Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-54 Glycerin is heated by ethylene glycol in a thin-walled double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger. The
rate of heat transfer, the outlet temperature of the glycerin, and the mass flow rate of the ethylene glycol
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. 6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the
tube is thin-walled and highly conductive.
Properties The specific heats of glycerin and ethylene
glycol are given to be 2.4 and 2.5 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis (a) The temperature differences at the
two ends are

Hot ethylene

T1 Th ,in Tc,in 60 C 20 C = 40 C

60C
3 kg/s

T2 Th ,out Tc,out Th,out (Th ,out 15 C) = 15 C

and

T1 T2
40 15
Tlm

255
. C
ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(40 / 15)

Glycerin
20C
0.3 kg/s

Then the rate of heat transfer becomes

UA T ( 240 W/m 2 .C)(3.2 m 2 )( 25.5C) 19,584 W 19.58 kW

Q
s
lm
(b) The outlet temperature of the glycerin is determined from
[m
C p (Tout Tin )] glycerin
Q

Tout Tin

Q
19.584 kW
20C
47.2C
Cp
m
(0.3 kg/s)(2.4 kJ/kg.C)

(c) Then the mass flow rate of ethylene glycol becomes

[m
C p (Tin Tout )] ethylene glycol
Q
ethylene glycol
m

Q
19.584 kJ/s

3.56 kg/s
C p (Tin Tout )
(2.5 kJ/kg.C)[(47.2 + 15)C 60C]

23-37

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-55 Air is preheated by hot exhaust gases in a cross-flow heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer and
the outlet temperature of the air are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of air and combustion gases are given to be 1005 and 1100 J/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer is
[m
C p (Tin Tout )] gas.
Q

Air
(1.1 kg/s)(1.1 kJ/kg.C)(180C 95C)
95 kPa
= 103 kW
20C
0.8 m3/s

The mass flow rate of air is

m

PV
(95 kPa)(0.8 m 3 / s)

0.904 kg / s
RT (0.287 kPa. m 3 / kg.K) 293 K
Exhaust gases
1.1 kg/s
95C

Then the outlet temperature of the air becomes

m
C p (Tc ,out Tc ,in )
Q
Tc ,out Tc ,in

Q
103 10 3 W
20C
133C
Cp
m
(0.904 kg/s)(1005 J/kg.C)

23-38

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-56 Water is heated by hot oil in a 2-shell passes and 12-tube passes heat exchanger. The heat transfer
surface area on the tube side is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and oil are given to be 4.18 and 2.3 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
p (Tout Tin )]water (4.5 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C)(70 C 20 C) = 940.5 kW
Q [mC
The outlet temperature of the hot water is determined from
[m
C p (Tin Tout )] oil
Q

Tout Tin

Q
940.5 kW
170C
129C

mC p
(10 kg/s)(2.3 kJ/kg.C)

The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counterflow arrangement and the correction factor F are
Oil
170C
10 kg/s

T1 Th ,in Tc ,out 170C 70C = 100C

T2 Th ,out Tc ,in 129C 20C = 109C

Tlm,CF

T1 T2
100 109

105C 70C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(100 / 109)

Water
20C
4.5 kg/s

t 2 t1 129 170

0.27
T1 t1 20 170

F 1.0

(12 tube passes)

T T 20 70
R 1 2
1.2

t 2 t1 129 170

Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes
UA FT
Q
s
lm ,CF

As

Q
940.5 kW

15 m 2
2
UFTlm ,CF
(0.6 kW/m .C)(1.0)(105C)

23-39

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-57 Water is heated by hot oil in a 2-shell passes and 12-tube passes heat exchanger. The heat transfer
surface area on the tube side is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and oil are given to be 4.18 and 2.3 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
p (Tout Tin )]water (2 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C)(70 C 20 C) = 418 kW
Q [mC
The outlet temperature of the oil is determined from
[m
C p (Tin Tout )] oil
Q

Tout Tin

Q
418 kW
170C
151.8C

mC p
(10 kg/s)(2.3 kJ/kg.C)

The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counterflow arrangement and the correction factor F are
Oil
170C
10 kg/s

T1 Th ,in Tc,out 170 C 70 C = 100 C

T2 Th ,out Tc,in 1518
. C 20 C = 131.8 C
Tlm,CF

T1 T2
100 1318
.

115.2 C
ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(100 / 1318
. )

70C
Water
20C
2 kg/s

t t 151.8 170

P 2 1
0.12
T1 t1 20 170

(12 tube passes)

F 1.0

T T
20 70
R 1 2
2.7

t 2 t1 151.8 170

Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes
U A FT
Q
i i
lm ,CF

Ai

Q
418 kW

6.05 m 2
U i FTlm ,CF
(0.6 kW/m 2 .C)(1.0)(115 .2C)

23-40

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-58 Ethyl alcohol is heated by water in a 2-shell passes and 8-tube passes heat exchanger. The heat
transfer surface area of the heat exchanger is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and ethyl alcohol are given to be 4.19 and 2.67 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
[m
C p (Tout Tin )] ethyl alcohol ( 2.1 kg/s)(2.67 kJ/kg.C)(70C 25C) = 252.3 kW
Q

The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counterflow arrangement and the correction factor F are

