Performance Monitoring in Optical Networks
Lian-Kuan Chen
Lightwave Communications Laboratory,
Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong SAR.
WOCC 2004
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Outline
Optical performance monitoring (OPM): Why is it needed?
Optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) monitoring techniques
System design aspects + future perspectives
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
OPM: A New Paradigm of Performance
Monitoring
ATM Switch
Todays SDH/SONET Networks
z BER at O/E/O locations
z BIP checks of header & payload (G.826)
IP Router
Regenerator
ADM
ADM
ADM
Future all-optical transparent networks
z O/E/O eliminated
z Different modulation formats, bit rates, and protocols
IP Router
e.g. SDH/SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, ATM, IP over WDM
Characterization of channel parameters without knowing
origin transport history data format
and
at arbitrary network points
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
data content
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Drivers for more advanced OPM
Technological drivers:
Longer
transmission
distance
Higher bit rate
More intelligence
More stringent QoS
requirements
Increased number
Business drivers:
z Lower Operation & Maintenance costs
z Enable SLA and service differentiation
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Examples of Service Level Agreement
QoS measured in terms of:
z Committed network availability
z Provisioning time
z Target repair time and procedures
z Penalties
z Interface description
Ref: Roland Bach, Need for Optical Monitoring OPM for QoS, ACTERNA Deutschland
Also see Service level agreement and provisioning in optical networks, Com. Mag. Jan 2004
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Challenges of OPM
Complex system effects:
CD, PMD, PDL, PDG, XPM, SPM,
Power + fluctuations
Different format, bit rate
All-optical architectures:
Transparent
Reconfigurable
Temperature, stress, dirt, aging
damage, maintenance, repair
Technical
Challenges
Business
Challenges
Standards + Interoperability:
Standard-based vs. proprietary-based
Vendors
Inter-domain (ULH, metro, access)
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Inter-layer considerations:
OPM metrics dissemination
to upper layers
OPM metrics correlation
Cost, cost, and cost!
Optical vs. Electronics solutions
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
We care about
Transparency
(Bit rate,
modulation format,
protocol)
BASIC
BASIC
Signal
degradation
discovery
capability
Sensitivity
Athermal
Accuracy
General
Requirements
of OPM
Techniques
Low cost!
Simplicity
Low power
consumption
Interoperable
NonThe monitor has to
intrusiveness
be more reliable
High dynamic
than the devices being
range monitored
update
speed
Reliability
Compactness
VALUE
VALUE--ADDED
ADDED
Comprehensiveness
Fault
localization
Scalability
capability
COMMERCIAL/
COMMERCIAL/
CUSTOMER
CUSTOMER CARE
CARE
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WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
The broad spectrum of OPM
OPM
Signal
Loss
In-line
Component
Failure
Signal
Alignment
Fiber
Break
Analogue
Parameter
TX/RX
Failure
OSNR
CD
crosstalk
EDFA
Failure
Optical
Power
PMD
Extinction
Ratio
Other Active/passive
Components
Failure
Wavelength
Signal
Quality
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Pump
Power
(EDFA)
PDL &
PDG
Eye diagram
& Q-factor
Digital
Parameter
BER
Other possibilities?
SOP, Optical phase,
Jitter
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Monitoring in time/frequency domain
Time-domain
z
z
z
z
Eye diagram
BER
Histogram (synchronous and asynchronous)
Time-varying changes: PMD, jitter, power,
Frequency-domain
z Out-of-band
ASE noise (less accurate)
z In-band
Power
Ref: Need for Optical Monitoring OPM for
Wavelength
QoS, Roland Bach ACTERNA
Deutschland, OFC2003
ASE noise (more accurate)
Spectral width/data-rate
Clock tones power for CD/PMD compensation
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Three Tiers of OPM
DWDM signals
Ref: A. L. J. Teixeira et al,
Asynchronous Optical Performance
Monitor Techniques for DWDM Optical
Networks, ICTON 2002
Optical
Monitor
1 st
-ti
er
Op
Ch tic
Mo ann al
ni e l
to
r
Tunable Filter
Receiver
OSNR Power
Wavelength
10
d
e
nc
a
v PM
d
A O
2nd-tier
Optical
Performance
Monitor
Power
Channel #
3 rd
-ti
er
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Error rate/Q-factor by channel,
and distortion
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Relative cost
Compromise between cost and accuracy
Optical Layer Monitoring
OPM
OCM
Channel power
Indirect BER
Monitoring
Q-factor
Channel power
Channel wavelength
OSNR
Usages:
Diagnose system problems
Usages:
Channel equalization Channel equalization
Link setup
Auto-discovery
Auto-discovery
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
Direct BER
Monitoring
Digital Wrapper Frame
Usages:
Evaluate end-to-end
performance
Ensure QoS and SLA
Ref: Alex Vukovic et al, Performance
Monitoring of Long-haul Networks,
Lightwave Magazine, July 22, 2002
Accuracy and complexity
11
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Making a judicious choice
Considerations:
z Right choice of monitoring/mitigation techniques
Optical monitoring techniques for WDM networks
Will electronics mitigation techniques on channel-bychannel basis drive OPM unnecessary?
z Suitable amount of monitoring
Effectiveness
Computation power (accuracy)
Budget
z Placement of monitoring points
Within one network (all nodes or some strategic points)
Inter-domain (ULH, metro, access, )
z Update Frequency
12
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Outline
Optical performance monitoring (OPM): Why is it needed?
Optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) monitoring techniques
System design aspects + future perspectives
13
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
OSNR monitoring techniques
OSNR(dB) = 10log(Psig/PASE)
Uses of OSNR in
z Link setup, control, and optimization
z In-service characterization of optical signal quality
z Correlation with end terminal BER
Making OSNR measurements
DWDM signals
Psig
Optical Power
Pnoise
Reference bandwidth (0.1nm)
14
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Reported OSNR monitoring techniques
Out-of-band: noise taken outside channel bandwidth
z +: Measurable by traditional OSA
z -: Different EDFA gains for channels, effect of optical filtering,
out-of-band noise in-band noise
In-band ASE noise
In-band: noise taken within channel bandwidth
z Electrical spectral analysis
z Polarization-assisted optical power analysis
z Subcarrier CNR correlation
z Mach-Zehnder interferometric method
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WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Electrical spectral analysis
Orthogonal delayed-homodyne method
Monitoring
signal
Power
meter
PC
PBS
PBS
PMD Emulator
OSNR Monitoring Module
Electrical spectrum
Total power
Electrical noise power
RF Spectrum
PINFET
Analyzer
+: Bit-rate and modulation format independent
+: Insensitive to PMD
w/o PMD emul.
w PMD emul.
f
measure electrical noise
power at this null point
-: Complexity
-: High monitoring power required
-: High resolution power measurement required
-: Sensitive to chromatic dispersion
Ref: C. J. Youn et al, OSNR Monitoring Technique Based on Orthogonal Delayed-Homodyne Method, OFC 2002
& IEEE PTL Vol. 14, Oct 2002.
16
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Polarization-assisted power analysis
Monitor by polarization-nulling or by degree-of-polarization
(DOP)
Monitoring PC
signal
Signal
Noise
Polarized
Unpolarized
PBS
Power
meter
Power
meter
ASE
Signal +
ASE
OSNR Monitoring Module (Polarization-nulling)
DOP Analyzer
Monitoring PC
signal
polarizer
spectrometer
OSNR Monitoring Module (DOP)
Ref: M. Petersson et al, Multi-channel OSNR
Monitoring for WDM networks, ECOC 2002
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WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Ref: J. H. Lee et al, OSNR Monitoring Technique using
Polarization-Nulling Method, IEEE PTL, Vol. 13, Jan 2001.
+: Simple
+: Relatively low monitoring power needed
+: No electrical processing
+: Large dynamic range
-: Sensitive to PMD
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Polarization-assisted power analysis
Monitor by polarization-nulling with off-center narrowband
filtering
EDFA
EDFA
EDFA
AWG
AWG
...
EDFA
Monitor
Monitor
Monitor
Monitor
...
OSNR Monitoring Module
Monitoring
signal
Optical
filter
Narrowband
optical filter
Power
Total power
meter
Power
meter
Half ASE
noise power
/4 Plate Linear Polarizer
Ref: M. H. Cheung et al, A PMD-insensitive OSNR
Monitoring Scheme Based on Polarization-Nulling with Offcenter Narrowband filtering, Paper FF2, Proc. OFC04.
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WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Polarization-assisted power analysis
Monitor by polarization-nulling with off-center narrowband
filtering Robustness to PMD enhanced
(a)
polarization-nulling
(b)Conventional
Proposed polarization-nulling
with off-center narrowband filtering
Optical spectrum for 40-Gb/s 50% RZ signal
Carrier
Polarizer
Depolarization
Carrier
Optical
Optical Polarizer
Serious
// signal
// signal
Optical
clock
clock
Optical
Nosignal
total power
power
clockOptical
clock
under/overunderOptical
filter
estimation!
estimation!
filter
Total power measurement
Total power measurement
Signal + half ASE noise
Signal + half ASE noise
Polarizer
measurement
measurement Polarizer
higher-freq.
Polarizer
signal
Polarizer
narrowband signal Only
Serious
small
signal
signal
noise power
power
overoverestimation!
estimation!
