSREP ( TVMQMXMZI WLETIW XLEX MW G]PMRHVMGEP 3RP] SRIUYEVXIV SJ

 'LETXIV  %TTPMGEXMSR SJ %27=7 XS XLIVQS QIGLERMGW

*MKYVI 

'SRZIGXMSR SV *MPQ 'SIJGMIRX JSV 1EXIVMEP 2YQFIV 

XLI XEROTMTI EWWIQFP] [MPP FI WYJGMIRX XS YWI MR XLI EREP]WMW *VSQ %27=7 1EMR
1IRY WIPIGX 4VITVSGIWWSV
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'VIEXI ']PMRHIV F] (MQIRWMSRW

-R *MKYVI  EW WLS[R XLI JSPPS[MRK MRTYXW EVI QEHI ?%A 6%( !  GQ ?&A
6%( !  GQ ?'A > !  ?(A > !  GQ ?)A 8,)8% !  ?*A 8,)8% ! 
%W XLI TMTI E\MW MW EX VMKLX ERKPI XS XLI G]PMRHIV E\MW XLIVIJSVI MX MW RIGIWWEV] XS
VSXEXI XLI [SVOMRK TPERI ;4 XS XLI TMTI E\MW F]   8LMW MW HSRI F] WIPIGXMRK JVSQ
9XMPMX] 1IRY ;SVO4PERI 3JJWIX ;4 F] -RGVIQIRXW 8LI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI MW WLS[R
MR *MKYVI 

 7XIEH]WXEXI XLIVQEP EREP]WMW SJ E TMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR



*MKYVI 

3JJWIX ;4 F] -RGVIQIRXW

-R *MKYVI  XLI MRTYX MW WLS[R EW ?%A <= !  => ! n ERH XLI >< MW PIJX
YRGLERKIH JVSQ HIJEYPX ZEPYI 2I\X JVSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 4VITVSGIWWSV
1SHIPPMRK 'VIEXI :SPYQIW ']PMRHIV &] (MQIRWMSRW *MKYVI  WLS[W
XLI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI

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'VIEXI ']PMRHIV F] (MQIRWMSRW

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MRTYXW EVI QEHI ?%A 6%( !  GQ ?&A
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?)A 8,)8% !  ?*A 8,)8% ! n
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HIJEYPX WIXXMRK F] MRTYXXMRK MR *MKYVI 
=> !  XLMW XMQI %W XLI G]PMRHIV ERH XLI TMTI
EVI WITEVEXI IRXMXMIW MX MW RIGIWWEV] XS SZIVPET
XLIQ MR SVHIV XS QEOI XLI SRI GSQTSRIRX
*VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 4VITVSGIW
WSV
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4MGO FSXL IPIQIRXW XLEX MW G]PMRHIV ERH
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MRK [LMGL [MPP FI SJ LIPT [LIR GEVV]MRK SYX
JYVXLIV STIVEXMSRW SR ZSPYQIW 8LMW MW HSRI
F] WIPIGXMRK JVSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY 4PSX'XVPW
2YQFIVMRK ERH GLIGOMRK MR XLI VIWYPXMRK
%
JVEQI :309 STXMSR
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MRK 4PSX'XVPW :MI[ 7IXXMRKW 8LI VIWYPXMRK
JVEQI MW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
8LI JSPPS[MRK MRTYXW WLSYPH FI QEHI WII
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*MKYVI   ?%A <: ! n ?&A =: ! n ?'A
>: !  MR SVHIV XS TPSX XLI QSHIP EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ,S[IZIV XLMW MW RSX XLI
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 7XIEH]WXEXI XLIVQEP EREP]WMW SJ E TMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR

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5YEVXIV W]QQIXV] QSHIP SJ XLI XEROTMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR

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TVIWWIH XS MQTPIQIRX XLI WIPIGXMSR %JXIV XLI HIPIXI STIVEXMSR XLI QSHIP PSSOW PMOI
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*MKYVI 

