Basic Shapes
Squares, rectangles, triangles, cones, cylinders, circles, ovals...these are the basic shapes that will aid you
in drawing objects more accurately. This technique
can be used when doing a still life, a landscape, and
practically any other object or subject you wish to
draw. As you progress through this book, you will see
how this style of drawing can aid you in producing a
more accurate presentation of the subjects. First,
examine the object you want to draw, and determine
what basic shapes make it up.
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Basic Shapes
Most paintings can be broken down into basic shapes.
See how this famous painting by Czanne can be broken
down into basic shapes.
...treat nature by means of the cylinder, the
sphere, the cone..., Paul Czanne
Still Life with Soup Tureen, Paul Czanne
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Getting Started
Start with a large, rough-finish newsprint pad (18" x 24"), a compressed charcoal stick or a 6B pencil, and a kneaded eraser. Do just
one object to start. As you progress, you can make set-ups with multiple objects.
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Selecting Basic Shapes
Center line
Top line
Bottom
line
Method:
1. Look at the object you want to draw. Determine what
basic shapes are needed to render the object.
2. Start by roughly locating where on your picture plane
you want the object to appear.
3. Draw a center line, top line, and bottom line.
4. Place a line where one shape changes to another shape.
(see dash rules above)
5. Draw in the basic shapes.
6. Select the lines you want in your final drawing.
7. Draw the complete shape. This avoids connecting the
shapes later in the drawing and improves placement.
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Symmetry
By reducing objects to basic shapes, an artist can draw
a more accurate rendering of an object. If you just
make a drawing of the outline of a vase, you will notice
that the left side and right side do not match (Art A).
But if we use basic shapes and a center line, both sides
will look similar (Art B).
The basic shapes technique is applied to preliminary
sketches, which are done before the finish is created.
Producing sketches beforehand allows for more finite
adjustments. Be sure to sketch the same size as the finish will be, or in proportion to the finish, so you can
scale the sketch to size.
Art B
Art A
The picture plane is the finished surfacewhether it
be paper, canvas, or gesso board. Locate your object in
the picture plane. To begin, draw a center vertical line,
and place the object in the center. Divide the line into
the same number of shapes as the object. Keep the leftto-right distances from the center line the same on both
sides of the drawing. With tracing paper, draw over Art
B, adding the smoothing lines that give the object its
shape and form. Practice with other objects on the
newsprint pad. Do many sketches. Another way to solve
this drawing is to put in the guides and trace only one
side of the object. Then, flip the paper over and trace
the side you had drawn onto the other side of the
object. Each side should be a mirror image of the other.
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Adding Dimension
Use basic shapes to define your drawing. This will add
dimension to the objects, simplify the drawing, and aid
in the placement of objects on the picture plane, making the objects truer and more accurate. Adjust the
positioning of the objects in the final, and eliminate the
sketch lines by painting over them or erasing them
before you paint. Sketch lines should be lightly drawn
so as not to leave an impression.
Lightly drawn sketch lines
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Combining Simple Shapes
Examine the objects you are going to draw, and reduce can be modified to produce a better drawing. Note that
them to basic shapes. Then combine the shapes to cre- the basic shape of the pear is a round circle with a
ate the finished objects. Add detail and shading. Shapes tapered rectangle.
Method:
1. Look at the object you want to draw.
Determine what basic shapes are
needed to render the object (circle
and tapered rectangle).
2. Draw in the basic shapes. Draw the
shapes completely, not just the parts
that touch, but parts that are hidden
by other parts.
3. Select the lines you want in your final
drawing.
4. Round off the shapes, and blend the
forms into each other.
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Combining Simple Shapes
These preliminary sketches of vases show the trial lines to a heavy paper for painting. Look at the center lines
and the basic shapes that were used to create the draw- and the outlines. These lines define the basic forms of
ings. The sketches can now be refined and transferred the vases.
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Sketching a Group
When sketching a group of shapes, it is best to draw
each shape fully. In this manner, all of the curves and
straight lines are more accurate, and you dont have to
draw the objects to fit into each other. Remember to
draw the objects lightly so they can be erased or covered in your final.
1. Set up some small boxes
and jars, and arrange
them as a still life.
2. Use simple objects.
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Overlapping Shapes
Overlapping means to extend over and cover
partly. When partially obscuring an object by
placing another object in front of it, the object
will appear to be farther back in the picture
plane. This will add dimension to your drawing.
Do not overlap too much, as the item in the back
may become hard to distinguish.
Remember, when drawing the overlapping
shapes, draw the entire object; the excess lines
can be erased or painted over.
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In this preliminary sketch of gourds, circles, and
tapered cylinders were used to define the basic shapes.
Note that the center lines (axis lines) are at various
angles. These lines are important in creating the composition of the drawing and indicating where the stems
will be. They add interest and character and avoid the
objects leaning in the same direction. Many sketch lines
are used to locate the objects for a good composition.
Make placement corrections at this point before going
to the final.
Axis
Axis
Axis
Do several sketches of the objects, in groups and individually.
Take your best group sketch, and set up to do a sustained
sketch, incorporating a light source and shadows. The light
source is on the bumpy texture of the gourds, as well as on the
side, and the shadow is opposite the light source. Try doing
some sketches from memory without looking at the objects.
Shadow opposite
light source
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