Half ASE noise measurement
Half ASE noise measurement
within narrower noise
within narrower noise
equivalent
bandwidth
Half
ASE noise
measurement
Half
ASE noise
measurement
equivalent
bandwidth
w/oPMD
PMD
w/PMD
PMD
w/o
w/
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WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Polarization-assisted power analysis
OSNR monitoring errors for 2.5-ps
40-Gb/s OTDM RZ-OOK data
OSNR monitoring errors for
25-ps 10-Gb/s RZ-OOK data
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
10
20
30
40
50
DGD (ps)
w/o. off-center narrowband filtering
w. off-center narrowband filtering
20
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
OSNR monitoring errors (dB/0.1nm)
OSNR monitoring errors (dB/0.1nm)
Monitor by polarization-nulling with off-center narrowband
filtering Robustness to PMD enhanced
0
-10
-20
-30
filter without offset from carrier
filter offset at 1nm from carrier
filter offset at 2nm from carrier
without narrowband filtering
-40
-50
0
10
20
30
40
50
DGD (ps)
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Subcarrier CNR correlation
Monitor OSNR by correlation with carrier-to-noise ratio of
subcarrier
16.7GHz
Mod
10Gb/s
Transmitter
Monitoring
signal
PINFET
Monitor
carrier power
RF Spectrum
Analyzer
OSNR Monitoring Module
Ref: G. Rossi et al, Optical Performance Monitoring in Reconfigurable WDM
Optical Networks Using Subcarrier Multiplexing, IEEE JLT Vol. 18, Dec 2000
B ESA CNR
2
m
CNR : carrier to noise ratio
B ESA : resolution bandwidth of
electrical spectrum analyzer
: optical bandwidth
m : modulation depth of subcarrier
OSNR =
21
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
+: Simultaneous multiple channel monitoring
+: Simple
-: Extra bandwidth needed
-: Sensitive to PMD and CD
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Mach-Zehnder interferometric method
Monitoring
signal
3dB
3dB
Phase
adjuster
Power
meter
OSNR Monitoring Module
Ref: Z. Tao et al, A Novel Method to monitor OSNR Using a MachZehnder Interferometer, CLEO/PR 2001. Peking University, China
Signal
Noise
Coherent
Non-coherent
+: Relatively insensitive to PMD
+: Potentially low-cost
+: Simple
-: Require accurate matching of coupling ratio
22
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
OSNR Monitoring Standards
Industry standards can be found at [Link]
z BS EN 61280-2-9
Revision: 02
Chg:
Date: 00/00/02
FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION SUBSYSTEM TEST PROCEDURES - PART
2-9: DIGITAL SYSTEMS - OPTICAL SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO
MEASUREMENT FOR DENSE WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXED
SYSTEMS
z IEC 61280-2-9
Revision: 02
Chg:
Date: 10/00/02
FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYBSYSTEM TEST PROCEDURES - PART
2-9: DIGITAL SYSTEMS - OPTICAL SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO
MEASUREMENT FOR DENSE WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXED
SYSTEMS
z TIA/EIA-526-19
Revision: 00
Chg:
Date: 06/00/00
OFSTP-19 OPTICAL SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO MEASUREMENT
PROCEDURES FOR DENSE WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXED
SYSTEMS
23
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Outline
Optical performance monitoring (OPM): Why is it needed?
Optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) monitoring techniques
System design aspects + future perspectives
24
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Features of advanced OPM techniques
Comprehensiveness:
z making measurements on multiple parameters
Simultaneous PMD and GVD monitoring
Simultaneous PMD and OSNR monitoring
Simultaneous wavelength, power, and path monitoring*
z Integrate various functions (X+OPM) into a single, simple
module
*Ref: K.J. Pak et al., OFC04 FF1
Fault localization:
Ref: D. C. Kilper et al, Monitoring
optical network performance
degradation due to amplifier
noise, JLT, Vol. 21, May 2003
25
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Centralized vs. Distributed OPM
Distributed OPM
z More information easily collected and
processed
z Cost and ways to integrate OPM with
in-line components are of concern
Centralized OPM
z Collect information from other
segments of optical transmission
links
z Process information at a strategic
point
Example: OTDR
z Fault localization capability is a
desirable feature
26
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Other related research
Sensor Networks
Computer Tomography
27
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Summary
OPM in next-generation high-speed transparent reconfigurable
long-haul networks is a key enabler
OPM comprises different tiers of monitoring to cater for different
needs. Both optical surveillance schemes and OSNR monitoring
are indispensable.
The key challenges for OPM: developing a cost-effective OPM
technique and integrating OPM into different system design.
28
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Not Just a Bonus Element
29
Uses:
Examples:
Signal quality
characterization
Relating OSNR with BER
Early signal degradation alarm
Fault management
Fault detection, localization, and
Active compensation
Dynamic CD + PMD monitoring and
Quality of service (QoS)
provisioning
SLA fulfillment verification
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
isolation
Resilience mechanism activation
compensation
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
OPM/Management & Control Plane Communications
Dissemination of monitoring signal to the corresponding network
management unit and related network elements (NE)
How to design monitoring frequency and storage memory of NE?
And also fault alarms, fault clearances and threshold setting?
How to optimize the network planning to provide highly reliable
channels for monitor and control signal dissemination and
regular channels for data transmission?
Further considerations in physical layer and higher layer protocol
z Horizontal communication between nodes to isolate the problem -
GMPLS LMPs Link Verification and Fault Management
z Inter-vendor collaboration
30
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Going 40Gb/s and beyond: How OPM advances?
Optical diagnostics with high temporal resolution, high sensitivity,
or phase sensitivity needed
z High bandwidth optical RF spectrum measurement
Ref: C. Dorrer, New techniques for high-speed optical characterization Paper FF5, Proc. OFC04.
z High speed sampling techniques
31
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong