1t29t2015

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ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GE NERALISE D TREATMENT' O F ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACIIINES
FIELD
WINDING

STUDY OF DIFFERENTryPES
OF D.C MOTORS

ARMATURE

CONDUCTORS

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LEClw 5016

DC MACEINESI

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DC

SUPPLY

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DC MACHINES

DC MACHINES

Electrical machines can be classified

mainly into DC Machines and AC
Machines. Slide no 1 shows the view
of a dc machine. For simplicity , only
main component parts have been
shown.

The field windings are shown as

excited from external [Link]
polarity of electro-magnetic field will
depend upon the dircction of field
current as shown in the fig. of slide
no.l

:[Link];

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DC MACHINES

DC MACHINES

The armature carries conductors

in
placed
side the [Link] brushes are
at the right angle to the main field axis.
The brushes are stationary whereas
armature is free to rotate.

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DC MACHINES

When the armature is rotated in the

magnetic field, an e.m.f will be induced

in the armature

[Link]

direction of the induced e.m.f can be

found by applying Fleming's Right
Hand Rule.
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DC MACHINES

The direction of induced e.m.f will

depend upon the direction of rotation
of armature , if polarity of field poles to
be kept [Link] load is
connected across the armature
terminals , the current will flow through
the armature circuit.

The direction of current will be same as

that of induced e.m.f. The armature will
now be considered as electro+nagnet
and its polarity is shown in the fig. of
slide no. 2
.The electro-magnetic
torque [Link] be developed in the anticlock wise direction as shown in the
[Link] slide no. 1 and 2.

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DC MACHINf,S

DC MACHINES

The magnitude of T"will depend on the

strength of the field poles and armature
field which further depends upon the
currents flowing through the respective
windings. As the external load on the
generator is increased, the magnitude
ofT" increases.
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As T" acts in the opposite direction to

the applied mechanical torque, more
torque will be required through the
prime mover to maintain the speed of
armature.

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1t29t2015

DC MACHINES

DC MACHINES

The direction of currents in the upper

conductors in the armature are

indicated by 'dots' and conductors in
lower half of armature are indicated by
tcross'.

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The brush 'B' will collect dot currents

and brush 'A'will collect cross currents
as the armature continues to rotate in
clockwise direction. ln the out put
circuit, across terminals 'A' and 'B',
current wil! flow in one direction.

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DC MACHINES

5OF{

DC MACHINES

The dc machine shown in fig. of slide

no. 2 is working as [Link] same
machine will work as motor , if the
armature is provided with electric
supply as shown in fig. of slide no. 3

is connected across a
supply voltage 'V' and the field
windings are excited from the same
supply or from any external dc
The armature

[Link] magnetic polarities due to

the current in armature winding will be

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DC MACHINES

DC MACHINES

The electro-magnetic

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torque T" will

be

developed in the anti-clockwise

direction as opposite poles of armature
field and main field will attract each
other. The armature will rotate in anticlockwise direction due to T" .

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To reverse the direction of rotation of

armature, either the direction of current
in the field winding or armature
winding will have to be [Link] the
direction of currents in both the
windings are reversed, direction of

rotation of armature will

be

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1t29t2015

DC MACHINES

mechanical load on the

armature i.e. rotor shaft represented by
load torque T, is increased, more and
more electro+nagnetic torque will be
developed by the armature to balance
the mechanica! torque requirements for
which the armature will draw more
current from the supply mains.

As the

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1t29t2015

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

INTODUCTION

A DC machine is an electro-mechanical
energy conversion device. lt can convert
Mechanical power into Electrical Power.
When output electrical power is DC , it is
called DC Generator. When it converts
DC electrical power into mechanical
power, it is known as DC Motor.

1. BODYOR MAGNETIC FRAME ORYOKE

2. POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES

3. FIELD or EXCITING COILS
4. ARMATURE CORE
5. ARMATURE wlNDING
6. COMMUTATOR

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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONALFEATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

7.