(IPIXI :SPYQI ERH &IPS[

*MKYVI 

5YEVXIV W]QQIXV] QSHIP SJ XLI XEROTMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR

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*MREPP] ZSPYQIW : : ERH : WLSYPH FI EHHIH MR SVHIV XS GVIEXI E WMRKPI ZSP
YQI VIUYMVIH JSV JYVXLIV EREP]WMW *VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 4VITVSGIWWSV
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JSV TMGOMRK ZSPYQIW XS FI EHHIH 4MGO EPP XLVII ZSPYQIW XLEX MW : : ERH : ERH
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MRXIVWIGXMRK XLI G]PMRHIV EW SRI ZSPYQI :

*MKYVI 

5YEVXIV W]QQIXV] QSHIP SJ XLI XEROTMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR VITVIWIRXIH F] E WMRKPI ZSPYQI :

1IWLMRK SJ XLI QSHIP YWYEPP] FIKMRW [MXL WIXXMRK WM^I SJ IPIQIRXW XS FI YWIH
*VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 1IWLMRK
7M^I 'RXVPW
7QEVX7M^I
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&

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&EWMG 7QEVX7M^I 7IXXMRKW

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*SV XLI GEWI GSRWMHIVIH ?%A 7M^I 0IZIP  RI [EW WIPIGXIH EW WLS[R MR *MK
YVI  'PMGOMRK ?&A 3/ FYXXSR MQTPIQIRXW XLI WIPIGXMSR 2I\X JVSQ %27=7 1EMR
:SPYQIW
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1IRY WIPIGX 1IWL
7IPIGX XLI ZSPYQI XS FI QIWLIH ERH GPMGO ?%A 3/ FYXXSR
8LI VIWYPXMRK RIX[SVO SJ IPIQIRXW MW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 

*MKYVI 



1IWL :SPYQIW JVEQI

*MKYVI  1IWLIH UYEVXIV W]QQIXV] QSHIP SJ


XLI XEROTMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR

7SPYXMSR
8LI QIWLMRK STIVEXMSR IRHW XLI QSHIP GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH XLI 4VITVSGIWWSV WXEKI
8LI WSPYXMSR WXEKI GER RS[ FI WXEVXIH *VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 7SPYXMSR
%REP]WMW 8]TI 2I[ %REP]WMW *MKYVI  WLS[W XLI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI
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%REP]WMW 8]TI
%REP]WMW 3TXMSRW -R XLI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  WIPIGX ?%A 4VSKVEQ
GLSWIR STXMSR

 7XIEH]WXEXI XLIVQEP EREP]WMW SJ E TMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR



*MKYVI 

2I[ %REP]WMW [MRHS[

*MKYVI 

%REP]WMW 3TXMSRW

-R SVHIV XS WIX WXEVXMRK XIQTIVEXYVI SJ  ' EX EPP RSHIW WIPIGX 7SPYXMSR
(IRI 0SEHW %TTP] 8LIVQEP 8IQTIVEXYVI 9RMJSVQ 8IQT *MKYVI 
WLS[W XLI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI -RTYX ?%A 9RMJSVQ XIQTIVEXYVI !  ' EW WLS[R MR
*MKYVI 
*VSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY WIPIGX ;SVO4PERI
'LERKI %GXMZI '7 XS
7TIGMIH
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*MKYVI 

