ABNORMALPSYCHOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT
ASSIGNMNET 1:
Difference between ODD and CD, also write down the treatment of children with
ADHD.
Conduct Disorder
May be diagnosed when a child seriously misbehaves with aggressive or
nonaggressive behaviors against people, animals or property that may be
characterized as belligerent, destructive, threatening, physically cruel, deceitful,
disobedient, or dishonest.
Conduct disorder is a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the
basic rights of others, or major rules and values of society are violated, as shown
by the presence of three (or more) of the following behavior patterns in the past
12 months, with at least one behavior pattern present in the past six months:
Aggression to people and animals:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others.
Often initiates physical fights.
Has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to
Has been physically cruel to people.
Has been physically cruel to animals.
Has stolen while confronting a victim
Has forced someone into sexual activity.
In order to diagnosis conduct disorder in a teen, the disturbance in behavior must
be causing significant problems in that person's life, including at school, with
friends and family, and on the job. In other words, if a child gets into serious
trouble one time, learns from the experience and never does it again, he or she
probably does not have a conduct disorder.
Conduct disorder may be diagnosed in an individual 18 years or older if that
individual displays some of the behaviors listed above but does not appear to
have behaviors normally found in Antisocial Personality Disorder
Kids with conduct disorder frequently will threaten suicide, and these threats
should generally be taken seriously.
Boys with conduct disorder will be more inclined to fight, steal and participate in
acts of vandalism, such as fire setting. Girls with conduct disorder are more likely
to lie, run away and be involved in severe sexual acting-out behavior, including
prostitution. Both boys and girls with conduct disorder are at an extremely high
risk of substance abuse along with severe difficulties getting along in school.
OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER
If a child's problem behaviors do not meet the criteria for Conduct Disorder, but
involve a pattern of defiant, angry, antagonistic, hostile, irritable, or vindictive
behavior, Oppositional Defiant Disorder may be diagnosed. These children may
blame others for their problems.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder is a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant
behavior lasting at least six months, during which four (or more) of the following
are present:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Often loses temper.
Often argues with adults.
Often actively defies or refuses to comply with adults' requests
Often deliberately annoys people.
Often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior.
Is often touchy or easily annoyed by others.
Is often angry and resentful.
Is often spiteful or vindictive.
It is important to note that a counselor or therapist will consider a diagnosis of
oppositional defiant disorder only if the behavior occurs more frequently than is
typically observed in individuals of comparable age and developmental level.
For a diagnosis of ODD to be made, the disturbance in behavior must be causing
significant problems in school, in relationships with family and friends, and in the
workplace. ODD will not be diagnosed if the therapist suspects that the teen's
behaviors are being directly caused by another psychotic or mood disorder, such
as bipolar disorder.
Kids with oppositional defiant disorder will show some of the same behaviors as
those listed above for conduct disorder, including being very negative, angry and
defiant. However, with ODD, one does not generally see the mean or cruel
behavior that is present in conduct disorder, such as cruelty to animals.
TREATMENT OF ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can take quite a toll on both the
adults and the child or teen who has the disorder. Its tough for the individual who
must cope with daily frustrations. Its rough on family members whose lives are
regularly disrupted by the disorganization, outbursts, temper tantrums or other
misbehavior of the child or teen.
Interventions include:
1. Medication
2. Psychotherapy
3. Combination of these two approaches
MEDICATION
Used properly, medicines such as methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin) and
other stimulants help suppress and regulate impulsive behavior. They squelch
hyperactivity, improve social interactions and help people with ADHD concentrate,
enabling them to perform better in school and at work.
These medications also may help children with co-existing disorders control
destructive behaviors. When used with proper medical supervision, they are
considered generally safe and free of major unwanted side effects. (Some children
may experience insomnia, stomachache or headache.) They rarely make children
feel high or, on the flip side, overly sleepy or out of it. Although not known to
be a significant problem, height and weight should be monitored with long-term
use of these medications. These medications are not considered addictive in
children. However, they should be carefully monitored in teenagers and adults
because they can be misused.
The most commonly used stimulants are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin, Ritalin SR
Dextroamphetamine sulfate (Dexedrine or Dextrostat)
A dextroamphetamine/amphetamine formulation (Adderall)
Methylphenidate (Concerta, Daytrana)
Atomoxetine
When these front-line medications are not effective, physicians sometimes opt
to use one of the following:
Buproprion hydrochloride (Wellbutrin) an antidepressant that has been shown
to decrease hyperactivity, aggression and conduct problems.
