Eisha Vienna M.

Fernandez
Faculty of Science, Technology, and Mathematics
Philippine Normal University

bioLETreview@[Link]

Competencies:
Describe the characteristics of bacteria,
protists and viruses
Classify bacteria, protists and viruses
Cite the beneficial/harmful effects of
microorganisms to humans, other organisms
and the environment

 focuses on living organisms too small to be

seen with the naked eye
Bacteria
Fungi
Protists
Viruses

 first observation of cells from cork

 1673 first observation of live microorganisms

1684 first discovery of bacteria

 first vaccine (against smallpox)

Vaccine from vacca = cow

 1857 fermentation
1861 abolishment of spontaneous generation
1864 pasteurization

 Carbolic acid
Antisepsis

 Discovery of endospores

 1881 pure cultures

1882 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1883 Vibrio cholerae

Credited for the development of the Germ Theory of Disease

 Presence of the same pathogen in

every case
Isolated from the diseased host
and grown in pure culture
The same pathogen can cause the
same disease when introduced to
healthy, susceptible individuals
Same pathogen must be isolated
from the inoculated organism

 agar (solid media) Walter and Fanny Hesse

phagocytosis Elie Metchnikoff

 Grams staining
Differentiates bacteria based on cell wall composition

 Chemolithotrophy (sulfate reduction in Beggiatoa)

Winogradskys column

 1889 - Concept of virus

Explained tobacco mosaic is
not of bacterial origin

Enrichment culture medium

 diptheria antitoxin serum

Serum transfer therapy

 Discovery of bacteriophages
1915 Frederick Twort

1917 Felix dHerelle (phage theraphy)

 Worked with Chain and Florey

Penicillium notatum
Potent antibacteria

 DNA as genetic material

Bacterial transformation experiment by Griffith

 Discovered prions - Proteinaceous infectious

particle
Devoid of nucleic acid
Creutzfeldt-Jakob; Bovine spongiform
encephalopathy

 1983 - Transposons McClintock

1985 invention of PCR - Mullis
1988 bacterial photosynthesis pigment
Diesenhofer, Huber, Michael
1995 complete set of microbial genome Venter
and Smith
2000 discovery of proteorhodopsin - DeLong

Whip-like
Composed of flagellin (protein)
Rotary
Locomotion

 Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous

 Endoflagella
Found in spirochete

 Extracellular protrusion
Fimbria
Mulitple number
Short
anchorage
Pilus
1-2 per cell
Longer
Attachment to other cells

 Asexual
reproduction in
prokaryotes and
some protists
Involves replication
of genome and
division of cells

 Time required for cell to divide/for population

to double

Average for bacteria is 1-3 hours

E. coli generation time = 20 min

 4 Phases

1. Lag Phase
2. Log Phase
3. Stationary Phase
4. Death Phase

 Bacteria are first introduced into an

environment or media
Bacteria are checking out their
surroundings
cells are very active metabolically
# of cells changes very little
1 hour to several days

 Rapid cell growth (exponential growth)

population doubles every generation
microbes are sensitive to adverse conditions
antibiotics
anti-microbial agents

 Death rate = rate of reproduction

cells begin to encounter environmental stress
lack of nutrients
lack of water
not enough space
metabolic wastes
oxygen
pH
Endospores would form now

 Death rate > rate of reproduction

Due to limiting factors in the environment

 Lack of food, water or nutrients

space
accumulation of metabolic wastes
lack of oxygen
changes in pH
temperature

 Minimum growth temperature

Lowest temperature at which species will grow

Optimum growth temperature

Temperature at which species grow best

Maximum growth temperature

Highest temperature at which growth is
possible

 Psychrophiles cold
Mesophiles moderate-temperature
Thermophiles - heat
Organism

Optimum
Temperature
(oC)

Psychrophiles

20-30

Mesophiles

25-40

Thermophiles

50-60

 Acidity and alkalinity

Tolerance of most bacteria
pH 6.5 7.5

acidophiles can tolerate pH of 1

Yeast and molds pH 5 6

 Salt concentration of environment

Halophiles salt-loving organisms
Obligate
Facultative

 Backbone of organic compounds

50% of dry weight of bacteria
Carbon dioxide - source of
carbon of photoautotrophs and
photoheterotrophs