8IQTIVEXYVI WIPIGXMSR

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'LERKI 'SSVHMREXI 7]WXIQ

-R SVHIV XS VIIWXEFPMWL E G]PMRHVMGEP GSSVHMREXI W]WXIQ [MXL > EW XLI E\MW SJ


VSXEXMSR WIPIGX ?%A 'SSVHMREXI W]WXIQ RYQFIV !  ERH TVIWW ?&A 3/ FYXXSR XS
MQTPIQIRX XLI WIPIGXMSR
2SHIW SR MRRIV WYVJEGI SJ XLI XERO SYKLX XS FI WIPIGXIH XS ETTP] WYVJEGI PSEHW XS
XLIQ 8LI WYVJEGI PSEH VIPIZERX MR XLMW GEWI MW GSRZIGXMSR PSEH EGXMRK SR EPP RSHIW
PSGEXIH SR MRRIV WYVJEGI SJ XLI XERO *VSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY WIPIGX 7IPIGX
)RXMXMIW
8LI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ETTIEVW
*VSQ XLI VWX TYPP HS[R QIRY WIPIGX ?%A 2SHIW JVSQ XLI WIGSRH TYPP HS[R
QIRY WIPIGX ?&A &] 0SGEXMSR %PWS EGXMZEXI ?'A < GSSVHMREXIW FYXXSR ERH IRXIV ?(A
1MR1E\ !  MRWMHI VEHMYW SJ XLI XERO  %PP XLI JSYV VIUYMVIH WXITW EVI WLS[R MR
*MKYVI  ;LIR XLI WYFWIX SJ RSHIW SR MRRIV WYVJEGI SJ XLI XERO MW WIPIGXIH XLIR
XLI GSRZIGXMSR PSEH EX EPP RSHIW LEW XS FI ETTPMIH *VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX
(IRI 0SEH
%TTP]
8LIVQEP
'SRZIGXMSR
3R RSHIW 8LI
7SPYXMSR
VIWYPXMRK JVEQI MW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
4VIWW ?%A 4MGO %PP MR SVHIV XS GEPP YT ERSXLIV JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
-RTYXW MRXS XLI JVEQI SJ *MKYVI  EVI WLS[R EW ?%A *MPQ GSIJGMIRX ! 
ERH ?&A &YPO XIQTIVEXYVI !  &SXL UYERXMXMIW EVI XEOIR JVSQ 8EFPI 
*VSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY WIPIGX 7IPIGX
)RXMXMIW MR SVHIV XS WIPIGX E WYFWIX SJ RSHIW
PSGEXIH EX XLI JEV IHKI SJ XLI XERO 8LI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ETTIEVW
*VSQ XLI VWX TYPP HS[R QIRY WIPIGX ?%A 2SHIW JVSQ XLI WIGSRH TYPP HS[R
QIRY WIPIGX ?&A &] 0SGEXMSR %PWS EGXMZEXI ?'A > GSSVHMREXIW FYXXSR ERH ?(A IRXIV
1MR1E\ !  XLI PIRKXL SJ XLI XERO MR >HMVIGXMSR  %PP XLI JSYV VIUYMVIH WXITW EVI

 7XIEH]WXEXI XLIVQEP EREP]WMW SJ E TMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR

%
&
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*MKYVI 

7IPIGX )RXMXMIW

*MKYVI  %TTP] 8LIVQEP 'SR


ZIGXMSR SR 2SHIW

&

*MKYVI 

7IPIGX %PP 2SHIW



 'LETXIV  %TTPMGEXMSR SJ %27=7 XS XLIVQS QIGLERMGW

%
&

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*MKYVI 

7IPIGX )RXMXMIW

*MKYVI  7IPIGX %PP 2SHIW

WLS[R MR *MKYVI  2I\X GSRWXVEMRXW EX RSHIW PSGEXIH EX XLI JEV IHKI SJ XLI XERO
EHHMXMSREP WYFWIX SJ RSHIW NYWX WIPIGXIH LEZI XS FI ETTPMIH *VSQ %27=7 1EMR
1IRY WIPIGX 7SPYXMSR
(IRI 0SEHW
%TTP]
8LIVQEP
8IQTIVEXYVI
3R 2SHIW 8LI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ETTIEVW
'PMGO ?%A 4MGO %PP EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI  8LMW EGXMSR FVMRKW ERSXLIV JVEQI
WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
%GXMZEXI FSXL ?%A %PP (3* ERH 8)14 ERH MRTYX ?&A 8)14 ZEPYI !  ' EW
WLS[R MR *MKYVI  *MREPP] GPMGO ?'A 3/ XS ETTP] XIQTIVEXYVI GSRWXVEMRXW SR
RSHIW EX XLI JEV IHKI SJ XLI XERO 8LI WXITW SYXPMRIH EFSZI WLSYPH FI JSPPS[IH XS
ETTP] GSRWXVEMRXW EX RSHIW PSGEXIH EX XLI FSXXSQ SJ XLI XERO *VSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY
WIPIGX 7IPIGX
)RXMXMIW 8LI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ETTIEVW
*VSQ XLI VWX TYPP HS[R QIRY WIPIGX ?%A 2SHIW JVSQ XLI WIGSRH TYPP HS[R
QIRY WIPIGX ?&A &] 0SGEXMSR %PWS EGXMZEXI ?'A = GSSVHMREXIW FYXXSR ERH ?(A IRXIV
1MR1E\ !  PSGEXMSR SJ XLI FSXXSQ SJ XLI XERO MR =HMVIGXMSR  %PP XLI JSYV VIUYMVIH
WXITW EVI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  2I\X GSRWXVEMRXW EX RSHIW PSGEXIH EX XLI FSXXSQ
SJ XLI XERO EHHMXMSREP WYFWIX SJ RSHIW WIPIGXIH EFSZI LEZI XS FI ETTPMIH *VSQ
%27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 7SPYXMSR
(IRI 0SEHW
%TTP]
8LIVQEP
8IQTIVEXYVI
3R 2SHIW 8LI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ETTIEVW %W WLS[R MR

 7XIEH]WXEXI XLIVQEP EREP]WMW SJ E TMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR

&

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*MKYVI 

%TTP] 8IQTIVEXYVI XS %PP 2SHIW

%
&

'

*MKYVI 

7IPIGX )RXMXMIW



 'LETXIV  %TTPMGEXMSR SJ %27=7 XS XLIVQS QIGLERMGW


*MKYVI  GPMGO ?%A 4MGO %PP MR SVHIV XS FVMRK XLI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  %W
FIJSVI EGXMZEXI FSXL ?%A %PP (3* ERH 8)14 ERH MRTYX ?&A 8)14 ZEPYI !  '
'PMGOMRK ?'A 3/ ETTPMIW XIQTIVEXYVI GSRWXVEMRXW SR RSHIW EX XLI FSXXSQ SJ XLI XERO
2S[ MX MW RIGIWWEV] XS VSXEXI XLI ;4 XS XLI TMTI E\MW *VSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY WIPIGX
;SVO4PERI 3JJWIX ;4 F] -RGVIQIRXW *MKYVI  WLS[W XLI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI

*MKYVI 

3JJWIX ;4 F] -RGVIQIRXW

 7XIEH]WXEXI XLIVQEP EREP]WMW SJ E TMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR



-R HIKVIIW FS\ MRTYX ?%A <= !  ERH => ! n EW WLS[R ,EZMRK ;4 VSXEXIH
XS XLI TMTI E\MW E PSGEP G]PMRHVMGEP GSSVHMREXI W]WXIQ LEW XS FI HIRIH EX XLI SVMKMR
0SGEP 'SSVHMREXI 7]WXIQW
SJ XLI ;4 *VSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY WIPIGX ;SVO4PERI
'VIEXI PSGEP '7 %X ;4 3VMKMR 8LI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI MW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 

&

*MKYVI 

'VIEXI 0SGEP '7

%
&
'