Imipramine (Tofranil) or nortriptyline (Pamelor) these antidepressants can
improve hyperactivity and inattentiveness. They can be especially helpful in
children experiencing depression or anxiety.
Clonidine hydrochloride (Catapress) used to treat high blood pressure, clonidine
also can help manage ADHD and treat conduct disorder, sleep disturbances or a
tic disorder. Research has shown it decreases hyperactivity, impulsivity and
distractibility, and improves interactions with peers and adults.
Guanfacine (Tenex, Inuniv) this antihypertensive decreases fidgeting and
restlessness and increases attention and a childs ability to tolerate frustration.
Tenex is the short-term preparation, while Inuniv is the long-term preparation.
PSYCHOTHERAPY
Research has shown that medication alone is not always sufficient. For more than
two decades, psychosocial interventions such as parent training and behavioral
modifications have been used for children with ADHD. A key goal is to teach
parents and educators methods that equip them to better handle problems when
they arise. In this approach they learn how to reward a child for positive behaviors
and how to discourage negative behaviors. This therapy also seeks to teach a
child techniques that can be used to control inattention and impulsive behaviors.
Preliminary research has shown that behavior modification is also effective for
children with severe oppositional problems. Such an approach may lower the
number or severity of oppositional behaviors, although the underlying condition
ADHD remains.
Some people with ADHD benefit from emotional counseling or psychotherapy. In
this approach, counselors help patients deal with their emotions and learn ways to
cope with their thoughts and feelings in a more general sense.
Group therapy and parenting education can help many children and their families
master valuable skills or new behaviors. The goal is to help parents learn about
the particular problems their children with ADHD have, and give them ways to
handle those problems when they arise. Likewise, children can be taught social
skills and gain exposure to the same techniques the parents are learning, easing
the way for those methods to be incorporated at home.
ASSIGNMNET 2:
Define Schizophrenia and the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Catatonia
Anhedonia
Alogia
Avolition
World Salad
Hallucination
Delusion
WHAT IS SCHIZOPHERNIA
A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation
between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception,
inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal
relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
a) Catatonia
At one end of the extreme the patient cannot speak, move or respond there is a
dramatic reduction in activity where virtually all movement stops, as in a
catatonic stupor.
At the other end of the extreme they are overexcited or hyperactive, sometimes
mimicking sounds (echolalia) or movements (echopraxia) around them - often
referred to as catatonic excitement.
b) Anhedonia
Loss of the capacity to experience pleasure. The inability to gain pleasure from
normally pleasurable experiences. Anhedonia is a core clinical feature of
depression, schizophrenia, and some other mental illnesses.
c) Alogia
Is the inability to speak because of mental defect, mental confusion, or Aphasia. It
is a speech disturbance that can be seen in people with dementia. However, it is
often associated with the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
d) Avolition
A lack of interest or engagement in goal-directed behavior. Many people with
schizophrenia experience avolition, or apathy, feeling drained of energy and of
interest in normal goals and unable to start or follow through on a course of
action.
e) Word Salad
Is a "confused or unintelligible mixture of seemingly random words and phrases",
[1]
most often used to describe a symptom of a neurological or mental disorder.
The words may or may not be grammatically correct, but semantically confused to
the point that the listener cannot extract any meaning from them.
f)
Hallucination
Hallucinations are false or distorted sensory experiences that appear to be real
perceptions. These sensory impressions are generated by the mind rather than by
any external stimuli, and may be seen, heard, felt, and even smelled or tasted.
A hallucination occurs when environmental, emotional, or physical factors such as
stress, medication, extreme fatigue, or mental illness cause the mechanism within
the brain that helps to distinguish conscious perceptions from internal, memorybased perceptions to misfire
g) Delusion
Delusions are false or erroneous beliefs that usually involve a misinterpretation of
perceptions or experiences. Their content may include a variety of themes (e.g.,
persecutory, referential, somatic, religious, or grandiose).
Persecutory delusions are most common; the person believes he or she is being
tormented, followed, tricked, spied on, or ridiculed.
Referential delusions are also common; the person believes that certain gestures,
comments, passages from books, newspapers, song lyrics, or other environmental
cues are specifically directed at him or her.