Water
90C

T1 Th ,in Tc,out 95 C 70 C = 25 C
T2 Th ,out Tc,in 45 C 25 C = 20 C

Tlm,CF

T1 T2
25 20

22.4 C
ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(25 / 20)

t 2 t1 45 95

0.7
T1 t1 25 95

F 0.77

70C
Ethyl
Alcohol
25C
2.1 kg/s

(8 tube passes)
45C

T T 25 70
R 1 2
0.9
t 2 t1 45 95

Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes
U A FT
Q
i i
lm ,CF

Ai

Q
252.3 kW

15.4 m 2
U i FTlm,CF
(0.950 kW/m 2 .C)(0.77)(22.4C)

23-41

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-59 Water is heated by ethylene glycol in a 2-shell passes and 12-tube passes heat exchanger. The rate
of heat transfer and the heat transfer surface area on the tube side are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and ethylene glycol are given to be 4.18 and 2.68 kJ/kg. C,
respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is :
[m
C p (Tout Tin )] water (0.8 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(70C 22C) = 160.5 kW
Q

The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counterflow arrangement and the correction factor F are
Ethylene
110C

T1 Th ,in Tc,out 110 C 70 C = 40 C

T2 Th ,out Tc,in 60 C 22 C = 38 C

Tlm,CF

70C

T1 T2
40 38

39 C
ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(40 / 38)

Water
22C
0.8 kg/s

t 2 t1 60 110

0.57
T1 t1 22 110

F 0.94

T T 22 70
R 1 2
0.96

t 2 t1 60 110

(12 tube passes)

60C

Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes
U A FT
Q
i i
lm ,CF

Ai

Q
160.5 kW

15.6 m 2
U i FTlm ,CF
(0.28 kW/m 2 .C)(0.94)(39C)

23-42

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-60
"GIVEN"
T_w_in=22 "[C]"
T_w_out=70 "[C]"
"m_dot_w=0.8 [kg/s], parameter to be varied"
C_p_w=4.18 "[kJ/kg-C]"
T_glycol_in=110 "[C]"
T_glycol_out=60 "[C]"
C_p_glycol=2.68 "[kJ/kg-C]"
U=0.28 "[kW/m^2-C]"
"ANALYSIS"
Q_dot=m_dot_w*C_p_w*(T_w_out-T_w_in)
Q_dot=m_dot_glycol*C_p_glycol*(T_glycol_in-T_glycol_out)
DELTAT_1=T_glycol_in-T_w_out
DELTAT_2=T_glycol_out-T_w_in
DELTAT_lm_CF=(DELTAT_1-DELTAT_2)/ln(DELTAT_1/DELTAT_2)
P=(T_glycol_out-T_glycol_in)/(T_w_in-T_glycol_in)
R=(T_w_in-T_w_out)/(T_glycol_out-T_glycol_in)
F=0.94 "from Fig. 23-18b of the text at the calculated P and R"
Q_dot=U*A*F*DELTAT_lm_CF
mw [kg/s]
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2

Q [kW]
80.26
100.3
120.4
140.4
160.5
180.6
200.6
220.7
240.8
260.8
280.9
301
321
341.1
361.2
381.2
401.3
421.3
441.4

A [m2]
7.82
9.775
11.73
13.69
15.64
17.6
19.55
21.51
23.46
25.42
27.37
29.33
31.28
33.24
35.19
37.15
39.1
41.06
43.01

23-43

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

450

45

400

40

area

30

250

25

200

20

150

15

100

10

50
0.25

0.65

1.05

1.45

mw [kg/s]

23-44

1.85

5
2.25

300

Q [kW]

35

heat

A [m ]

350

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-61E Steam is condensed by cooling water in a condenser. The rate of heat transfer, the rate of
condensation of steam, and the mass flow rate of cold water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. 6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the
tube is thin-walled and highly conductive.
Properties We take specific heat of water are given to be
1.0 Btu/lbm.F. The heat of condensation of steam at 90F
is 1043 Btu/lbm.
Analysis (a) The log mean temperature difference is
determined from

Steam
90F
20 lbm/s
73F

T1 Th ,in Tc,out 90 F 73 F = 17 F
T2 Th ,out Tc,in 90 F 60 F = 30 F

Tlm,CF

T1 T2
17 30

22.9 F
ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(17 / 30)

60F
Water

The heat transfer surface area is

As 8nDL 8 50 (3 / 48 ft)(5 ft) 392.7 ft 2

90F

and

Q UAs Tlm (600 Btu/[Link] 2 .F)(392.7 ft 2 )(22.9F) 5.396 10 6 Btu/h

(b) The rate of condensation of the steam is
Q
5.396 10 6 Btu/h
h fg ) steam m
steam
Q ( m

5173 lbm/h = 1.44 lbm/s

h fg
1043 Btu/lbm

(c) Then the mass flow rate of cold water becomes

[m
C p (Tout Tin )] cold water
Q
cold water
m

Q
C p (Tout Tin )

5.396 10 6 Btu/h
4.15 10 5 lbm/h 115 lbm/s
(1.0 Btu/lbm.F)(73F 60F]