*MKYVI 

7IPIGX )RXMXMIW

*VSQ XLI TYPP HS[R QIRY WIPIGX ?%A ']PMR


HVMGEP  ERH GPMGO ?&A 3/ FYXXSR XS MQTPI
QIRX XLI WIPIGXMSR 8LI EREP]WMW MRZSPZIW RSHIW
PSGEXIH SR MRRIV WYVJEGI SJ XLI TMTI -R SVHIV XS
MRGPYHI XLMW WYFWIX SJ RSHIW JVSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY
WIPIGX 7IPIGX
)RXMXMIW *MKYVI  WLS[W XLI
VIWYPXMRK JVEQI
*VSQ XLI VWX TYPP HS[R QIRY WIPIGX ?%A
2SHIW JVSQ XLI WIGSRH TYPP HS[R QIRY WIPIGX
?&A &] 0SGEXMSR %PWS EGXMZEXI ?'A < GSSV
HMREXIW FYXXSR ERH ?(A IRXIV 1MR1E\ ! 
MRWMHI VEHMYW SJ XLI TMTI  %PP XLI JSYV VIUYMVIH
WXITW EVI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  *VSQ %27=7
1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 7SPYXMSR
(IRI 0SEH
%TTP] 8LIVQEP 'SRZIGXMSR 3R RSHIW
-R XLI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  
TVIWW ?%A 4MGO %PP ERH XLI RI\X JVEQI WLS[R MR
*MKYVI  ETTIEVW
-RTYX ?%A *MPQ GSIJGMIRX ! n ERH ?&A
&YPO XIQTIVEXYVI !  EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
4VIWWMRK ?'A 3/ FYXXSR MQTPIQIRXW XLI WIPIG
XMSRW 8LI ZEPYIW MRTYXXIH EVI XEOIR JVSQ
8EFPI  8LI REP EGXMSR MW XS WIPIGX EPP IRXM
XMIW MRZSPZIH [MXL E WMRKPI GSQQERH 8LIVIJSVI
JVSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY WIPIGX 7IPIGX
)ZIV]XLMRK
*SV XLI PSEHW XS FI ETTPMIH XS XERO ERH TMTI
WYVJEGIW MR XLI JSVQ SJ EVVS[W JVSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY

 'LETXIV  %TTPMGEXMSR SJ %27=7 XS XLIVQS QIGLERMGW

&

'

*MKYVI 

%TTP] '32: SR 2SHIW

7]QFSPW 8LI JVEQI MR *MKYVI  WLS[W XLI VIUYMVIH WIPIGXMSR


WIPIGX 4PSX'XVPW
?%A %VVS[W
*VSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY WIPIGXMRK 4PSX
2SHIW VIWYPXW MR *MKYVI  [LIVI WYVJEGI
PSEHW EX RSHIW EW WLS[R EW EVVS[W
*VSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY WIPIGX ;SVO4PERI
'LERKI %GXMZI '7 XS
7TIGMIH
'SSVH 7]W MR SVHIV XS EGXMZEXI TVIZMSYWP] HIRIH GSSVHMREXI W]WXIQ 8LI JVEQI
WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ETTIEVW
-RTYX ?%A /'2 GSSVHMREXI W]WXIQ RYQFIV !  XS VIXYVR XS 'EVXIWMER W]WXIQ
%HHMXMSREPP] JVSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 7SPYXMSR
%REP]WMW 8]TI
7SPR
'SRXVSPW %W E VIWYPX XLI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ETTIEVW
-RTYX XLI JSPPS[MRK ?%A %YXSQEXMSR XMQI WXITTMRK ! 3R ERH ?&A 2YQFIV SJ
WYFWXITW !  EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI  *MREPP] JVSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX
7SPZI
'YVVIRX 07 ERH MR XLI ETTIEVMRK HMEPSK FS\ GPMGO 3/ FYXXSR XS WXEVX XLI
WSPYXMSR TVSGIWW



4SWXTVSGIWWMRK WXEKI
;LIR XLI WSPYXMSR MW HSRI XLI RI\X WXEKI MW XS HMWTPE] VIWYPXW MR E JSVQ VIUYMVIH XS
ERW[IV UYIWXMSRW TSWIH F] XLI JSVQYPEXMSR SJ XLI TVSFPIQ

