Wgrav = -m g Dy (work done by gravity)
Physics 2425 - Formula List
W = x f F HxL x (variable force in 1D)
i
1D Kinematics
General 1D Motion: x as a function of t
v = Dx .
Dt
v = x ,
t
a = Dv .
Dt
Springs: Hooke's Law and Work
F = -k x (Hooke's Law), W = - 1 k Jx2f - xi2 N
a = v
t
Work-Energy Theorem
Constant Vel.: xHtL = x0 + v t D x = v t
Wnet = DK
Wnet (net work). K = 1 m v2 (kinetic energy)
Constant Acc.: vHtL = v0 + a t and xHtL = x0 + v0 t + 1 a t2
v = v0 + a t
D x = 1 Hv0 + vL t
F is conservative 0 = F r
conservative forces DU = -W (U is potential energy)
D x = v0 t + 1 a t2
v2 - v20 = 2 a D x
Gravity: U = m g y
Spring: U = 1 k x2
2
Free Fall : x y Hy is upL and a = -g
Wnc is work of all nonconservative forces.
General Vectors A = Ax x` +Ay y` = YAx , Ay ]
E = Emech = Ktot + Utot Ei +Wnc = E f , Wnc= 0 Ei = E f
Mag. & Dir. angle Components Ax = A cos q and Ay = A sin q .
Wnc = 0 , one mass, gravity is only cons. force
Ebottom = Etop v2bottom = v2top + 2 g h
Components Mag. & Dir. angle
tan-1 K
A2x + A2y and q =
A=
Ay
Ax
for Ax > 0
Power:
Ay
180 + tan-1 K O for Ax < 0
Ax
General 2D Kinematics
D r r
v=
, v=
, a = D v , a = v , Ave. Speed = Total Distance
t
Dt
Total Time
Constant Acc.: vHtL = v0 + a t and rHtL = r0 + v0 t + 1 a t2
2
Projectiles
Horizontal: ax = 0 vx is const.
R=
1D: F = - U,
x
3D: Fx = -
U , Fz = -
Momentum and Impulse-Momentum Theorem
tf
p = m v (mom.) I = ti F t (impulse)
Vertical: ay = -g
Center of Mass for a System of Particles
r = 1
Discrete :
M = i mi
i mi ri
cm
M
r = 1 r m
cm
Continuous : M = m
sinH2 qL, (R = Dx when Dy = 0)
Second Law for a Particle and System
Relative Motion v = v + v0
Newton's Laws
First Law: v is const., unless net force.
particle :
Second Law: F net = m a
Third Law: F 12 = -F 21
ptot = m1 v1 +m2 v2 + ... = M vcm
Weight
U , Fy = -
F net Dt = I net = D p = m Iv f - vi M
v0x = v0 cos q and v0y = v0 sin q.
v0 2
Potential Energy Force
r as a function of t
Dt
= W = F v
F net = m a
system : F ext
net = M acm
F net = p
t
ext
F net =
p
t tot
Conservation of Momentum
Mass: W = m g
Friction between surfaces fs ms N (static), fk = mk N (kinetic)
Circular Motion
2
2
Uniform Circular Motion: ac = v , Also v = 2 p r ac = J 2 p N r
F ext
net = 0 D ptot = 0 ptot,i = ptot, f
ext
Fnet,x = 0 Dptot,x = 0 ptot,i,x = ptot, f ,x
Collisions
ptot,i = ptot, f m1 v1i + m2 v2i = m1 v1 f + m2 v2 f
2
General Circular Motion: ac = v , at = v
r
t
Elastic Ktot,i = Ktot, f
Accelerated Frames gart = -a (artificial gravity)
accelerated frame false force opposite acc.