23-45

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-62
"GIVEN"
N_pass=8
N_tube=50
"T_steam=90 [F], parameter to be varied"
h_fg_steam=1043 "[Btu/lbm]"
T_w_in=60 "[F]"
T_w_out=73 "[F]"
C_p_w=1.0 "[Btu/lbm-F]"
D=3/4*1/12 "[ft]"
L=5 "[ft]"
U=600 "[Btu/h-ft^2-F]"
"ANALYSIS"
"(a)"
DELTAT_1=T_steam-T_w_out
DELTAT_2=T_steam-T_w_in
DELTAT_lm=(DELTAT_1-DELTAT_2)/ln(DELTAT_1/DELTAT_2)
A=N_pass*N_tube*pi*D*L
Q_dot=U*A*DELTAT_lm*Convert(Btu/h, Btu/s)
"(b)"
Q_dot=m_dot_steam*h_fg_steam
"(c)"
Q_dot=m_dot_w*C_p_w*(T_w_out-T_w_in)

Tsteam [F]
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120

Q [Btu/s]
810.5
951.9
1091
1228
1363
1498
1632
1766
1899
2032
2165
2297
2430
2562
2694
2826
2958
3089
3221
3353
3484

msteam[lbm/s]
0.7771
0.9127
1.046
1.177
1.307
1.436
1.565
1.693
1.821
1.948
2.076
2.203
2.329
2.456
2.583
2.709
2.836
2.962
3.088
3.214
3.341

23-46

mw [lbm/s]
62.34
73.23
83.89
94.42
104.9
115.2
125.6
135.8
146.1
156.3
166.5
176.7
186.9
197.1
207.2
217.4
227.5
237.6
247.8
257.9
268

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

3500

3.5
heat

Q [Btu/s]

2500

3
2.5

msteam

2000

1500

1.5

1000

500
80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

msteam [lbm/s]

3000

0.5
120

Tsteam [F]
275

230

mw [lbm/s]

185

140

95

50
80

85

90

95

100

105

Tsteam [F]

23-47

110

115

120

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-63 Glycerin is heated by hot water in a 1-shell pass and 10-tube passes heat exchanger. The mass flow
rate of glycerin and the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and glycerin are given to be 4.18 and 2.48 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
p (Tin Tout )]water (5 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C)(100 C 55 C) = 940.5 kW
Q [mC
The mass flow rate of the glycerin is determined from
[m
C p (Tout Tin )] glycerin
Q
glycerin
m

Q
C p (Tout Tin )

940.5 kJ/s
9.5 kg/s
(2.48 kJ/kg.C)[(55C 15C]

The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counterflow arrangement and the correction factor F are

T1 Th ,in Tc,out 100 C 55 C = 45 C

Glycerin
15C

T2 Th ,out Tc,in 55 C 15 C = 40 C
Tlm,CF

55C

T1 T2
45 40

42.5 C
ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(45 / 40)

t 2 t1 55 100

0.53
T1 t1 15 100

100C

F 0.77

Hot Water
5 kg/s

T T 15 55
R 1 2
0.89

t 2 t1 55 100

55C

The heat transfer surface area is

As nDL 10 (0.015 m)(2 m) = 0.94 m 2

Then the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is determined to be
UA FT
Q
s
lm ,CF

Q
940.5 kW

30.6 kW/m 2 .C
As FTlm ,CF
(0.94 m 2 )(0.77)( 42.5C)

23-48

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-64 Isobutane is condensed by cooling air in the condenser of a power plant. The mass flow rate of air
and the overall heat transfer coefficient are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The heat of vaporization of isobutane at 75C is given to be hfg = 255.7 kJ/kg and specific heat
of air is given to be Cp = 1005 J/kg.C.
Analysis First, the rate of heat transfer is determined from
(m
h fg ) isobutane ( 2.7 kg/s )(255.7 kJ/kg ) 690.39 kW
Q

Air
28C

The mass flow rate of air is determined from

[m
C p (Tout Tin )] air
Q
air
m

Isobutane

75C
2.7 kg/s

C p (Tout Tin )

690.39 kJ/s
(1.005 kJ/kg.C)(28C 21C)
= 98.14 kg/s

The temperature differences between the isobutane and

the air at the two ends of the condenser are

Air
21C

T1 T h,in Tc,out 75C 21C = 54C

T2 T h,out Tc,in 75C 28C = 47C
and

Tlm

T1 T2
54 47

50.4C
ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(54 / 47)

Then the overall heat transfer coefficient is determined from

Q UAs Tlm 690,390 W U (24 m 2 )(50.4C)

23-49

U = 571 W/m 2 .C

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-65 Water is evaporated by hot exhaust gases in an evaporator. The rate of heat transfer, the exit
temperature of the exhaust gases, and the rate of evaporation of water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The heat of vaporization of water at 200C is given to be hfg = 1941 kJ/kg and specific heat of
exhaust gases is given to be Cp = 1051 J/kg.C.
Analysis The temperature differences between the water
and the exhaust gases at the two ends of the evaporator are

T1 T h,in Tc,out 550C 200C = 350C

Water
200C
Th,out

T2 T h,out Tc,in (T h,out 200)C

and

Tlm

350 (Th,out 200)

T1 T2

ln( T1 / T2 ) ln 350 /(Th,out 200)

550F

Then the rate of heat transfer can be expressed as

350 (T h,out 200)

Q UAs Tlm (1.780 kW/m 2 .C)(0.5 m 2 )
ln 350 /(Th,out 200)

Exhaust
gases

200C
(Eq.
1)