Bearing
Pulley

BRUSHES

Body / Yoke
Housing

8. END HOUSINGS
9.

BEARINGS

10. SHAFT

Armature

'Fietd Core
.Field Winding

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1129t2015

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONALTEATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

'1.

MAGNETIC FMME or YOKE

The outer cylindrical

to which main 11

ARM.{TIIRE

frame

poles and inter poles are

fixed and by means of
the machine is fixed to
the foundation is called
YOKE.
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TOTO

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONALFEATURES
1. MAGNETIC FRAME oTYOKE

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

1. MAGNETIC FRAME oTYOKE:

!t serves two purposes:

b) lt provides a low
reluctance path for the
magnetic flux.

a) lt

provides
mechanical protection
to the inner parts of the
machines.

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The yoke

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made of

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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

[Link] CORE AND POLE SHOES

The pole core and pole

shoes are faxed to the
yoke by bolts. They
serves the following
purpose:
a) They support
the field or exciting
coils.

machines and cast stee!

or fabricated rolled
steel for larger
machines.

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is

cast aron for smaller ...

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

1. MAGNETIC FRAME oTYOKE

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1129t2015

I
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

2. FOLE CORE AND POLE SHOES :

2. POLE CORE AND POLE SFOES :

b) They distribute

c) The pole shoes have

the
the
armature periphery
more uniformly.
magnetic flux

_ _l

]\&{CHII{ES

on

larger

X-

section,

so,

the reluctance of the ,/:magnetic path is "

+\

reduced. The pole core

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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONALFEATURES
2, POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES

and pole shoes

made

of

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

3. FIELD or EXCITING COILS

steel assembled bt /_ _=.-_\

riveting together
r./
,

hydraulic pressure.

LECTW 7OF&

magnetise the pole core.

Enameled copper wire is.
used for the construction
of these [Link] direct

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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

3. FIELD or EXCITING GOILS

Field coils or exciting

coils are used to

are

laminated
under

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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONALFEATURES
4. ARMATURE CORE:

Armature is a rotating part of the DC

machine, reversal of flux takes place,
so hysteresas losses are produced.
To minimise this !oss, silicon steel as
used for the construction.

current is passed through

these coals/ winding, it

sets up the magnetic field
which magnetise the pol
core to the reqd. flux.

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1t29t2015

r
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

DCMACHnTES--- -

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONALFEATURES

4. ARIilATURE CORE:

4. ARTfATURE GORE:

The rotating armature cuts the main

magnetic field , therefore an e.m.f is
induced in the armature [Link] e.m.f
circulates eddy currents in the core
which results in eddy current loss in it.

The armature core is laminated to reduce

the eddy current loss.

Armature core serves the following

purposes:

a) lt houses the conductors in the slots.

b) lt provides an easy path for magnetic

flux

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DcMAcHrNes

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

5. ARMATURE WNDING

The no.

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

5, ARMATURE WNDING ;

of

This is

the
armature winding
where conversion
of power takes
place i.e. in case
of generator ,

conductors in form
of coils placed in
the slots of the

armature and
suitably inter
connected

are

called winding.
LECm 70!4

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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATUR ES

5. ARMATURE WIND]NG ;

5. ARNJTATURE WINDING

mechanica! power
is converted into
electrical power

converted

and in case of

power

rs

into

mechanica!
power.

motor, electrical

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1t29t2015

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL X'EATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

5. ARIIIATURE WiNDiT{G ;

5. ARMATURE WINDING

Depending upon the types of inter

connection. of coils , the winding can
be classified into two types;
i) Lap Winding;

The

connected

conductors/coils are
in such a way that no of

parallel paths are equalto no. of poles.

lf machine has 'P' no. of poles and 'Z'

no. of conductors, then there will be 'P'
no. of parallel [Link] each path wil!
have 'ZlP'no of conductors in series.
Also the no. of brushes are equalto no.
of parallel paths.