 Essential component of amino acids

14% of dry weight of bacteria
Sources
Amino acids/proteins
Nitrates
Ammonium
Atmospheric nitrogen

Sulfur

Sources
Sulfate
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur-containing
amino acids

phosphorus
essential component
of nucleotides (DNA,
RNA, NTPs)
Source
phosphate

 Essential electron acceptor in aerobic

respiration
Poisonous gas
Toxic forms:
Singlet oxygen (1O2) very reactive

.
Superoxide free radicals (O )
2

Neutralized by superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Peroxide anions (O2-2)

H2O2 broken down by catalase and peroxidase

Hydroxyl radical (OH-) very reactive

 All organisms produce superoxide ( O2-)

Superoxide is toxic to cells (steals electrons)
Superoxide must be neutralized

 O2- + O2- + 2 H+ -------> H2O2 + O2

Hydrogen peroxide is also toxic to cells and it must be
neutralized

2 H2O2 --------> 2 H2O + O2

Obligate Anaerobes lack:

Superoxide dismutase ( SOD )
Catalase

 Obligate aerobes require oxygen to

survive
Facultative aerobes does not require
oxygen, but can tolerate oxygen
Obligate anaerobes cannot tolerate
oxygen

 Live in unusual places

Cell wall w/o peptidoglycan
Membrane may be monolayer

Group
Thermophile

Methanogen

Representative
species
Thermus aquaticus
Heat loving
Thermococcus
literalis
Release methane as Methanobrevibacter
by product
smithii
Characteristic

Halophile

Salt loving

Acidophiles

Acid loving

Halobacterium
salinarium
Ferroplasma
acidarmanus
Sulfulobus
solfataricus

 Cell wall with peptidoglycan

Common bacteria that we encounter
May be classified as Gram+ or Gramdepending on cell wall
Commonly distinguished by cell shape and
arrangement

 Coccus
Bacillus

Spiral

 Disease-causing
Exotoxin secreted substances
Endotoxin - released only after lysis

Environment

Biotechnology

Agriculture

Microbial
activity

medicine

food

 Characteristics do not fit in to any other

kingdom
Most are unicellular but may be colonial

Groups:
Plant-like
Animal-like
Fungus-like

Phylum

Modes of
locomotion

Representative
species

Sarcodina

Pseudopodia

Entamoeba
histolytica

Cilia

Paramecium
caudatum

Ciliata

Mastigophora

Flagella

Sporozoa

None

Economic
importance
Causes
amoebiasis

Plays a key role

in the food chain
of ponds

Trypanosoma brucei Causes African

gambiense
sleeping sickness
Plasmodium
falciparum

Causes malaria

Rhodophyta

Red algae

Representative
species
Porphyra

Chlorophyta
Phaeophyta

Green algae
Brown algae

Caulerpa
Sargassum

Chrysophyta

yellow-green
algae

Diatoms

Source of food
Habitat for
marine animals
Produces the
diatomaceous
earth used
abrasives and
filtering aids

Dinoflagellates

transverse and
polar flagellum

Gonyaulax

Causes red tides

Phylum

Description

Economic
importance
Source of nori

Phylum

Characteristics

Water
Molds
Slime
Molds

Found in damp
environments
lack chitin in
their cell walls

Representative
species
Phytophthora
infestans
Physarum
polycephalum

Economic
importance
Causes potato
blight
Decomposition

 acellular
simple, composed of protein coat
(capsid) and nucleic acid
uses cellular machinery to perform
some life processes

DNA Virus
Herpes simplex
Chicken pox virus

RNA Virus
Dengue virus
Mumps virus
Human
Immunodeficiency
virus

Disease caused
Herpes
Chicken pox

Disease caused
Dengue fever
Mumps
Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)

1. Which is present in bacteria, protists

and viruses?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Capsid
Pseudopodium
Genetic material
Nuclear membrane

2. An organism observed under the

microscope appears to be circular. What
kind of bacterium is this?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Spirillum
Coccus
Bacillus
Ciliata