The rate of heat transfer can also be expressed as in the following forms

Q [m C p (Th,in Th,out )]exhaust (0.25 kg/s)(1.051 kJ/kg.C)(550C Th,out )

gases

(Eq. 2)

(m
h fg ) water m
water (1941 kJ/kg ) (Eq. 3)
Q

We have three equations with three unknowns. Using an equation solver such as EES, the unknowns are
determined to be
Q 88.85 kW
Th,out 211.8 C
m water 0.0458 kg / s

23-50

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-66
"GIVEN"
"T_exhaust_in=550 [C], parameter to be varied"
C_p_exhaust=1.051 "[kJ/kg-C]"
m_dot_exhaust=0.25 "[kg/s]"
T_w=200 "[C]"
h_fg_w=1941 "[kJ/kg]"
A=0.5 "[m^2]"
U=1.780 "[kW/m^2-C]"
"ANALYSIS"
DELTAT_1=T_exhaust_in-T_w
DELTAT_2=T_exhaust_out-T_w
DELTAT_lm=(DELTAT_1-DELTAT_2)/ln(DELTAT_1/DELTAT_2)
Q_dot=U*A*DELTAT_lm
Q_dot=m_dot_exhaust*C_p_exhaust*(T_exhaust_in-T_exhaust_out)
Q_dot=m_dot_w*h_fg_w

Texhaust,in [C]
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600

Q [kW]
25.39
30.46
35.54
40.62
45.7
50.77
55.85
60.93
66.01
71.08
76.16
81.24
86.32
91.39
96.47
101.5

Texhaust,out [C]
203.4
204.1
204.7
205.4
206.1
206.8
207.4
208.1
208.8
209.5
210.1
210.8
211.5
212.2
212.8
213.5

23-51

mw [kg/s]
0.01308
0.0157
0.01831
0.02093
0.02354
0.02616
0.02877
0.03139
0.03401
0.03662
0.03924
0.04185
0.04447
0.04709
0.0497
0.05232

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

110

214

100

212

temperature

Q [kW]

80
70

210

heat

60

208

50

206

40

204

30
20
300

350

400

450

500

202
600

550

Texhaust,in [C]

Texhaust,out [C]

90

0.055
0.05
0.045

mw [kg/s]

0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
300

350

400

450

500

Texhaust,in [C]

23-52

550

600

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-67 The waste dyeing water is to be used to preheat fresh water. The outlet temperatures of each fluid
and the mass flow rate are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of waste dyeing water and the fresh water are given to be Cp = 4295 J/kg.C
and Cp = 4180 J/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The temperature differences between the dyeing water
and the fresh water at the two ends of the heat exchanger are

Fresh
water
15C

T1 Th,in Tc,out 75 Tc,out

T2 Th,out Tc,in Th,out 15

Dyeing
water

and

Tlm

75C
(75 Tc,out ) (Th,out 15
)
T1 T2

ln( T1 / T2 ) ln (75 Tc,out ) /(Th,out 15)

Th,out
Tc,out

Then the rate of heat transfer can be expressed as

UA T
Q
s
lm
35 kW (0.625 kW/m 2 .C)(1.65 m 2 )

(75 Tc,out ) (T h,out 15)

ln (75 Tc,out ) /(T h,out 15)

(Eq. 1)

The rate of heat transfer can also be expressed as

Q [m C p (Th,in Th,out )]dyeing 35 kW m (4.295 kJ/kg.C)(75C Th,out )

(Eq. 2)

Q [m C p (Th,in Th,out )]dyeing 35 kW m (4.18 kJ/kg.C)(Tc,out 15C)

(Eq. 3)

water

water

We have three equations with three unknowns. Using an equation solver such as EES, the unknowns are
determined to be
Tc,out 41.4 C
Th,out 49.3 C
m 0.317 kg / s

23-53

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

The Effectiveness-NTU Method
23-68C When the heat transfer surface area A of the heat exchanger is known, but the outlet temperatures
are not, the effectiveness-NTU method is definitely preferred.
23-69C The effectiveness of a heat exchanger is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer rate to the
maximum possible heat transfer rate and represents how closely the heat transfer in the heat exchanger
approaches to maximum possible heat transfer. Since the actual heat transfer rate can not be greater than
maximum possible heat transfer rate, the effectiveness can not be greater than one. The effectiveness of a
heat exchanger depends on the geometry of the heat exchanger as well as the flow arrangement.
23-70C For a specified fluid pair, inlet temperatures and mass flow rates, the counter-flow heat exchanger
will have the highest effectiveness.
23-71C Once the effectiveness is known, the rate of heat transfer and the outlet temperatures of cold
and hot fluids in a heat exchanger are determined from
Q Q max Cmin (Th ,in Tc,in )
Q m c C p,c (Tc,out Tc,in )
Q m h C p ,h (Th ,in Th ,out )

23-72C The heat transfer in a heat exchanger will reach its maximum value when the hot fluid is cooled
to the inlet temperature of the cold fluid. Therefore, the temperature of the hot fluid cannot drop below the
inlet temperature of the cold fluid at any location in a heat exchanger.
23-73C The heat transfer in a heat exchanger will reach its maximum value when the cold fluid is heated
to the inlet temperature of the hot fluid. Therefore, the temperature of the cold fluid cannot rise above the
inlet temperature of the hot fluid at any location in a heat exchanger.
23-74C The fluid with the lower mass flow rate will experience a larger temperature change. This is clear
from the relation
Q m c C p Tcold m h C p Thot

23-75C The maximum possible heat transfer rate is in a heat exchanger is determined from
Q max Cmin (Th,in Tc,in )
where Cmin is the smaller heat capacity rate. The value of Q max does not depend on the type of heat
exchanger.