1D Elastic trick: Ktot,i = Ktot, f v1i +v1 f = v2i +v2 f
Totally Inelastic: v1 f = v2 f = v f m1 v1i + m2 v2i = Hm1 + m2 L v f
Dot or Scalar Product
A B = A B cos q where A =
General Rotations about fixed axis:
A2x + A2y + A2z
A B = A x B x + A y B y + Az Bz
Work
W = F r
const. force: W = F Dx (1D) W = F D r (2D or 3D)
w = Dq ,
Dt
w = q ,
t
a = Dw , a = w
Dt
Constant Angular Accelation
w = w0 + a t
Dq = 1 Hw + w0 L t
Dq = w0 t + 1 a t2
w2 - w20 = 2 a Dq
Rotational and Linear Quantities
`
v = r w ut or vt = r w , vc = 0
a = r a u` +w2 r u` or a = r a , a = w2 r
mi m j
Two masses: U = -G M m , Several masses: U = -G i< j
a = 0 w = const = 2 p
Escape speed: vesc =
Moment of Inertia
I for a distribution - r is dist. from axis
2
Circular Orbits v2 = G M and T 2 = 4 p r3
Gravitational Potential Energy
r
Discrete: I = mi r2i ,
ri j
Continuous: I = r2 m
Perpendicular-axis Theorem: Planar object in xy-plane: Iz = Ix + Iy
Parallel-axis Theorem: I = Icm + M d2
GM
2
Simple Harmonic Motion 2x = -w2 x, w = 2 p f = 2 p
T
t
v
x HtL = A cos Hw t +fL = x0 cos w t + 0 sin w t
w
1
k A2
2
1
1
2
2
Energy E = m v + k x = :
(mass/spring)
1
2
2
m v2max
2
Moments for uniform bodies:
Thin rod about axis
thru. end: I = 1 M L2 , thru. center: I = 1 M L2
3
2GM
R
12
a b rectangular plate about axis thru. center: I = 1 M Ia2 + b2 M
12
Sphere about axis thru. center:
v= w
A2 - x2 and vmax = w A (in general)
Examples of Simple Harmonic Motion
thin shelled hollow: I = 2 M R2 ,
3
solid: I = 2 M R2
5
Hoop about axis thru. center: I = M R2
Mass/Spring: w =
(same as thin-shelled hollow cylinder)
Simple Pendulum: w =
Disk about axis thru. center: I = 1 M R2 (same as solid cylinder)
2
1D Wave Equation
Rotational Energy
K = 1 I w2 , U = M g ycm , Ktot = 1 Icm w2 + 1 M v2cm
2
2
2
`
Cross or Vector Product AB = u A B sin q , right hand rule u`
x` y` z`
A y Az
A x Az ` A x A y
-y`
+z
AB = Ax Ay Az = x`
B y Bz
B x Bz
Bx By
B x B y Bz
km
Physical Pendulum: w =
m g dI
gL
2
x2
u = 12
v
t2
General Solution: u Hx, tL = f Hx -v tL +g Hx +v tL
Sinusoidal Waves u Hx, tL = A cos Hk x w t +fL
l = 2p,
k
f = w ,
2p
v= fl= w
k
Waves on a String u Hx, tL yHx, tL
Speed: v =
T m where T = Tension, Power:
= 1 m v w2 A2
2
Torque
Temperature and Thermal Expansion
About Origin: t = r F, About Axis: t = r F = r F = r F sin q
Torque due to gravity: t gravity = rcm M g
TF = 9 TC +32, DT F = 9 DT C , TK = TC + 273
Angular Momentum of Particle
About Origin: L = r p, About Axis: L = r p = r p = r p sin q
Heat Q = Heat added to system
Q = m c DT (Temp. change), Q = m L (phase change)
General Rigid Body Dynamics
2nd Law: tnet = I a and tnet = L
t
Angular Momentum: L = I w
System of Particles
m m
Vector: F 21 = -G 12 2 r` 12
Continuous Distribution: F = -G m 2 m
r
Sph. Shell: F = G M2m Hr > RL, F = 0 Hr < RL
r
g = G M2 (at surface of spherical planet)
R
b = 3 a (for solid)
Ideal Gas Law P V = N k T and P V = n R T
n = # of moles, N = NA n = # of molecules
Masses: mtot = n mmole = N mmolecule
First Law
D U = Q -W, U = dQ -dW, Hd is inexact differentialL
Equilibrium F net = 0 and t net = 0
Newton's Law of Gravity
m
Discrete Distribution: F = -G m 2i r` i
ri
r`
Work W = P V = Area (done by system)
Constant P: W = P DV ,
Ideal gas at constant T: W = n R T ln HVf Vi L
Ltot
t ext
net =
t ext
net = 0 D Ltot = 0 (Conservation)
m m
Magnitude: F = G 1 2 2 ,
r
DL = a L0 DT, DV = b V0 DT,
r12
Entropy
S =
Const. T: DS =
dQ
dQ
DS =
T
T
Q
, Changing T: DS = m c ln
T
Tf
Ti
Second Law For a thermally isolated system: DStot 0
Q
Heat Engines QH = QC + W, Efficiency: e = W = 1 - C
QH
QH
TC
Max. Eff.: emax = 1 (Carnot Engine is H.E. of max. eff.)
TH