 7XIEH]WXEXI XLIVQEP EREP]WMW SJ E TMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR

*MKYVI 

7]QFSPW



 'LETXIV  %TTPMGEXMSR SJ %27=7 XS XLIVQS QIGLERMGW

*MKYVI 

'SRZIGXMSR WYVJEGI PSEHW HMWTPE]IH EW EVVS[W

*MKYVI 

'LERKI %GXMZI '7 XS 7TIGMIH '7

*VSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY WIPIGX 4PSX'XVPW 7X]PI )HKI 3TXMSRW *MKYVI  WLS[W
XLI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI
7IPIGX ?%A %PP)HKI SRP] ERH ?&A TVIWW 3/ FYXXSR XS MQTPIQIRX XLI WIPIGXMSR
[LMGL [MPP VIWYPX MR XLI HMWTPE] SJ XLI IHKI SJ XLI SFNIGX SRP] 2I\X KVETLMG GSRXVSPW
SYKLX XS FI VIXYVRIH XS HIJEYPX WIXXMRK 8LMW MW HSRI F] WIPIGXMRK JVSQ 9XMPMX] 1IRY
4PSX'XVPW
7]QFSPW 8LI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI  GSRXEMRW EPP
HIJEYPX WIXXMRKW

 7XIEH]WXEXI XLIVQEP EREP]WMW SJ E TMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR



%
&

*MKYVI 

7SPYXMSR 'SRXVSPW

&

*MKYVI 

)HKI 3TXMSRW

8LI VWX TPSX MW XS WLS[ XIQTIVEXYVI HMWXVMFYXMSR EW GSRXMRYSYW GSRXSYVW *VSQ


%27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX +IRIVEP 4SWXTVSG
4PSX 6IWYPXW
'SRXSYV 4PSX
2SHEP 7SPY 8LI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI MW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
7IPIGX ?%A 8IQTIVEXYVI ERH TVIWW ?&A 3/ FYXXSR EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI  8LI
VIWYPXMRK XIQTIVEXYVI QET MW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 

 'LETXIV  %TTPMGEXMSR SJ %27=7 XS XLIVQS QIGLERMGW

*MKYVI 

7]QFSPW

 7XIEH]WXEXI XLIVQEP EREP]WMW SJ E TMTI MRXIVWIGXMSR

&

*MKYVI 

'SRXSYV 2SHEP 7SPYXMSR (EXE

*MKYVI 

8IQTIVEXYVI QET SR MRRIV WYVJEGIW SJ XLI XERO ERH XLI TMTI



 'LETXIV  %TTPMGEXMSR SJ %27=7 XS XLIVQS QIGLERMGW


8LI RI\X HMWTPE] SJ VIWYPXW GSRGIVRW XLIVQEP Y\ EX XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR FIX[IIR
4PSX
XLI XERO ERH XLI TMTI *VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX +IRIVEP 4SWXTVSG
6IWYPXW :IGXSV 4PSX 4VIHIRIH 8LI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI MW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 

&

'

*MKYVI 

:IGXSV 4PSX 7IPIGXMSR

-R *MKYVI  WIPIGX ?%A 8LIVQEP Y\ 8* ERH ?&A 6EWXIV 1SHI 4VIWWMRK ?'A 3/
FYXXSR MQTPIQIRXW WIPIGXMSRW ERH TVSHYGIW XLIVQEP Y\ EW ZIGXSVW 8LMW MW WLS[R MR
*MKYVI 




