192620010

Mobile & Wireless Networking

Lecture 5:
Cellular Systems (UMTS / LTE) (1/2)
[Schiller, Section 4.4]
Geert Heijenk

Mobile and Wireless Networking

2013 / 2014

Outline of Lecture 5

Cellular Systems (UMTS / LTE) (1/2)

q Evolution

of cellular systems

q GSM
l GSM

Network Architecture
l GSM radio interface
l GPRS
l EDGE
q 3G

UMTS

l UMTS

Network Architecture
l Wideband CDMA

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Evolution of cellular systems

Source: Agilent Technologies, 2012

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GSM Architecture
OMC, EIR,
AUC
HLR
NSS
with OSS
VLR

MSC

GMSC

VLR

fixed network

MSC

BSC
BSC
RSS

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GSM Radio Interface: TDMA/FDMA

935-960 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
downlink
890-915 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
uplink

higher GSM frame structures

time

GSM TDMA frame

1

8
4.615 ms

GSM time-slot (normal burst)

guard
space

tail

3 bits

user data

S Training S

user data

57 bits

1 26 bits 1

57 bits

Mobile and Wireless Networking

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guard
tail space

546.5 s
577 s

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

q
q
q
q
q

packet switching
using free slots only if data packets ready to send
(~reservation Aloha)
Receiving
Class
slots
Few changes to base station
(software)
1
1
New core network architecture
2
2
(router-based)
3
2

Sending
slots

Maximum
number of slots

10

12

Coding
scheme

1 slot

2 slots

3 slots

4 slots

5 slots

6 slots

7 slots

8 slots

CS-1

9.05

18.2

27.15

36.2

45.25

54.3

63.35

72.4

CS-2

13.4

26.8

40.2

53.6

67

80.4

93.8

107.2

CS-3

15.6

31.2

46.8

62.4

78

93.6

109.2

124.8

CS-4

21.4

42.8

64.2

85.6

107

128.4

149.8

171.2

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GPRS architecture and interfaces

SGSN
Gn

BSS

MS

Um

SGSN

Gb

Gn

Gi

HLR/
GR

MSC

VLR

PDN

GGSN

EIR

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EDGE
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution):
q
q
q
q
q

New modulation technique: 8PSK instead of GMSK (bitrate x3)

Can be combined with GPRS
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Incremental Redundancy
(Hybrid ARQ)
New BS hardware

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Outline of Lecture 5

Cellular Systems (UMTS / LTE) (1/2)

q Evolution

of cellular systems

q GSM
l GSM

Network Architecture
l GSM radio interface
l GPRS
l EDGE
q 3G

UMTS

l UMTS

Network Architecture
l Wideband CDMA

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UMTS architecture (original release (R99))

UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
q
q
q

Cell level mobility

Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks

UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)
q
q

Inter system handover

Location management if there is no dedicated connection between
UE and UTRAN
Uu
UE

Iu
UTRAN

CN

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UTRAN architecture
RNS

UE1

Node B

Iub

RNC: Radio Network Controller

RNS: Radio Network Subsystem
Iu

RNC

CN

UE2
Node B

UE3

Iur
Node B
Node B

Iub
RNC

UTRAN comprises several

RNSs
Node B can support FDD or
TDD or both
RNC is responsible for handover
decisions requiring
signalingto the UE
Cell offers FDD or TDD

Node B
RNS
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Core network: architecture

BTS

Abis

BSS

BSC
Node
BTSB

VLR

Iu
MSC

GMSC

PSTN

IuCS
AuC
EIR

HLR
GR

Node B
Node B

Node B

Iub
RNC

RNS

SGSN

IuPS

Gn

GGSN

Gi
CN

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UMTS Protocol Architecture - User Plane

App

App

TCP

TCP

IP

IP
GTP-U

GTP-U

PDCP

PDCP

GTP-U

RLC

RLC

UDP

UDP

UDP

UDP

MAC

MAC

IP

IP

IP

IP

L2
L1

L2
L1

L2
L1

L2
L1

PHY
UE
Legend:

PHY

Uu

Node B
UMTS

FP
L2
L1

FP
L2
L1
Iub

RNC

IuPS

UMTS Transport Network

SGSN
Internet

IP

Gn

L2

L2

L1

L1

GGSN

Host

Gi

Other

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UMTS Protocol Architecture Control Plane

UMM/SM

UMM/SM

RRC

RRC

RANAP

RANAP

RLC

RLC

SCCP

SCCP

MAC

MAC

Signalling
Bearer

Signalling
Bearer

NBAP
L2
L1

L2
L1

L2
L1

NBAP
PHY
UE
Legend:

PHY

Uu
UMTS

L2
L1

Node B

Iub

RNC

IuPS

SGSN

UMTS Transport Network

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Outline of Lecture 5

Cellular Systems (UMTS / LTE) (1/2)

q Evolution

of cellular systems

q GSM
l GSM

Network Architecture
l GSM radio interface
l GPRS
l EDGE
q 3G

UMTS

l UMTS

Network Architecture
l Wideband CDMA

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Wideband CDMA
Direct Sequence CDMA, also
known as Wideband CDMA
Chip rate 3.84 Mc/s
Carrier spacing 5 MHz

Transport channels
Channel
coding

Channel
coding

Multiplexing

Transport-channel
processing

Mapping to physical channels

Physical channels
Spreading

Physical-layer
procedures
and
measurements

Spreading
3.84 Mc/s

Modulation

Modulation

5 MHz

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How do we spread the data?

The operation of spreading in a CDMA system is divided into two
separate parts
q

Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization code

Scrambling
q

Separates different mobiles (in uplink) and different cells/sectors (in

downlink)

Channelization
q
q

Separates different physical channels that are transmitted on the

same scrambling code
The purpose of channelization is most evident in the downlink

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Spreading and scrambling of user data

Constant chipping rate of 3.84 Mchip/s
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors
q

higher data rate: less chips per bit and vice versa

User separation via unique, quasi orthogonal scrambling codes

q
q
q

users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes

much simpler management of codes: each station can use the same
orthogonal spreading codes
precise synchronisation not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasiorthogonal

data1

data2

data3

data4

data5

spr.
code1

spr.
code2

spr.
code3

spr.
code1

spr.
code4

scrambling
code1

sender1

scrambling
code2

sender2
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Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) coding

1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
...

1,1,1,1
1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1

1,1

1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1

1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1

X,-X
SF=2n

...

1,1,-1,-1

X,X

SF=n

1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1

...

1,-1,1,-1
1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1

1,-1

1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1
...

1,-1,-1,1
1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1
SF=1 SF=2

SF=4

SF=8
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UMTS FDD frame structure

W-CDMA
1920-1980 MHz uplink
2110-2170 MHz downlink
chipping rate:
3.840 Mchip/s
soft handover
QPSK
complex power control
(1500 power control
cycles/s)
spreading: UL: 4-256;
DL:4-512

Radio frame"
10 ms"

0"

1"

2"

..."

12"

13"

14"

Time slot"
666.7 s"

Pilot"

TFCI" FBI"

uplink DPCCH"

TPC"

2560 chips, 10 bits"

666.7 s"

uplink DPDCH"

Data"
2560 chips, 10*2k-1 bits (k = 1...7)"

666.7 s"

downlink DPCH"

Data1" TPC"TFCI" Data2" Pilot"

DPDCH" DPCCH"DPDCH"DPCCH"
2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...7)"

Slot structure NOT for user separation

but synchronisation for periodic functions!