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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

5,

ARMATURE WNDING

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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

5. ARMATURE

Out of which half of the brushes will be

posative and remaining will be negative.
ii) Wave Winding;
The conductors are so connected
that they are divided into two paralle!
paths only , irrespective of the no. of
poles. lf machines has 'Z'no. of ...

WNDING

conductors, there will be only two

parallel paths and each will be having
'Zl2' no. of conductors connected in
series with only two brushes.
Click here to study detailed contents of winding

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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONALFEATURES

6, COMMUTATOR

It is the

6. COMMUTATOR

the

most

rotating

important part of

armature

a DG machine and
serves the
following purpose
:- i) lt connects ...

conductors to the
stationary external
circuit through the

brushes.

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1t29t2015

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURE,S

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONALFEATURES

6. COMMUTATOR

6. COMiIIUTATOR

current in

aa) !t converts
altering current
induced in the
armature

conductors

into
unidirectional .....

the

extemal load
circuit
in
generating action
and it converts
alternating torque
into unidirectional

COMMLIATOR

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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

6. COMMUTATOR

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONALFEATURES

COPPER SEGMtrN I

RISER

MICAINSULATION

END RINC

6. COMMUTATOR

torque produced in the armature in

motoring action.

The commutator is of

cylinddcal
shape and is made of wedge shaped

hard drawn copper [Link]

segments are insulated from each ....
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[----..DCMACrrrNEs--.-MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

6. COMMUTATOR

7. BRUSHES

other by a thin sheet of [Link]

segments are held together by means
of two V-shaped rings that fit into the
Vgrooves cut into the segments.
Each armature coil is connected to
the commutator segment through
flser.

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Brushes

are made of high

grade

[Link] form the connecting link

between armature winding and the
external circuit. The brushes are held in
particular position around the
commutator by brush holders.

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1t29t2015

MAIN CONSTRUC'TIONAL FEATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

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8. END HOUSINGS

8, END HOUSIilGS

the bearing and

They are attached

to the ends of

main frame

the

brush
assembly whereas
rear housing
supports the
bearing only.

and

support bearing
The front housing
supports.....

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tr+

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

,IO.

9. BEARINGS

The function of the bearing is to reduce

rotating and
friction between

the

stationary parts of the [Link]

are fitted in the end housings.
Generally, high carbon steel is used for
the construction of the bearings.

SHAFT

The function

of
is
to
transfer
shaft
mechanical power
to the machine or
from the machine.
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LECffi
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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

.IO. SHAFT

10. SHAFT

armature

is made of
mild steel with
Shaft

core,

commutator,
cooling fan etc. are
keyed to the shaft.

maximum breaking
strength. All the
rotating parts like

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See AIso

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1t29t2015

Depending upon the type if excitation to

the field winding , The dc machine can
be classified into three categories viz.
Machines with permanent field,

DffimEO!EffiONS

(DCMOlOro)
LECm

separately excited and self excited type

dc machines. Dc motors with
permanent magnetic field, are
manufactured for small rating
applications such as toys, cassette tape
recorders [Link] rating dc motors ...

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D,*reoFBqNoNs{EMoroE)

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9014

IYPISOI IXGIIAIIOII$ IIIG

are constructed with electro-magnetic

field i.e field winding is placed on the
field core and this winding is supplied

with dc current called excitation.

Depending upon the type of

excitation

Tlllllffi I

, the dc motors can be

classified anto two categories ;

1) Separately excited dc motors
2) Self excited dc motors.

connections to the field winding for ....

DlMmEoFtrffioNs

rlcrus 9ors

lf

DEEN]]1EO!d(roONS

(TMOTOH)

f,Effi

(mMorotr)
LECIW ror4

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The field winding is excited from a

supply which is not connected to the
armature winding. lt may be noted
that current flowing through the field
winding is independent of load and
is equa! to V / R; , where Rg is the....

