Pressure Vessel Engineering Ltd.

provides: ASME Vessel Code Calculations - Finite Element

Analysis (FEA) - Solid Modeling / Drafting - Canadian Registration Number (CRN) Assistance

Using the ASME VIII-1 Nozzle F Factor (UG-37):

The stresses around a nozzle located in a cylindrical shell are not the same in all directions. If a
non-round nozzle is oriented in the correct direction, ASME allows us to take advantage of this.

F Factor can
help with this
nozzle

This nozzle
has higher
stresses
F Factor will
not help

This is a FEA plot of a pressure vessel with two identical elliptical nozzles, but oriented in
different directions. ASME says that the two nozzles have different stresses around them, as the
FEA results confirm. A cylindrical shell circ stress is 2x the longitudinal stress. The nozzle that
cuts more material in the circ direction has higher stresses.
-

The default F factor is 1.0 this effect can be ignored if desired

F Factor can reduce the required amount of area replacement to in certain directions
this allows less conservative nozzle designs if the non-round nozzle is oriented favorably.
F Factors other than 1.0 can only be used for integral (full penetration welded, no re-pad)
nozzles.
The nozzle will need to be calculated twice once in the longitudinal direction at F = 1.0
and once in the circ direction at F=0.5. Different d values will be used for the different
directions.

An example follows:
Disclaimer: This document is provided for educational purposes only. Pressure Vessel Engineering
Ltd. is not liable for its use.

ASME figure UG-37. At angle of 0 degrees, the maximum circ stress exists, F = 1.0. At angle
90 degrees, the maximum longitudinal stress exist, which is half the circ stress. F = 0.5
The enclosed example shows an elliptical manway nozzle that takes advantage of the F factor to
get a higher pressure rating than otherwise possible.
Laurence Brundrett
Aug 6 2008 (rev 1)

J:\2900-2999\PVE-2923 PVE Training\Nozzle F Factor\Understanding the Nozzle F [Link] - Page 2 of 2

Pipe and Shell ver 4.08

Host Shell Description

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Interior
No Exterior
Rolled Plate
Non-Threaded
No

ip? - Calculate interior pressure

ep? - Calculate exterior pressure
pr? - Pipe or rolled plate
pt? - Type of pipe
relief? - Stress Relief Calculations Required

Material and Conditions:

Material
20,000 S [psi] - allowable stress level
1.00 El - longitudinal efficiency (circ. stress)
1.00 Ec - circ. connecting efficiency (longitudinal stress)
0.000% UTP [%] - undertolerance allowance
0.000 UTI [in] - undertolerance allowance
455.00 P [psi] - interior pressure
Stress Classification:

24

NOTE: Both validity checks need to be "Acceptable" in order to use this sheet
If not, refer to sheet "Thick Cylindrical Shell"

27

ckValidity1 =
ckValidity2 =

28

Variables:

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29
30
31
32
33

Td =
UT [in] =
nt [in] =
Ri [in] =
Volume [cuft] =
Weight [lb] =

tmin < 0.5*(Do/2)

P< 0.385*S*El

0.000
t*UTP+UTI
t-Corr-UT-Td
Do/2-nt
((Do/2-t)^2)**L/1728
(Do-t)**L*t*40.84/144

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0.669 < 0.5*(60/2) = Acceptable

455< 0.385*20000*1 = Acceptable

0=
1*0+0 =
1-0-0-0 =
60/2-1 =
((60/2-1)^2)*3.1416*100/1728 =

0.000
0.000
1.000
29.000
152.898

(60-1)*3.1416*100*1*40.84/144 = 5256.84

34
35

Dimensions:
60.000 Do [in] - outside diameter
1.0000 t [in] - nominal wall thickness
tminUG16b [in] - minimum wall per UG-16(b)
100.000 L [in] - length for volume and weight
0.000 Corr [in] - corrosion allowance

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25

Do

Options:

Length

2
3

Page 1 of 2

Long Seam

Interior Pressure: VIII-1 UG-27(c)(1,2)

ta [in] = P*Ri/(S*El-0.6*P)
455*29/(20000*1-0.6*455) = 0.669
tb [in] = P*Ri/(2*S*Ec+0.4*P)
455*29/(2*20000*1+0.4*455) = 0.328
tmin [in] = MAX(ta,tb,tminUG16b)
MAX(0.669,0.328,0) = 0.669
tr1 [in] = P*Ri/(S*1-0.6*P)
Required Wall Thick
455*29/(20000*1-0.6*455) = 0.669
Checkt = tmin <= nt
0.669 <= 1 = Acceptable
PMaxA [psi] =
PMaxB [psi] =
PMax [psi] =
CheckP =

(S*El*nt)/(Ri+0.6*nt)
(2*S*Ec*nt)/(Ri-0.4*nt)
Min(PMaxA,PMaxB)
PMax >= P

(20000*1*1)/(29+0.6*1) =
(2*20000*1*1)/(29-0.4*1) =
MIN(676,1399) =
676 >= 455 =

676
1399
676
Acceptable

Nozzle Reinforcement ver 3.90

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Shell:

35

20,000
1.00
58.00
1.000
0.669
0.000

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6-Aug-08
Page 1
Automatic dh - not hillside
Automatic Limit Diameter
Curved Shell or Head Section

Sample F Value <- Vessel

Calculation for the circ section (at 90) <- Description

22

34

UW16(c)mod <- SavedDesign

[Link]

Nozzle:

<- Shell Material

<- Sv, shell allowable stress level, PSI
<- E1, efficiency of shell at nozzle
<- Ds, Shell ID
<- Vt, shell wall thick, uncorroded, UT removed
<- tr, required shell wall thickness int. press.(E=1)
<- trE, required shell wall thickness ext. press.(E=1)

OD Nozzle
Nt

Leg43
Full
Penn.

t
Leg41
Nozzle

30

<- Nozzle Material

20,000 <- Sn, allowable stress level (Sn)
1 <- B, from A =
0.09590
1.00 <- E, nozzle efficiency
455.00 <- P, internal design pressure
0.0 <- Pa, external design pressure
20.000 <- Do, outside diameter <- Note Do
1.000 <- Nt, wall thick, uncorroded
0.0% <- UTp, undertolerance (%)
UW-16.1
2.000 <- L, exterior Projection
1.000 <- Ip, interior projection
Reinforcing:
0.375 <- Leg41, size of weld fillet
0.375 <- Leg43, size of weld fillet
0.500 <- F
<-- Note F Value
Variables:
UT = Nt*UTp
=1*0
Rn = Do/2 - (Nt-nca) + UT
= 20/2 - (1-0) + 0
t = Vt-sca
=1-0
ti = Nt-2*nca
=1-2*0
tn = Nt-nca
= 1-0
d = Do-2*tn
= 20 - 2*1
fr1 = MIN(Sn/Sv,1)
= MIN(20000/20000, 1)
fr2 = MIN(Sn/Sv,1)
= MIN(20000/20000, 1)
h = MIN(Ip-sca,2.5*t,2.5*ti)
= MIN(1-0,2.5*1,2.5*1)
tcLeg41 = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,tn,t))
= Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,1,1))
tcLeg43 = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,t,tn))
= Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,1,1))
F = Min(Fenterered, 1)
Pipe Required Wall Thickness - trn from internal, trnE from external pressure
LDo = L/Do
LDo = 0.100
trn = (P*Rn)/(Sn*E - 0.6*P) <= tn-UT
= (455*9)/(20000*1 - 0.6*455)
trnR = (P*Rn)/(Sn*1 - 0.6*P)
= (455*9)/(20000*1 - 0.6*455)
trnE = (3*Do*Pa)/(4*B) <= tn-ut
= (3*20*0)/(4*1)
Geometry Constraints:
0.7*Leg41 >= tc41
0.7*0.375 >= 0.25
0.7*Leg43-nca >= tc43
0.7*0.375-0 >= 0.25

Leg41

Shell
Vt

Leg43

Proj

(c) modified

Undertolerance
Effective Radius
Effective Shell Thickness
Nom Thick of Int. Proj.
Avail. Nozzle Thick. No UT
Opening Dia.

Dot = Do/trnE
E=1

0.263
0.263

UT =
Rn =
t=
ti =
tn =
d=
fr1 =
fr2 =
h=
tc41 =
tc43 =
F=

Dot =
trn =
trnR =
trnE =

0.000
0.208
0.208
0.000

>=
>=

0.250
0.250

0.000
9.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
18.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.250
0.250
0.500

Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable

Appendix 1-7 Necessary Check

when Ds>60,if(2*Rn<=Ds/3,if(2*Rn<=40, "App. 1-7 calculations not required","App. 1-7 calculations required"),"App. 1-7 calculations required")
when Ds<=60,if(2*Rn<Ds/2,if(2*Rn<20,"App. 1-7 calculations not required","App. 1-7 calculations required"),"App. 1-7 calculations required")
App. 1-7 calculations not required
Area Replacement: Fig UG-37.1
Pressure From: Internal
External
A = 1.0*d*tr*F + 2*tn*tr*F*(1-fr1)
Note A Required ->
A Required (internal) = 6.020
= 1.0*18*0.669*0.5 + 2*1*0.669*0.5*(1-1)
Ae = 0.5*(d*trE*1 + 2*tn*trE*1*(1-fr1))
= 0.5*(18*0*1 + 2*1*0*1*(1-1))
A Required (external) = 0.000
A1 = max(d, 2*(t+tn)) * (E1*t-F*tr)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*tr)*(1-fr1)
A1 = 11.980
= max(18,2*(1+1))* (1*1-0.5*0.669)-2*1*(1*1-0.5*0.669)*(1-1)
A1e = max(d, 2*(t+tn)) * (E1*t-F*trE)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*trE)*(1-fr1)
A1e =
18.000
= max(18,2*(1+1))* (1*1-0.5*0)-2*1*(1*1-0.5*0)*(1-1)
A2 = min((tn-trnR)*fr2*Min(5*t,2*L) , (tn-trnR)*fr2*Min(5*tn,2*L))
A2 = 3.170
= min((1-0.208)*1*Min(5*1,2*2) , (1-0.208)*1*Min(5*1,2*2))
A2e = min((tn-trnE)*fr2*Min(5*t,2*L) , (tn-trnE)*fr2*Min(5*tn,2*L))
A2e =
5.000
= min((1-0)*1*Min(5*1,2*2) , (1-0)*1*Min(5*1,2*2))
A3 = Min(5*t*ti*fr2, 5*ti*ti*fr2, 2*h*ti*fr2)
A3 = 2.000
2.000
= Min(5*1*1*1, 5*1*1*1, 2*1*1*1)
A41 = Leg41^2*fr2
= 0.375^2*1
A41 = 0.141
0.141
A43 = (Leg43-nca)^2*fr2
= (0.375-0)^2*1
A43 = 0.141
0.141
Actual Area = 17.431
25.281
Acceptable
Actual-Required = 11.411
25.281

Nozzle Reinforcement ver 3.90

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Shell:

35

20,000
1.00
58.00
1.000
0.669
0.000

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6-Aug-08
Page 1
Automatic dh - not hillside
Automatic Limit Diameter
Curved Shell or Head Section

Sample F Value <- Vessel

Calculation for the longitudinal section (at 0) <- Description

22

34

UW16(c)mod <- SavedDesign

[Link]

Nozzle:

<- Shell Material

<- Sv, shell allowable stress level, PSI
<- E1, efficiency of shell at nozzle
<- Ds, Shell ID
<- Vt, shell wall thick, uncorroded, UT removed
<- tr, required shell wall thickness int. press.(E=1)
<- trE, required shell wall thickness ext. press.(E=1)

OD Nozzle
Nt

Leg43
Full
Penn.

t
Leg41
Nozzle

30

<- Nozzle Material

20,000 <- Sn, allowable stress level (Sn)
1 <- B, from A =
0.09590
1.00 <- E, nozzle efficiency
455.00 <- P, internal design pressure
0.0 <- Pa, external design pressure
16.000 <- Do, outside diameter <- Note Do
1.000 <- Nt, wall thick, uncorroded
0.0% <- UTp, undertolerance (%)
UW-16.1
2.000 <- L, exterior Projection
1.000 <- Ip, interior projection
Reinforcing:
0.375 <- Leg41, size of weld fillet
0.375 <- Leg43, size of weld fillet
1.000 <- F
<-- Note F Value
Variables:
UT = Nt*UTp
=1*0
Rn = Do/2 - (Nt-nca) + UT
= 16/2 - (1-0) + 0
t = Vt-sca
=1-0
ti = Nt-2*nca
=1-2*0
tn = Nt-nca
= 1-0
d = Do-2*tn
= 16 - 2*1
fr1 = MIN(Sn/Sv,1)
= MIN(20000/20000, 1)
fr2 = MIN(Sn/Sv,1)
= MIN(20000/20000, 1)
h = MIN(Ip-sca,2.5*t,2.5*ti)
= MIN(1-0,2.5*1,2.5*1)
tcLeg41 = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,tn,t))
= Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,1,1))
tcLeg43 = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,t,tn))
= Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,1,1))
F = Min(Fenterered, 1)
Pipe Required Wall Thickness - trn from internal, trnE from external pressure
LDo = L/Do
LDo = 0.125
trn = (P*Rn)/(Sn*E - 0.6*P) <= tn-UT
= (455*7)/(20000*1 - 0.6*455)
trnR = (P*Rn)/(Sn*1 - 0.6*P)
= (455*7)/(20000*1 - 0.6*455)
trnE = (3*Do*Pa)/(4*B) <= tn-ut
= (3*16*0)/(4*1)
Geometry Constraints:
0.7*Leg41 >= tc41
0.7*0.375 >= 0.25
0.7*Leg43-nca >= tc43
0.7*0.375-0 >= 0.25

Leg41

Shell
Vt

Leg43

Proj

(c) modified

Undertolerance
Effective Radius
Effective Shell Thickness
Nom Thick of Int. Proj.
Avail. Nozzle Thick. No UT
Opening Dia.

Dot = Do/trnE
E=1

0.263
0.263

UT =
Rn =
t=
ti =
tn =
d=
fr1 =
fr2 =
h=
tc41 =
tc43 =
F=

Dot =
trn =
trnR =
trnE =

0.000
0.161
0.161
0.000

>=
>=

0.250
0.250

0.000
7.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
14.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.250
0.250
1.000

Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable

Appendix 1-7 Necessary Check

when Ds>60,if(2*Rn<=Ds/3,if(2*Rn<=40, "App. 1-7 calculations not required","App. 1-7 calculations required"),"App. 1-7 calculations required")
when Ds<=60,if(2*Rn<Ds/2,if(2*Rn<20,"App. 1-7 calculations not required","App. 1-7 calculations required"),"App. 1-7 calculations required")
App. 1-7 calculations not required
Area Replacement: Fig UG-37.1
Pressure From: Internal
External
A = 1.0*d*tr*F + 2*tn*tr*F*(1-fr1)
Note A Required ->
A Required (internal) = 9.364
= 1.0*14*0.669*1 + 2*1*0.669*1*(1-1)
Ae = 0.5*(d*trE*1 + 2*tn*trE*1*(1-fr1))
= 0.5*(14*0*1 + 2*1*0*1*(1-1))
A Required (external) = 0.000
A1 = max(d, 2*(t+tn)) * (E1*t-F*tr)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*tr)*(1-fr1)
A1 = 4.636
= max(14,2*(1+1))* (1*1-1*0.669)-2*1*(1*1-1*0.669)*(1-1)
A1e = max(d, 2*(t+tn)) * (E1*t-F*trE)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*trE)*(1-fr1)
A1e =
14.000
= max(14,2*(1+1))* (1*1-1*0)-2*1*(1*1-1*0)*(1-1)
A2 = min((tn-trnR)*fr2*Min(5*t,2*L) , (tn-trnR)*fr2*Min(5*tn,2*L))
A2 = 3.354
= min((1-0.161)*1*Min(5*1,2*2) , (1-0.161)*1*Min(5*1,2*2))
A2e = min((tn-trnE)*fr2*Min(5*t,2*L) , (tn-trnE)*fr2*Min(5*tn,2*L))
A2e =
5.000
= min((1-0)*1*Min(5*1,2*2) , (1-0)*1*Min(5*1,2*2))
A3 = Min(5*t*ti*fr2, 5*ti*ti*fr2, 2*h*ti*fr2)
A3 = 2.000
2.000
= Min(5*1*1*1, 5*1*1*1, 2*1*1*1)
A41 = Leg41^2*fr2
= 0.375^2*1
A41 = 0.141
0.141
A43 = (Leg43-nca)^2*fr2
= (0.375-0)^2*1
A43 = 0.141
0.141
Actual Area = 10.271
21.281
Acceptable
Actual-Required = 0.907
21.281

Nozzle Reinforcement ver 3.90

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Shell:

35

20,000
1.00
58.00
1.000
0.669
0.000

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6-Aug-08
Page 1
Automatic dh - not hillside
Automatic Limit Diameter
Curved Shell or Head Section

Sample F Value <- Vessel

Calculation with no F allowance (F = 1.0) <- Description

22

34

UW16(c)mod <- SavedDesign

[Link]

Nozzle:

<- Shell Material

<- Sv, shell allowable stress level, PSI
<- E1, efficiency of shell at nozzle
<- Ds, Shell ID
<- Vt, shell wall thick, uncorroded, UT removed
<- tr, required shell wall thickness int. press.(E=1)
<- trE, required shell wall thickness ext. press.(E=1)

OD Nozzle
Nt

Leg43
Full
Penn.

t
Leg41
Nozzle

30

<- Nozzle Material

20,000 <- Sn, allowable stress level (Sn)
1 <- B, from A =
0.09590
1.00 <- E, nozzle efficiency
455.00 <- P, internal design pressure
0.0 <- Pa, external design pressure
20.000 <- Do, outside diameter <- Note Do
1.000 <- Nt, wall thick, uncorroded
0.0% <- UTp, undertolerance (%)
UW-16.1
2.000 <- L, exterior Projection
1.000 <- Ip, interior projection
Reinforcing:
0.375 <- Leg41, size of weld fillet
0.375 <- Leg43, size of weld fillet
1.000 <- F
<-- Note F Value
Variables:
UT = Nt*UTp
=1*0
Rn = Do/2 - (Nt-nca) + UT
= 20/2 - (1-0) + 0
t = Vt-sca
=1-0
ti = Nt-2*nca
=1-2*0
tn = Nt-nca
= 1-0
d = Do-2*tn
= 20 - 2*1
fr1 = MIN(Sn/Sv,1)
= MIN(20000/20000, 1)
fr2 = MIN(Sn/Sv,1)
= MIN(20000/20000, 1)
h = MIN(Ip-sca,2.5*t,2.5*ti)
= MIN(1-0,2.5*1,2.5*1)
tcLeg41 = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,tn,t))
= Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,1,1))
tcLeg43 = Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,t,tn))
= Min(0.25,0.7*Min(0.75,1,1))
F = Min(Fenterered, 1)
Pipe Required Wall Thickness - trn from internal, trnE from external pressure
LDo = L/Do
LDo = 0.100
trn = (P*Rn)/(Sn*E - 0.6*P) <= tn-UT
= (455*9)/(20000*1 - 0.6*455)
trnR = (P*Rn)/(Sn*1 - 0.6*P)
= (455*9)/(20000*1 - 0.6*455)
trnE = (3*Do*Pa)/(4*B) <= tn-ut
= (3*20*0)/(4*1)
Geometry Constraints:
0.7*Leg41 >= tc41
0.7*0.375 >= 0.25
0.7*Leg43-nca >= tc43
0.7*0.375-0 >= 0.25

Leg41

Shell
Vt

Leg43

Proj

(c) modified

Undertolerance
Effective Radius
Effective Shell Thickness
Nom Thick of Int. Proj.
Avail. Nozzle Thick. No UT
Opening Dia.

Dot = Do/trnE
E=1

0.263
0.263

UT =
Rn =
t=
ti =
tn =
d=
fr1 =
fr2 =
h=
tc41 =
tc43 =
F=

Dot =
trn =
trnR =
trnE =

0.000
0.208
0.208
0.000

>=
>=

0.250
0.250

0.000
9.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
18.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.250
0.250
1.000

Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable

Appendix 1-7 Necessary Check

when Ds>60,if(2*Rn<=Ds/3,if(2*Rn<=40, "App. 1-7 calculations not required","App. 1-7 calculations required"),"App. 1-7 calculations required")
when Ds<=60,if(2*Rn<Ds/2,if(2*Rn<20,"App. 1-7 calculations not required","App. 1-7 calculations required"),"App. 1-7 calculations required")
App. 1-7 calculations not required
Area Replacement: Fig UG-37.1
Pressure From: Internal
External
A = 1.0*d*tr*F + 2*tn*tr*F*(1-fr1)
Note A Required ->
A Required (internal) = 12.040
= 1.0*18*0.669*1 + 2*1*0.669*1*(1-1)
Ae = 0.5*(d*trE*1 + 2*tn*trE*1*(1-fr1))
= 0.5*(18*0*1 + 2*1*0*1*(1-1))
A Required (external) = 0.000
A1 = max(d, 2*(t+tn)) * (E1*t-F*tr)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*tr)*(1-fr1)
A1 = 5.960
= max(18,2*(1+1))* (1*1-1*0.669)-2*1*(1*1-1*0.669)*(1-1)
A1e = max(d, 2*(t+tn)) * (E1*t-F*trE)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*trE)*(1-fr1)
A1e =
18.000
= max(18,2*(1+1))* (1*1-1*0)-2*1*(1*1-1*0)*(1-1)
A2 = min((tn-trnR)*fr2*Min(5*t,2*L) , (tn-trnR)*fr2*Min(5*tn,2*L))
A2 = 3.170
= min((1-0.208)*1*Min(5*1,2*2) , (1-0.208)*1*Min(5*1,2*2))
A2e = min((tn-trnE)*fr2*Min(5*t,2*L) , (tn-trnE)*fr2*Min(5*tn,2*L))
A2e =
5.000
= min((1-0)*1*Min(5*1,2*2) , (1-0)*1*Min(5*1,2*2))
A3 = Min(5*t*ti*fr2, 5*ti*ti*fr2, 2*h*ti*fr2)
A3 = 2.000
2.000
= Min(5*1*1*1, 5*1*1*1, 2*1*1*1)
A41 = Leg41^2*fr2
= 0.375^2*1
A41 = 0.141
0.141
A43 = (Leg43-nca)^2*fr2
= (0.375-0)^2*1
A43 = 0.141
0.141
Actual Area = 11.411
25.281
ERROR
Actual-Required = (0.629)
25.281