FBI: Feedback Information

TPC: Transmit Power Control
TFCI: Transport Format Combination Indicator
DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel

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Bit rates and Spreading Factors

Channel bit rate [kbps]

User bit rate (bef. coding) [kbps]

Spreading
factor

Uplink

Downlink

Uplink

Downlink

512

N/A

15 kbps

N/A

6 kbps

256

15 kbps

30 kbps

15 kbps

24 kbps

128

30 kbps

60 kbps

30 kbps

51 kbps

64

60 kbps

120 kbps

60 kbps

90 kbps

32

120 kbps

240 kbps

120 kbps

210 kbps

16

240 kbps

480 kbps

240 kbps

432 kbps

480 kbps

960 kbps

480 kbps

912 kbps

960 kbps

1920 kbps

960 kbps

1872 kbps

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Fading
Path loss fading due to distance
q

1/distance ( between 3 and 4)

Long term (slow) fading caused by shadowing

q

Log-normal

Short term (fast) fading caused by multipath propagation

q

Rayleigh fading amplitude

Signal level (dB)

Path loss

Long term fading

Short term fading

Distance (log)
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Purpose of Power Control

Goal
q

mobile station transmitted power is controlled such that all users in

the cell experience the same SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) at
the base station receiver

Open Loop (initial power setting)

q
q

compensate for pathloss and slow fading

uses downlink pilot channel

Closed Loop (fast power control)

q
q

compensates also for fast fading

needs dedicated downlink control channel for power control
commands

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Dynamic Range of Power Control

PI

PC

Worst case: PC(dB) PI(dB) = 80 dB!

Interferers are rejected by the processing gain:
Rchip 106
G=
=
= 100 20 dB
Rbit 104
C
= 80 + 20 = 60 dB!
I
Power control with a large dynamic range is essential!
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Why Soft Handover?

Soft handover essential for power control
Soft handover reception
q

combines signals from different base stations

RNC

BS 1

BS 2

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Time Dispersion Rake receiver Channel Estimation

r(n)

Channel

h0

h2

h1

C(n)

C(n)

C(n)

g
a2

a1

g
a0
To
Decoder

Diversity Combination

Diversity
Channel
Combination Estimation

a2

Selective

Delay

Equal gain

Delay

1/3

1/3

1/3

Maximum
Ratio

Delay and
h*
complex amplitudes 2

h1*

h0*

a1

a0

a0
1
2

2
a1
a2

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Mobile Soft Handover Implementation with Rake

Receiver

h1
1

h2
2

BS 1
C1(n)

C1(n)

C2(n)

g
a1

BS 2
C2(n)

g
a2

Diversity Combination

To
Decoder
27

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Softer Handover
Softer handover reception
q

combines signals from one base station

BS

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One cell reuse is typical for CDMA

In CDMA, all cells use the same carrier frequency
(frequency reuse = 1)
q
q
q

makes soft handover possible

requires efficient power control
makes system load control more complex

FDMA/TDMA (reuse > 1)

CDMA (reuse = 1)

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Capacity
WCDMA capacity limited by
q
q
q

Amount of interference that can be tolerated

Amount of interference generated by each user
Amount of downlink orthogonal codes

Any reduction in generated interference directly improves capacity

q
q
q

Voice activity
Bursty transmission (packet-like services)
Narrow-beam antennas

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Resource Planning versus Power Planning

GSM (TDMA)
q
q

Frequency planning
Slot assignment

CDMA
q
q

Increased output power increased interference lower capacity

Power planning!

Reducing interference (by any means)

direct increase of capacity
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Cellbreathing
GSM
q
q

Users have their own dedicated time(/frequency) slot

Number of users in cell does not directly influence cell size

UMTS
q
q
q

Cellsize is closely related to cell capacity

Capacity is determined by signal to noise ratio
Interference adds to the noise:
l
l

q
q
q
q

other cells
other users in the same cell

If there is a lot of noise, users at the cell border cannot increase

their signal any further cannot communicate
So: cell size decreases as number of active users increases: Cell
breathing
Number of active users should be limited
This complicates cell planning
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Cell breathing: example

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