3. Pasig river is polluted. The city

government of Manila intends to clean
this in the soonest possible time. Which
should they consider?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Nitrogen fixation
Bioremediation
Probiotics
Culturing

4. Which is a correct match?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Amoeba-Cilia
Bacillus-Rod shape
Rhodophyta-Green color
Archaean-Peptidoglycan

5. Which is most probably the habitat of

thermophiles?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Dumpsite
Volcano
Lakes
Sea

6Which is true about virus?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Can live outside the host

Has tail for host attachment
Contains both DNA and RNA
Has designated scientific name

7. A student found out that an organism

has true nucleus, cell membrane and
unicellular. Where can he classify this?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Eubacteria
Archaea
Protista
Virus

8. Which will thrive in temperature

exceeding 100 0C?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Thermophiles
Methanogens
Acidophiles
Halophiles

9. Which is NOT an archaean?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Methanogen
Acidophile
Halophile
HIV

10. Bacteria can be used to remove

harmful chemicals from the environment.
What do you call this process of
cleaning?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Acid production
Bioremediation
Probiotics
Fixation

11. Cheese production is an economic

mover in some countries. Which can they

use?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Anabaena
Rhizobium
Clostridium
Lactobacillus

12. A drug is fighting virus infection by

targeting the attachment stage in viral
multiplication. What is the drug doing?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Covers binding site of the cell

Incorporation of viral DNA to host DNA
New virus are prevented to be discharged
Viral materials are prevented from meeting

13. Which does NOT have true nucleus?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Methanobacterium
Phytophthora
Paramecium
Euglena

14. Which is true for protist?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Living organisms all the time

With false nucleus
Has DNA or RNA
All parasitic

15. Where can you classify HIV?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Protist
Virus

15. Algae can be classified under

____-like protist.
A.
B.
C.
D.

plant
fungi
animal
bacteria

15. Protists use pseudopods. These protists

are classified under ______________.

A.
B.
C.
D.

Mastigophora
Sarcodina
Sporozoa
Ciliata

15. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

needs enzymes that can still work even at

very high temperatures. Which organism
is the best source of this enzyme?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Thermophile
Methanogen
Acidophile
Halophile

1. Which of the following is a

prokaryote?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Cold virus
Amoeba
Bacillus
Diatom

2. Most animal-like protists are able to

move. Which locomotory organ is used by
Paramecium?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Pseudopodia
Flagella
Cilia
Pili

3. Which covers the genetic material of

virus?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Capsid
Sheath
Rod
Tail

4. Which is NOT correctly paired?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Virus-HIV
Sarcodina-Amoeba
Thermophile-Thermus
Eubacteria-Physarum

5. Gonyaulax cause red tides. Where can

this be classified?
Chlorophyta
Phaeophyta
Chrysophyta
Dinoflagellates

6. Filipinos are advised not to get in contact with

flood waters during rainy season. They might get
a disease characterized high fever, headache,
chills, muscle aches, red eyes, diarrhea, vomiting,
and kidney or liver problems and is usually
carried by rats. This disease is caused by
bacteria. What disease is this?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Sleeping sickness
Leptospirosis
Colds
AIDS

7. Which has the least chance of

transmitting AIDS?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Sexual intercourse
Organ replacement
Transferring of blood
Drinking from same glass

8. A student intends to be healthy by

improving her food intake. Which should
she consider?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Probiotics
Bioremediation
Decomposition
Nitrogen fixation

9. Which concept promotes the idea that

bacteria are NOT always harmful?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Toxins
Paralysis
Probiotics
Competition

10. Sarcinae is divided into three planes.

How many are the resulting cell?
A.
B.
C.
D.

2
4
8
16

11. Which is a characteristic of

archeans?
A.
B.
C.
D.

With peptidoglycan in cell wall

Move by means of cilia
Have True nucleus
Extremophile

12. What causes leprosy?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Mycobacterium
Leptospira
Physarum
Amoeba

13. An organism is observed to be

circular and is in grape-like arrangement.
What organism is this?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Staphylococcus
Streptobacilli
Diplobacilli
Spirillum

14. An alga contains red pigments and

can be used for food. Which algal
classification does this belong to?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Rhodophyta
Chlorophyta
Chrysophyta
Dinoflagellate