23-54

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-76C The longer heat exchanger is more likely to have a higher effectiveness.
23-77C The increase of effectiveness with NTU is not linear. The effectiveness increases rapidly with NTU
for small values (up to abo ut NTU = 1.5), but rather slowly for larger values. Therefore, the effectiveness
will not double when the length of heat exchanger is doubled.
23-78C A heat exchanger has the smallest effectiveness value when the heat capacity rates of two fluids
are identical. Therefore, reducing the mass flow rate of cold fluid by half will increase its effectiveness.
23-79C When the capacity ratio is equal to zero and the number of transfer units value is greater than 5, a
counter-flow heat exchanger has an effectiveness of one. In this case the exit temperature of the fluid with
smaller capacity rate will equal to inlet temperature of the other fluid. For a parallel-flow heat exchanger
the answer would be the same.

23-80C The NTU of a heat exchanger is defined as NTU

UAs
UAs

where U is the overall

C min ( m C p ) min

heat transfer coefficient and As is the heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger. For specified values
of U and Cmin, the value of NTU is a measure of the heat exchanger surface area As. Because the
effectiveness increases slowly for larger values of NTU, a large heat exchanger cannot be justified
economically. Therefore, a heat exchanger with a very large NTU is not necessarily a good one to buy.
23-81C The value of effectiveness increases slowly with a large values of NTU (usually larger than 3).
Therefore, doubling the size of the heat exchanger will not save much energy in this case since the
increase in the effectiveness will be very small.
23-82C The value of effectiveness increases rapidly with a small values of NTU (up to about 1.5).
Therefore, tripling the NTU will cause a rapid increase in the effectiveness of the heat exchanger, and thus
saves energy. I would support this proposal.

23-55

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-83 Air is heated by a hot water stream in a cross-flow heat exchanger. The maximum heat transfer rate
and the outlet temperatures of the cold and hot fluid streams are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Fluid
properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and air are given
to be 4.19 and 1.005 kJ/kg.C.

95C

Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold

fluids are

Air
10C
3 kg/s

Ch m h C ph (1 kg / s)(4190 J / kg. C) 4190 W/ C

Cc m c C pc (3 kg / s)(1005 J / kg. C) 3015 W/ C
Therefore
Cmin Cc 3015 W/ C

1 kg/s

which is the smaller of the two heat capacity rates. Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

Q
max C min (Th ,in Tc ,in ) (3015 W/ C)(95C - 10C) = 256, 275 W 256.3 kW

The outlet temperatures of the cold and the hot streams in this limiting case are determined to be
Q
256.275 kW
10C +
95C
Cc
3.015 kW/ C
Q
256.275 kW

95C
33.8C
Ch
4.19 kW/ C

Q C c (Tc ,out Tc ,in )

Tc ,out Tc ,in

Q C h (Th ,in Th,out )

Th,out Th,in

23-56

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-84 Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a heat exchanger. The mass flow rates and the inlet temperatures
are given. The rate of heat transfer and the outlet temperatures are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
thickness of the tube is negligible since it is thin-walled. 5 The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant
and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of the water and oil are given to
be 4.18 and 2.2 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Oil
160C
0.2 kg/s

Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
Ch m h C ph (0.2 kg / s)(2200 J / kg. C) 440 W/ C
Cc m c C pc (0.1 kg / s)(4180 J / kg. C) 418 W/ C
Therefore,

Cmin Cc 418 W/ C

and

Water
18C
0.1 kg/s

Cmin 418

0.95
Cmax 440

(12 tube passes)

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

Q max Cmin (Th ,in Tc,in ) (418 W/ C)(160 C -18 C) 59.36 kW
The heat transfer surface area is

As n(DL ) (12)( )(0.018 m)(3 m) 2.04 m 2

The NTU of this heat exchanger is

NTU

UAs
(340 W/m 2 .C) (2.04 m 2 )

1.659
C min
418 W/C

Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger corresponding to C = 0.95 and NTU = 1.659 is determined
from Fig. 23-26d to be
= 0.61
Then the actual rate of heat transfer becomes
Q

Q
max (0.61)(59.36 kW) 36.2 kW

Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and hot fluid streams are determined to be
Q
36.2 kW
18C +
104.6C
Cc
0.418 kW / C
Q
36.2 kW

160C
77.7C
Ch
0.44 kW/ C

Q C c (Tc ,out Tc ,in )

Tc ,out Tc ,in

Q C h (Th,in Th,out )

Th,out Th,in

23-57

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-85 Inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids in a double-pipe heat exchanger are given. It
is to be determined whether this is a parallel-flow or counter-flow heat exchanger and the effectiveness of
it.
Analysis This is a counter-flow heat exchanger because in the parallel-flow heat exchangers the outlet
temperature of the cold fluid (55C in this case) cannot exceed the outlet temperature of the hot fluid,
which is (45C in this case). Noting that the mass flow rates of both hot and cold oil streams are the same,
we have Cmin Cmax C . Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger is determined from