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1t29t2015

StPIRAItlY

TXGIITO tIG

st], IxGlItD

TlllllRS

0G

tolons

I 0G

slruxr f,orons I

field circuit

resistance. The flux

produced is proportiona! to the field
current i.e. Ql al1

Dlffi]rc

OFryffiONS (EMOIOBI

t!cm

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OIB(:]EONS

DCMOTOS )

LECm 90rO

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ln this type of excitation , armature and

field windings are connected across a
constant source of supply. The field

I is

drawn from the same

source as that of armature current. As
current

shown in fiq.

,*i::::oNs(DcMoros,

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lsruor@

DIM]]1EOl4(roONS

(DCMOTm)
9OP{

LEffi

stlt DG!II0 [c toloRs t 0c sEflts folons I

The field winding is connected in series

with the armature so that ls = !" = 11 .

Therefore field winding is made up of
thick winding wire of less no. of tums
as compared to that of shunt field
winding so that armature current can ...

flow through it without overheating. ln

case of dc series machine , O a \e l^..

The relationship between

induced

e.m.f. and terminal voltage is as follows

; .....
Sce Fig.

rlclw

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D,*,*.o'BffioNs(DcMoros,

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1t29t2015

V=E+laRa+lrRse
or

E=V-la(Ra+

Rse)

l" =lr" =!a

and

Dffi,*oFilffio*(Dcffios)

stlIEGtIH

[G

tr

OFH@flONS (DCUOION)
f,ECrc
90r4

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There are two field windings , namely a

shunt field winding and a series field

winding. The shunt field winding is
connected in parallel with the armature
and series field winding is connected in
series with the combination.
See

r0r0m

tDG

and has a few tums only. The

resistance of series field winding is
very small.

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G0tPouu mr0m t

The shunt field winding is made up of

wires of small cross section and has
high resistance. Since the resistance of
shunt field winding is high , the current

flowing through

Series field winding wil! carry a large

armature current I" or l. and therefore it
is made of wire of large cross section

Fig.
LECW 90r&

[G

D]@TnB

it is very small as

compared to that of series field winding

DlImffio!dclwoNs

(DcMoloN)

uclw

,oia

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or

armature current

!a

The

main

magnetic field ftux is produced by the

shunt field current / winding but it is
modified by the field of series winding.
A compound machine therefore
combines the best features of dc shunt
machines and dc series machines.
D]@ffi

OTXffiONS (DCMOTON)

LAffi

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1129t2015

slt0BlsilulllrvPt iltc G0tPouI[ t0r0m I

stl] IxcmD [c [0r0ns I Dc GotP0ulilt tolons I

Depending up on the connections of

shunt field winding in the combination
of armature and series field winding, dc
compound generators can be named as
i) Short shunt compound generators.
ii) Long shunt compound generators.

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sHUtlI rYP[ t [G

cofPoulilt toront I

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l0ltGsHUlil

ilPt illG G0tP0ulill toroRs I

i) SHORTSHUNT DC COMPOUND MOTORS

In this case the shunt field winding is

connected across the armature winding
only as shown in the fig of slide no.
I"" = lr_ = l"* l"t
V=E+laR"+l=.R=.

ta-Z

lsE

IeR"

Rsn

= E + !aRa+ ( la+ Irn)Rre

f,Ecl@ 90i{

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stlr txcrlHt ltc t0I0[3 t 0c c0tPoulilt toroffi I

ii) LONG SHUNT

DC COMPOUND MOTORS

ln this case the shunt field winding is

connected across the combination of
armature and series field winding as
shown in the fig.

lr.
lltt

l" and

lr= l" +

= E + l" Ra+ 1.. Rr"

,==*1':,f=:** \.(rMoroRs F

Depending upon the direction of flow of

current through series field, we can
classify dc compound motors into two
categories namely;
!) Cumulative compound dc motors
ll) differential compound dc motors

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16

1t29t2015

The direction of current in the series field

is such that magnetic field

produced by it is in the direction to that
of shunt field. Tota! magnitude of the
field is the sum of shunt field and series
field so that A = A"n* A""..
winding

O = A=n+

ilfIHfltItAtIYPI

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gl..

