Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
FLUID STATICS
MEHB334
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
MEHB334
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
MEHB334
By balancing the forces in the
vertical and horizontal directions : ~
Px = Pz = Pn
=> Pressure at a point is the same in all directions
=> PASCALs Law
=> The conclusion is also applicable if there is relative motion
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
In a closed system, due to Pascals
Law, the pressure change produced
at one point in the system will be
transmitted throughout the entire
system
Principle of the Hydraulic Lift
F1
F2
=
A1 A 2
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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A hydraulic jack has dimensions as shown. If one exerts a
force or 100N on the handle of the jack, what load F2, can
the jack support? Neglect lifter weight.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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Balancing the force in s direction :dP
= g sin
ds
But sin = dz/dl, so :dP
= g
dz
For incompressible fluid, is constant :-
P + gz = Constant = Piezometric Pressure (Pascal)
P g + z = Constant
= Piezometric Head (meter)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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If B > A which distribution is correct ?
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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P1 g + z1 = P2 g + z 2 = (P g + z )Datum
1
2
z1
3
z2
z3
datum
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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Ph = Pa + gh
Example : Case Involving 2 fluids.
Determine the gage pressure at the
bottom of the tank
The equation has to be applied to each
fluid separately
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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dP
7 = g = Pg
dz
P = Po e
( z zo ) g
RT
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Function of Temperature
Troposphere :
T = To ( z zo )
Stratosphere :
T = Tcons
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RT
T (z zo )
P = Po o
To
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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Applying the equation from 1 to 2 : -
P1 + m gz1 = P2 + m gz 2
P1 = Patm ; z2-z1 = h ; P2 = Pvap << Patm : -
Patm = m gh
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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Pgage = f gh
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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P4 = Patm + m gh f g
If f << m : P4 = Patm + m gh
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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P1 - P2 = ( m f )gh 2 f g(b a )
Static pressure
change from
A to B
Static pressure
change due to
the system
Static pressure change
due to difference in
elevation
MEHB334
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Statics
MEHB334
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The pressures are the same although the weight of the
liquids are obviously different
paradox
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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.
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Importance of Hydrostatic Force Calculations
Examples : -
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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
MEHB334
- ,
.
Consider the magnitude of the
hydrostatic force on one side
of the plane
h
h
Area, A
dF=PdA
x
edge
view
centroid
elemental area
dA
normal
view
Atmospheric pressure is
ignored since both sides are
open to atmosphere
Fh = g h A = g y sin A
Hydrostatic Force = Pressure at the Centroid x Area
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces
- The resultant hydrostatic force acts through the CENTRE OF PRESSURE (COP)
- The slanted distance of COP from the centroid, ycp, is determined by : -
y cp =
h
I xx
yA
- And xcp, is given by : -
Fh
Area, A
centroid
CP
ycp
x cp =
I xy
_
yA
- If the shape is symmetrical about y
axis xcp is zero
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces
- Centroid and Second Moment of Area, Ixx of regular shapes : -
This is given in
Appendix . No
Need to Remember
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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces
Example 1 : Find the magnitude of the hydrostatic force and its line
of action from the hinge. Calculate the force F applied at the middle
of the gate required to hold the gate in its vertical position
w
gh
F
hinge
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces
Example 2 : Find the magnitude of the force, P required to just start
opening the 2m wide gate. Neglect the weight of the gate.
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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
MEHB334
3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces
Example 3 : Find the magnitude of the force, G required to just start
opening the gate. Neglect the weight of the gate.
h
hinge
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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces
Example 4 : An elliptical gate covers the end of a pipe 4m in
diameter. If the gate is hinged at the top, what normal force, F is
required to open the gate when water is 8m deep above the top of the
pipe and the pipe is open to atmosphere on the other side? Neglect
the weight of the gate.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces
l
hv
dF=hdA
Cv
elemental area, dA
y
Area, A v
dF
dFx
dFy
ds
Vertical projection
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces
- Horizontal Component of the Force, Fx : _
Fx = g h V A V = P Centroid _ vert _ proj A vert _ proj
- Line of action of Fx : -
y cp _ v =
I xx _ v
_
hv Av
- Vertical Component of the Force, Fy : -
Fy = g above _ surface = Weight of Fluid Above Surface
- Line of action of Fy is through the centroid of the Fluid Above the
surface
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces
- The Resultant Hydrostatic Force, F is : -
F=
Fx + Fy
Centroid of
fluid above
surface
Cv
CP of vertical
projection
Fx
Fy
yCPv
Vertical projection
Note the Horizontal and Vertical Component of the Force Acts From Different Points
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces
- Water underneath the surface ?
Fy
Centroid of
imaginary fluid
above surface
Fy
- The force will be exactly of the same
magnitude but now acts in the opposite
direction.
CP of vertical
projection
- Need to use imaginary surface in order
to calculate vertical component
Fy = g imaginary
F
_ above _ surface
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
MEHB334
3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces
Example 1 : Surface AB is a circular arc with radius of 2m and a depth of a
m into the paper. The distance EB is 4m. The fluid above surface AB is
water and atmospheric pressure prevails on the free surface of water and on
the bottom side of surface AB. Find the magnitude and line of action of the
hydrostatic force acting on surface AB.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces
Example 2 : Determine the hydrostatic force acting on this gate ?
B
D
B
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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces
Example 3 : What force must be exerted through the bolts to hold the
dome in place? The metal dome and pipe weigh 6 kN. The dome has
no bottom. Here = 80 cm.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.9 Bouyancy
- Definition : Vertical Force on a body immersed in a stationary fluid.
It arises because the pressure varies with depth.
- Consider a body partly immersed in a fluid : Vol3
B
A
Vol2
Vol4
COG
Vol1
Mg
C
b
Mg = f g 1 = Fbouyancy
= Weight of displaced Vol
Archimedes Principle
- Act through the centroid of the displace volume => Centre of Bouyancy
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.9 Bouyancy
Example 1 :A metal part (2) is hanged by a thin cord from a floating
wood block (1). The wood block has a specific gravity of 0.3 and
dimension 50 x 50 x 10 mm. The metal part has volume 6600 mm3.
Find the mass m2 of the metal part and the tension in the cord.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.9 Bouyancy
Example 2 : The partially submerged wood pole is attached to the
wall by a hinge as shown. The pole is in equilibrium under the action
of weight and buoyant forces. Determine the density of the wood?
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
3.9 Bouyancy
Hydrometry .. Hydrometer
is a device use to measure the
specific gravity of a liquid
Based on the buoyancy
principle
The depth of the hydrometer is
dependent on the specific
gravity of the liquid
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Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.10 Stability of Immersed Body
- Stability depends on the relative position of Centre of Gravity (COG) and
Centre of Bouyancy (COB)
- If COB > COG = > Stable
- If COB < COG = > Unstable
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
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3.11 Stability of Floating Body
- The previous rule is not applicable to floating body because the
COB of displaced volume will change as the object is displaced : -
- Thus more involve d analysis is needed .
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 3: Fluid Static
End of Chapter 3
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