,IEX HMWWMTEXMSR XLVSYKL VMFFIH WYVJEGI


4VSFPIQ HIWGVMTXMSR
6MFFIH SV HIZIPSTIH WYVJEGIW EPWS GEPPIH RW EVI JVIUYIRXP] YWIH XS HMWWMTEXI LIEX
8LIVI EVI QER] I\EQTPIW SJ XLIMV YWI MR TVEGXMGEP IRKMRIIVMRK ETTPMGEXMSRW WYGL EW
GSQTYXIVW IPIGXVSRMG W]WXIQW VEHMEXSVW NYWX XS QIRXMSR E JI[ SJ XLIQ
*MKYVI  WLS[W E X]TMGEP GSRKYVEXMSR ERH KISQIXV] SJ E R QEHI SJ EPYQMRYQ
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 ,IEX HMWWMTEXMSR XLVSYKL VMFFIH WYVJEGI

*MKYVI 



(MWXVMFYXMSR SJ XLIVQEP Y\ ZIGXSVW EX XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR FIX[IIR XLI XERO ERH XLI TMTI










*MKYVI 

'VSWWWIGXMSR SJ XLI R

8LI FSXXSQ WYVJEGI SJ XLI R MW I\TSWIH XS E GSRWXERX LIEX Y\ SJ U !  ;Q


%MV S[W SZIV XLI HIZIPSTIH WYVJEGI OIITMRK XLI WYVVSYRHMRK XIQTIVEXYVI EX
 / ,IEX XVERWJIV GSIJGMIRX FIX[IIR XLI R ERH XLI WYVVSYRHMRK EXQSWTLIVI
MW L !  ;Q /
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'SRWXVYGXMSR SJ XLI QSHIP


*VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 4VIJIVIRGIW XS GEPP YT E JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI 

 'LETXIV  %TTPMGEXMSR SJ %27=7 XS XLIVQS QIGLERMGW

*MKYVI 

4VIJIVIRGIW 8LIVQEP

&IGEYWI XLI TVSFPIQ XS FI WSPZIH MW EWOMRK JSV XIQTIVEXYVI HMWXVMFYXMSR XLIVI


JSVI ?%A 8LIVQEP MW WIPIGXIH EW MRHMGEXIH MR XLI KYVI 2I\X JVSQ %27=7 1EMR
1IRY WIPIGX 4VITVSGIWWSV
)PIQIRX 8]TI
%HH)HMX(IPIXI 8LI JVEQI WLS[R
MR *MKYVI  ETTIEVW

*MKYVI 

(IRI IPIQIRX X]TI

 ,IEX HMWWMTEXMSR XLVSYKL VMFFIH WYVJEGI



'PMGO ?%A %HH FYXXSR XS GEPP YT ERSXLIV JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI 

&
%

*MKYVI 

0MFVEV] SJ )PIQIRX 8]TIW

-R *MKYVI  XLI JSPPS[MRK WIPIGXMSRW EVI QEHI ?%A 8LIVQEP 1EWW
7SPMH
1EXIVMEP
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4VSTW
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*MKYVI 

(IRI 1EXIVMEP 1SHIP &ILEZMSV

*VSQ XLI VMKLXLERH GSPYQR WIPIGX ?%A 8LIVQEP


'SRHYGXMZMX]
-WSXVSTMG
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8LIVQEP GSRHYGXMZMX] ?%A /<< !  ;Q / MW IRXIVIH ERH ?&A 3/ FYXXSR
GPMGOIH XS MQTPIQIRX XLI IRXV] EW WLS[R MR XLI KYVI
8LI QSHIP SJ XLI HIZIPSTIH EVIE [MPP FI GSRWXVYGXIH YWMRK TVMQMXMZIW ERH MX MW
YWIJYP XS LEZI XLIQ RYQFIVIH 8LYW JVSQ %27=7 9XMPMX] 1IRY WIPIGX 4PSX'XVPW
2YQFIVMRK ERH GLIGO ?%A XLI FS\ EVIE RYQFIVW SR EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 

 'LETXIV  %TTPMGEXMSR SJ %27=7 XS XLIVQS QIGLERMGW

&

*MKYVI 

'SRHYGXMZMX] GSIJGMIRX

*MKYVI 

2YQFIVMRK 'SRXVSPW

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6IGXERKPI &] (MQIRWMSRW *MKYVI  WLS[W XLI VIWYPXMRK JVEQI
-RTYX ?%A < ! n ?&A < !  ?'A = !  ?(A = !  XS GVIEXI VIGXER
KYPEV EVIE % [MXLMR [LMGL XLI R [MPP FI GSQTVMWIH 2I\X GVIEXI X[S VIGXERKPIW

 ,IEX HMWWMTEXMSR XLVSYKL VMFFIH WYVJEGI

*MKYVI 



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EX PIJX ERH VMKLX YTTIV GSVRIV XS FI GYX SJJ JVSQ XLI QEMR VIGXERKPI *VSQ %27=7
1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 4VITVSGIWWSV
1SHIPPMRK
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6IGXERKPI
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*MKYVI 

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6IGXERKPI [MXL WTIGMIH HMQIRWMSRW

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?(A = !  -R SVHIV XS GVIEXI VMKLXLERH YTTIV GSVRIV VIGXERKPIW % VITIEX XLI
EFSZI TVSGIHYVI ERH MRTYX ?%A < !  ?&A < !  ?'A = !  ?(A = ! 
2S[ EVIEW % ERH % LEZI XS FI WYFXVEGXIH JVSQ EVIE % *VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY
WIPIGX 4VITVSGIWWSV
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RI[ EVIE % MW GVIEXIH [MXL X[S YTTIV GSVRIVW GYX SJJ 4VSGIIHMRK MR XLI WEQI [E]
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*MKYVI 

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*MKYVI 

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7YFXVEGX %VIEW

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1SHIPPMRK
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%VIEW
GIWWSV
6IGXERKPI
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WLS[W XLI JVEQI MR [LMGL ETTVSTVMEXI MRTYX
WLSYPH FI QEHI
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< ! n ?&A < ! n ?'A = !  ?(A
= !  -R SVHIV XS GVIEXI EVIE % MRTYX
?%A < !  ?&A < !  ?'A = !  ?(A
= !  -R SVHIV XS GVIEXI EVIE % MRTYX ?%A
< ! n ?&A < ! n ?'A = !  ?(A
= !  -R SVHIV XS GVIEXI EVIE % MRTYX
?%A < !  ?&A < !  ?'A = !  ?(A
= ! 
*VSQ %27=7 1EMR 1IRY WIPIGX 4VITVS
GIWWSV
1SHIPPMRK
3TIVEXI
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7YFXVEGX
%VIEW 8LI JVEQI WLS[R MR
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EVIEW % % % ERH % ERH GPMGO ?%A 3/
FYXXSR %VIE % [MXL ETTVSTVMEXI GYXSYXW MW
GVIEXIH -X MW WLS[R MR *MKYVI 
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QSHIP YWI XLI JVEQI WLS[R MR *MKYVI  ERH
QEOI XLI JSPPS[MRK MRTYXW ?%A < ! n ?&A
< ! n ?'A = !  ?(A = !  %VIE
% MW GVIEXIH 2I\X MRTYX ?%A < ! n ?&A

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< ! n ?'A = !  ?(A = !  XS GVIEXI EVIE % 2I\X MRTYX ?%A < ! n
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WLSYPH FI QEHI XS GVIEXI EVIEW XS FI GYX SYX PEXIV SR XLI VMKLXLERH WMHI SJ XLI R
8LYW MRTYXW ?%A < !  ?&A < !  ?'A = !  ?(A = !  GVIEXI EVIE %
-RTYXW ?%A < !  ?&A < !  ?'A = !  ?(A = !  GVIEXI EVIE % -RTYXW

 ,IEX HMWWMTEXMSR XLVSYKL VMFFIH WYVJEGI

*MKYVI 



-QEKI SJ XLI R EJXIV WSQI EVIEW [IVI WYFXVEGXIH

?%A < !  ?&A < !  ?'A = !  ?(A = !  GVIEXI EVIE % 2I\X JVSQ
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3TIVEXI
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