Q
Q

max

Ch (Th ,in Th ,out )

Cmin (Th ,in Tc ,in )

Ch (Th ,in Th ,out )

Ch (Th ,in Tc ,in )

80 C 45 C
0.583
80 C 20 C

23-86E Inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids in a double-pipe heat exchanger are given.
It is to be determined the fluid, which has the smaller heat capacity rate and the effectiveness of the heat
exchanger.
Analysis Hot water has the smaller heat capacity rate since it experiences a greater temperature change.
The effectiveness of this heat exchanger is determined from

Q
Q max

C h (Th,in Th,out )
C min (Th,in Tc ,in )

C h (Th ,in Th,out )

C h (Th,in Tc ,in )

23-58

220F 100F
0.8
220F 70F

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-87 A chemical is heated by water in a heat exchanger. The mass flow rates and the inlet temperatures
are given. The outlet temperatures of both fluids are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
thickness of the tube is negligible since tube is thin-walled. 5 The overall heat transfer coefficient is
constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of the water and chemical are given to be 4.18 and 1.8 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
Ch m h C ph (2 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C) = 8.36 kW/ C

Chemical

Cc m c C pc (3 kg / s)(1.8 kJ / kg. C) = 5.40 kW/ C

Therefore,

Cmin Cc 5.4 kW/ C

and

20C
3 kg/s
Hot Water
110C
2 kg/s

Cmin 5.40

0.646
Cmax 8.36

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

Q max Cmin (Th ,in Tc,in ) (5.4 kW/ C)(110 C - 20 C) 486 kW
The NTU of this heat exchanger is

NTU

UAs
(1.2 kW/m 2 .C) (7 m 2 )

1.556
C min
5.4 kW/ C

Then the effectiveness of this parallel-flow heat exchanger corresponding to C = 0.646 and NTU=1.556
is determined from

1 exp[ NTU (1 C )] 1 exp[ 1556

. (1 0.646)]

0.56
1 C
1 0.646

Then the actual rate of heat transfer rate becomes

Q Q max (0.56)(486 kW) 272.2 kW
Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and hot fluid streams are determined to be
Q
272.2 kW
20C +
70.4C
Cc
5.4 kW / C
Q
272.2 kW

110 C
77.4C
Ch
8.36 kW/C

Q C c (Tc ,out Tc ,in )

Tc ,out Tc ,in

Q C h (Th ,in Th,out )

Th ,out Th ,in

23-59

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-88
"GIVEN"
T_chemical_in=20 "[C], parameter to be varied"
C_p_chemical=1.8 "[kJ/kg-C]"
m_dot_chemical=3 "[kg/s]"
"T_w_in=110 [C], parameter to be varied"
m_dot_w=2 "[kg/s]"
C_p_w=4.18 "[kJ/kg-C]"
A=7 "[m^2]"
U=1.2 "[kW/m^2-C]"
"ANALYSIS"
"With EES, it is easier to solve this problem using LMTD method than NTU
method. Below, we use LMTD method. Both methods give the same results."
DELTAT_1=T_w_in-T_chemical_in
DELTAT_2=T_w_out-T_chemical_out
DELTAT_lm=(DELTAT_1-DELTAT_2)/ln(DELTAT_1/DELTAT_2)
Q_dot=U*A*DELTAT_lm
Q_dot=m_dot_chemical*C_p_chemical*(T_chemical_out-T_chemical_in)
Q_dot=m_dot_w*C_p_w*(T_w_in-T_w_out)
Tchemical, in [C]
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50

Tchemical, out [C]

66.06
66.94
67.82
68.7
69.58
70.45
71.33
72.21
73.09
73.97
74.85
75.73
76.61
77.48
78.36
79.24
80.12
81
81.88
82.76
83.64

23-60

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Tw, in [C]
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150

Tw, out [C]

58.27
61.46
64.65
67.84
71.03
74.22
77.41
80.6
83.79
86.98
90.17
93.36
96.55
99.74
102.9

23-61

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

85

81

Tchemical,out [C]

77

73

69

65
10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Tchemical,in [C]
110
100

Tw,out [C]

90
80
70
60
50
80

90

100

110

120

Tw,in [C]

23-62

130

140

150

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-89 Water is heated by hot air in a heat exchanger. The mass flow rates and the inlet temperatures are
given. The heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger on the water side is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of the water and air are given to be 4.18 and 1.01kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
Ch m h C ph (4 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C) = 16.72 kW/ C

Water
20C, 4 kg/s

Cc m c C pc (9 kg / s)(1.01 kJ / kg. C) = 9.09 kW/ C

Therefore,

Cmin Cc 9.09 kW/ C

and

Cmin
9.09

0.544
Cmax 16.72

Then the NTU of this heat exchanger corresponding to C =

0.544 and = 0.65 is determined from Fig. 23-26 to be

Hot Air
100C
9 kg/s

NTU = 1.5
Then the surface area of this heat exchanger becomes

NTU

UAs
NTU C min (1.5)(9.09 kW/ C)
As

52.4 m 2
2
C min
U
0.260 kW/m .C

23-63

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-90 Water is heated by steam condensing in a condenser. The required length of the tube is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heat of the water is given to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C. The heat of vaporization of water at
120C is given to be 2203 kJ/kg.
Analysis (a) The temperature differences between the
steam and the water at the two ends of the condenser are