C0tp0ul[ tolons

See

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Fig.

1I
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9014

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The direction of current in the series field

winding is such that magnetic field

produced by at is in the opposite
direction to that of shunt field. Total
magnitude of the field is the difference
of shunt field and series field so that
A = A=1r- A=".

Ql=O=1r-Ar.
D]ffimEOFqffiONS

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(DCMOION)

u(:ffi90r{

The expression for

back

e.m.f.

"**""IL"""(DcMoroB)

Comparing expressions (i) and (ii)

developed in the armature of a dc motor

is given as follows:
E-

AZN

60A

f= v-l"Ra
!A@EDMG@@OTrcM@B
LEClw DO'{

(i)

(ii)

/-\
I-\-rt-)

tr

PAZN
OR

60A

= V-laRa

K@N

v-laRa

N=

v-1.R.
KO

IAMSDMG@

S@OTDCM@R

rtclw

loor&

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17

1t2912015

IAGrons

urrtilxilG Illt sPtu 0t ltc t0I0[

Where K is the constant of

proportionalily and equal to PZ / 60 A
Now in the above expression for speed,
the speed can be varied by varying the
applied voltage 'V' , field flux @ and
resistance of the armature .
FfrsD*G*,*o!rcx@r

It is clear that speed is

directly
proportional to the supply vollage 'V'. So
the speed increases with increase in
voltage 'V'and vice versa.
The speed is inversely proportionalto the
field flux @ . $o speed decreases as the
Flux@ increases and vice versa.

@@

Llcre

c[lmcrtlFltcs

GIANTGITIISIIGS llT llG TlllllRS

The important characteristics of

dc

motors are :
f ) Speed - armature current ( Load )
characteristics
2) Torque - armature current ( Load )
characteristics
3) Speed - Torque characteristics
LEC@ lt Or{

0I

DG

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@o

t0r0m

It is very much important to know the

characteristics mentioned above for
different types of dc motors because it
enables the selection of a specific type
of dc motor for specific purpose.

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lrG

s[ulil t0I0Rs

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1129t2015

GIIAIACIIRI$IIGS OI

UG

SHUIil

TOIllM

1 Speed Armature current (Load ) characteristics

-

For a dc motor , we know that

v-1"R"
KA
A dc shunt motor is connected across

r!_

the mains having supply voltage 'V'

Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteristics

This supply voltage is assumed to be

[Link] field winding is connected
across the armature as shown in Fig. The
magnetic flux O produced by field
current I will be constant as V remains
constant.
See Fig.

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GHIRIGImBIIC8 0I

0G

fltufi ilolons

t. Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteristics

But in actual practice, the air gap flux is

slightly reduced due to the effect of
armature reaction. From the expression

for the speed mentioned earlier,

it

evident that as the arnature current

la......

is

LECflM

@@o

@
t. Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteristics
increases speed wi!! decrease by a

sma!! amount due to an increase in l" R"

drop is very small as compared to V .

The speed verses armature current
characteristics is shown in Fig.

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lIOI4

LBCrm UOt{

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CilANAGITIISI!GS llT llG SHUIlI TOIllRS

t. Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteristics

Armature current (Load ) characteristics

The shunt motor being thus more or less

a constant speed motor, can be used in

the applications such as driving of line

shafts, lathes conveyors etc.

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LECm UOA4

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19

1t29t2015

2 Torque - Armature current (Load ) characteristics

@
s. Speed - Torque characteristics

The equation for torque can be written as

follows;
!f flux A is taken as constant, the torque
T becomes directly proportional to
armature current (Load current) lu . lt is a
straight !ine passing through the origin.
lrcftm llo?{

GltA[tGIIilSilGt 0I0C SItUH

T ( N-m)

@@o

t0l0m

@@@

G[AnAGrtRlSflGS 0] 0G StRltS

t0r0Rs

s. Speed - Torque characteristics

The relation between T and l" and N

and l" are as under;

1=finA

p=-E-

KA

And The relationship between speed and

torque can be drawn as shown in Fig .

.o@o
ltcrw

GIAIIGIIBISilGS 0I ltc SffiltS

Iot@

LECTM

il0I0m

CHANAGITRISIIG$ llT llG

Ls

@@@

IIOI{

SilItS TlllllRS

Speed - Load characteristics

From the expression

N=

v-1.R,
RA

It is seen that the speed N is inversely

^,l

proportionalto flux

For a dc series motor ,magnetic flux O is

proportionalto 1".

.o@@
Lrcmt uor{

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20

1t29t2015

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1 Speed - Load characteristics

t. Speed - Load characteristics

Thus , if V is constant, N is inversely

proportional to la. The N verses la
characteristics is therefore a rectangular
hyperbola as shown in Fig It is seen
from the characteristics that ....
See

Flg.
rf,cre

ttors

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t. Speed - Load characteristics

normal speed which may cause damage

to the motor. For this reason , dc series
motors are never started on No- Load
and are not used in the applications
where there is a chance of Load being
completely removed , when the motor...

GIIARIGITNISI!GS llT IIG

ltcTw

Speed - Load characteristics

IEC]:W

the speed decreases as the load on the

motor increases. At a very low load , the
speed is dangerously high . Thus if a dc
series motor is allowed to run on very
light load or at No- Load , its speed will
become much higherthan its ........

UOF@

remains connected to the supply. The

load on the dc series motor is connected
through the gears and not through the
belt pulley [Link] is because,
in case of failure of belt , the load will be
removed from the motor and thereby the

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SMIIs fllllllRS

Speed - Load characteristics

motor will attain a dangerously hiqh

speed ln case of load connected
through the gears, however in the event
of an accidental release of load, gears
will provide some load on account of the
frictional resistance of the gear teeth.

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Torque - Load characteristics

SATURATION O['
SERIES FIELD CORE

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21

1129t2015

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1.

Torque - Load characteristics

The equation for the

t. Torque - Load characteristics

torque for dc motor

is given by ; t = kr0 \
The magnetic flux for a dc series motor is

proportiona! to armature current

thetorqueT=k l"1,.

1". Thus

Or Tcl"2
LECffi

Or4

and
armature current , is therefore of the form
of a parabola . With increase in !. , the
field flux increases linearly but due to
saturation of the core, beyond a certain
magnitude of lrthe increase in flux is

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t. Torque - Load characteristics

t. Torque - Load characteristics

negligible.. Thus T is proportional to the

square of !" up to the saturation point
beyond which T varies Iinearly with

1".

From the torque load characteristics , it

can be observed that a dc series motor -.

LECTW

The relationship between torque

D OT4

, develops a very high

starting torque.
Hence dc series motors are used in
applications where high starting torque is
required such as in electrac trains ,
hoists, trolleys etc.
started on-load

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G[[[[GIrilSItGt 0t [G Smlts mlom

t. Torque - Speed characteristics

t. Torque - Speed characteristics

From the characteristics shown in slide

no. , it can be seen that for low speeds ,
the torque is high and for high speeds

-l

the torque is very small. This is why dc

series motor is widely used in the ... ..

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22

1t29t2015

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Gfir[lDrHrsilct 0f

Dc

c0tP0ulilt tolons

i. Torque - Speed characteristics

applications where motor is to be started

on bulk loads such as electrac locomotive.

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t. Speed - Load characteristics

\
N

t
DIFFERENTIAL
COMPOUND
SHUNT

COMPOUND

f,Eclm ll or4

Speed - Load characteristics

ln cumulative compound motors , series

field winding is connected in such a way
that magnetic flux produced by it helps
the flux produced by shunt field winding.
Series field is directly proportional to the
load current , ..... . ... .

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UOr4

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t. Speed - Load characteristics

t. Speed - Load characteristics

therefore total flux increases with

increase in load current / armature

total main tfux A. Therefore speed drops

more sharply as compared to dc shunt

current due to the series field in addition

to the voltage drop in the armature
[Link] speed of dc motor is
inversely proportionalto the . .. . ..

[Link] Fig.

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23

1129t2015

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2. Torque

- Load characteristics

z. Torque

- Load characteristics

The torque developed by a cumulative

compound motor increases with sudden
increase in load and at no-load , it has a
definite speed. Gumulative compound

motors are therefore, suitable

there is sudden application
flcl@

ll ors

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2. Torque

of

f,Effi

- Load characteristics

[G CoilP0UXI

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z. Torque - Load characteristics

heavy loads like sheers, punches,

rolling mills etc. The speed of differential

compound motors remains more or less
constant. Wth increase in load but its
torque decreases with !oad. Since the dc
shunt motor develops a good torque and
f,BClW UOr{

01

[OF4

where

its speed does not vary appreciably with

increase in load, differential compound
motors are not preferred over dc shunt
motors and hence are rarely used.

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3, Speed - Torque characteristics

ltG

or4

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(a) DC SHIINT MOTORS

(D Shunt motors are used in situations,

such as driving a line shafting etc. where

the

speed as to be maintained
approximately constant between no-load
and firll-load.

COMPOUND

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24

1t29t2015

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Epeucnrorsrrrrroronsl

(a) DC SHUNT MOTORS

(b) DC SERTES MOTORS

(ii) In situations where variable load is to

be driven at different speeds but at each
load, the speed is to be kept constant.

DC

Such as driving a lathe.

large starting torque is required. They are

Series Motors are used in

applications such as driving hoists,

cranes, trains, etc., as in these cases a

also used where the motor can

permanentrv

trc,*s

tr +

(b)DC SERTES MOTORS

(b) DC SERTES MOTORS

Fans , whose torque increases with speed.

Where constiulcy in speed is not

essential, the decrease of speed with
increase of load has the advantage that
the power absorbed by the motor does

APPIGII|0[S 0I ID

cou::::T: road' such as

not increase as

be

rap::,:::.,[Link].

Series motors acquire very high speed at

no-load or at very light load That is why
they should not be used for a belt drive
where there is a possibility of the load
decreasing to very small value.

oo

uws

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t0l0m

(c)DC COMPOUND MOTORS

(c)DC COMPOUND MoToRs

DC

Where the supply voltage may fluctuate ,

for instance on a traction system, the

Compound Motors are used in

application where large starting torque
are requrred but where the load may fall
to such a small value that a series motor
would reach a dangerously high speed.
uffis

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series winding reduces the fluctuation

of

armature current partly by its inductance

and partly by its influence on the value of

qcffi

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25

1t29t2015

(c)DC COMPoUND

MoToRS

flux and therefore on that of the

induced

e.m.f.
when the load is of a fluctuating nature
'
e.g. for driving stamprng processes, etc.
the shunt excitatron prevents the speed
DcMcffi

mnuculorsolncroronsl
(c)DC COMPOUND MOTORS

..1

Becoming excessive on light load, and

the decrease of speed with increase of
load enables the flywheel' usually fitted
to such a machine, to assist the motor in
. ,
in dealing with the peak load by gving

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ELECTRICAL

appucnnorsolncrorons
(c) DC COMPOUN'D

up some

MACHINES-I

E' +

NI

-l

MoToRs

of its kinetic

energ).'.

THANKS
" TTIANKS "

tr

26