Water
17C
3 kg/s

T1 Th ,in Tc,out 120 C 80 C = 40 C

120C

T2 Th ,out Tc,in 120 C 17 C = 103 C

120C
Steam

The logarithmic mean temperature difference is

Tlm

T1 T2
40 103

66.6C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(40 /103)

80C

The rate of heat transfer is determined from

Q m C (T
T ) (3 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C)(80 C 17 C) = 790.02 kW
c

pc

c ,out

c ,in

The surface area of heat transfer is

Q = UAs Tlm

As =

Q
790.02 kW
=
= 13.18 m 2
2
UTlm
0.9 kW/m .C)(66.6C)

The length of tube required then becomes

As DL L

As
13.18 m 2

167.8 m
D (0.025 m)

(b) The rate of heat transfer is

Q m c C pc (Tc,out Tc,in ) (3 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C)(80 C 17 C) = 790.02 kW
and the maximum rate of heat transfer rate is
Q
C (T T ) (12.54 W/ C)(120 C -17 C) = 1291.62 kW
max

min

h ,in

c ,in

Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger becomes

Q
790.02 kW

0.61
Qmax 129162
. kW

The NTU of this heat exchanger is determined using the relation in Table 23-5 to be
NTU ln(1 ) ln(1 0.61) 0.942
The surface area is

NTU

UAs
NTU C min (0.942)(12.54 kW/C)
As

13.12 m 2
2
C min
U
0.9 kW/m .C

Finally, the length of tube required is

As DL L

As
13.12 m 2

167 m
D (0.025 m)

23-64

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-91 Ethanol is vaporized by hot oil in a double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger. The outlet
temperature and the mass flow rate of oil are to be determined using the LMTD and NTU methods.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Oil
Properties The specific heat of oil is given to be 2.2
120C
kJ/kg.C. The heat of vaporization of ethanol at
78C is given to be 846 kJ/kg.
Ethanol
Analysis (a) The rate of heat transfer is
78C
fg (0.03 kg / s)(846 kJ / kg) = 25.38 kW
Q mh
0.03 kg/s
The log mean temperature difference is
Q
25,380 W
Q UAs Tlm Tlm

12.8C
UAs
(320 W/m 2 .C)(6.2 m 2 )
The outlet temperature of the hot fluid can be determined as follows

T1 Th ,in Tc,in 120 C 78 C = 42 C

T2 Th ,out Tc,out Th,out 78 C
and

Tlm

42 (Th ,out 78)

T1 T2

12.8C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln[42 /(Th ,out 78)]
Th ,out 79.8 C

whose solution is

Then the mass flow rate of the hot oil becomes

m
C p (Th ,in Th ,out )
Q

Q
25,380 W

0.287 kg/s
C p (Th ,in Th,out ) ( 2200 J/kg.C)(120C 79.8C)

p of a fluid condensing or evaporating in a heat exchanger is infinity,

(b) The heat capacity rate C mC
and thus C Cmin / Cmax 0 .

1 e NTU

The efficiency in this case is determined from

UAs
(320 W/m 2 .C)(6.2 m 2 )

, kg/s)(2200 J/kg.C)
C min
(m

where

NTU

and

Q max Cmin (Th,in Tc,in )

Cmin (Th ,in Tc,in ) 120 Th ,out

Q

Qmax Cmin (Th ,in Tc,in )

120 78

C (T
Q
h
h ,in Th , out ) 25,380 W
m
2200(120 Th ,out ) 25,380 W
Q

Also

120 Th,out
120 78

1 e

6.2320
2200
m

(2)

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously gives

m h 0.287 kg / s and Th ,out 79.8 C

23-65

(1)

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-92 Water is heated by solar-heated hot air in a heat exchanger. The mass flow rates and the inlet
temperatures are given. The outlet temperatures of the water and the air are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of the water and air are given to be 4.18 and 1.01 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
Ch m h C ph (0.3kg / s)(1010 J / kg. C) 303 W/ C
Cc m c C pc (0.1 kg / s)(4180 J / kg. C) 418 W/ C
Therefore, Cmin Cc 303 W/ C and C

Cmin 303

0.725
Cmax 418

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

Cold Water
22C
0.1 kg/s

Q
max C min (Th ,in Tc ,in )
(303 W/ C)(90C - 22C) 20,604 kW

The heat transfer surface area is

Hot Air

90C
As DL ( )(0.012 m)(12 m) 0.45 m 2 0.3 kg/s
Then the NTU of this heat exchanger becomes

NTU

UAs
(80 W/m 2 .C) (0.45 m 2 )

0.119
C min
303 W/C

The effectiveness of this counter-flow heat exchanger corresponding to C = 0.725 and NTU = 0.119 is
determined using the relation in Table 23-5 to be

1 exp[ NTU (1 C )]
1 exp[ 0119
. (1 0.725)]

0108
.
1 C exp[ NTU (1 C )] 1 0.725 exp[ 0119
. (1 0.725)]

Then the actual rate of heat transfer becomes

Q Q max (0.108)(20,604 W) 2225.2 W
Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and hot fluid streams are determined to be
Q
2225.2 W
Q C c (Tc ,out Tc ,in ) Tc ,out Tc ,in
22C
27.3 C
Cc
418 W / C
Q
2225.2 W
Q C h (Th,in Th,out ) Th,out Th,in
90C
82.7 C
Ch
303 W/C

23-66

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-93
"GIVEN"
T_air_in=90 "[C]"
m_dot_air=0.3 "[kg/s]"
C_p_air=1.01 "[kJ/kg-C]"
T_w_in=22 "[C]"
m_dot_w=0.1 "[kg/s], parameter to be varied"
C_p_w=4.18 "[kJ/kg-C]"
U=0.080 "[kW/m^2-C]"
"L=12 [m], parameter to be varied"
D=0.012 "[m]"
"ANALYSIS"
"With EES, it is easier to solve this problem using LMTD method than NTU
method. Below, we use LMTD method. Both methods give the same results."
DELTAT_1=T_air_in-T_w_out
DELTAT_2=T_air_out-T_w_in
DELTAT_lm=(DELTAT_1-DELTAT_2)/ln(DELTAT_1/DELTAT_2)
A=pi*D*L
Q_dot=U*A*DELTAT_lm
Q_dot=m_dot_air*C_p_air*(T_air_in-T_air_out)
Q_dot=m_dot_w*C_p_w*(T_w_out-T_w_in)

mw [kg/s]
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1

Tw, out [C]

32.27
27.34
25.6
24.72
24.19
23.83
23.57
23.37
23.22
23.1
23
22.92
22.85
22.79
22.74
22.69
22.65
22.61
22.58
22.55

Tair, out [C]

82.92
82.64
82.54
82.49
82.46
82.44
82.43
82.42
82.41
82.4
82.4
82.39
82.39
82.39
82.38
82.38
82.38
82.38
82.38
82.37

23-67

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

L [m]
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Tw, out [C]

24.35
24.8
25.24
25.67
26.1
26.52
26.93
27.34
27.74
28.13
28.52
28.9
29.28
29.65
30.01
30.37
30.73
31.08
31.42
31.76
32.1

Tair, out [C]

86.76
86.14
85.53
84.93
84.35
83.77
83.2
82.64
82.09
81.54
81.01
80.48
79.96
79.45
78.95
78.45
77.96
77.48
77
76.53
76.07

33

83
82.9

30.8

82.8
82.7
82.6

26.4

82.5

Tair,out

24.2

82.4

Tw,out
22
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

mw [kg/s]

23-68

0.8

82.3
1

Tair,out [C]

Tw,out [C]

28.6

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

33

88

32

86

Tw,out [C]

30

Tw,out

29

82

28
27

Tair,out

26

80
78

25
24
5

84

13

17

L [m]

23-69

21

76
25

Tair,out [C]

31

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

23-94E Oil is cooled by water in a double-pipe heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer coefficient of this
heat exchanger is to be determined using both the LMTD and NTU methods.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
thickness of the tube is negligible since it is thin-walled.
Properties The specific heats of the water and oil are given to be 1.0 and 0.525 Btu/lbm.F, respectively.
Analysis (a) The rate of heat transfer is
m
h C ph (Th ,in Th ,out ) (5 lbm/s)(0.525 Btu/lbm.F)(300 105F) 511.9 Btu/s
Q

The outlet temperature of the cold fluid is

c C pc (Tc ,out Tc ,in )
Q m

Q
511.9 Btu/s
70 F
240.6 F
c C pc
m
(3 lbm/s)(1.0 Btu/lbm. F)

Tc ,out Tc ,in

The temperature differences between the two

fluids at the two ends of the heat exchanger are

Cold Water
70F
3 lbm/s

T1 Th ,in Tc,out 300 F 240.6 F = 59.4 F

T2 Th ,out Tc,in 105 F 70 F = 35 F

Hot Oil

The logarithmic mean temperature difference is

Tlm

105F

300F
T1 T2
59.4 35

46.1F 5 lbm/s
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(59.4 /35)

Then the overall heat transfer coefficient becomes

Q = UAs Tlm

U =

Q
511.9 Btu/s
=
= 2.12 Btu/[Link] 2 .F
As Tlm
(1 / 12 m )(20 ft)(46.1F)

(b) The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
Ch m h C ph (5 lbm / s)(0.525 Btu / lbm. F) 2.625 Btu / s. F
Cc m c C pc (3 lbm / s)(1.0 Btu / lbm. F) 3.0 Btu / s. F
Therefore, Cmin Ch 2.625 Btu / s. F and C

Cmin 2.625

0.875
Cmax
3.0

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

Q
C (T T ) (2.625 Btu / s. F)(300 F - 70 F) 603.75 Btu / s
max

min

h ,in

c ,in

The actual rate of heat transfer and the effectiveness are

Q Ch (Th ,in Th ,out ) (2.625 Btu / s. F)(300 F -105 F) 5119
. Btu / s

Q
Q

max

5119
.
0.85
603.75

The NTU of this heat exchanger is determined using the relation in Table 23-3 to be

NTU

1
1
0.85 1
1

ln
ln

4.28
C 1 C 1
0.875 1 0.85 0.875 1

The heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger is

As DL (1 / 12 ft )( 20 ft ) 5.24 ft 2
and

NTU

UAs
NTU C min (4.28)( 2.625 Btu/s.F)
U

2.14 Btu/[Link] 2 .F
2
C min
As
5.24 ft

23-70