:
Describe the differences between symmetric and asymmetric
advantages and one multiprocessing. What are three
disadvantage of multiprocessor systems?
Answer: Symmetric multiprocessing treats all processors as equals, and I/O can be
.processed on any CPU
Asymmetric multiprocessing has one master CPU and the remainder CPUs are slaves.
The master
distributes takes among the slaves, and I/O is usually done by the master only.
Multiprocessor can
save money by not duplicating power supplies, housings, and peripherals. They can
execute
programs more quickly and can have increased reliability. They are also more
complex in both
hardware and software then uniprocessor systems
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How do clustered systems differ from multiprocessor systems?
What is required for two machines belonging to a cluster to
cooperate to provide a highly available service?
Answer: Clustered systems are typically constructed by combining multiple
computers into a single system to perform a computational task distributed across
the cluster. Multiprocessor systems on the other hand could be a single physical
entity comprising of multiple CPUs. A clustered system is less tightly coupled
than a multiprocessor system. Clustered systems communicate using messages,
while processors in a multiprocessor system could communicate using shared
memory. In order for twomachines to provide a highly available service, the state
on the two machines should be replicated and should be consistently updated.
When one of the machines fail, the other could then take-over the functionality of
the failed machine.
Describe the communications in Client-Server
Systems.
Answer: By using three methods
Sockets
Remote Procedure Calls
Pipes
Remote Method Invocation (Java)
A socket is defined as an endpoint for communication
Concatenation of IP address and port
The socket [Link]:1625 refers to port 1625 on host [Link]
Communication consists between a pair of sockets
Remote procedure call (RPC) is procedure calls between processes on networked
systems
Stubs client-side proxy for the actual procedure on the server
The client-side stub locates the server and marshalls the parameters
The server-side stub receives this message, unpacks the marshalled parameters, and
performs the procedure on the server
Pipes
Acts as a conduit allowing two processes to communicate
Ordinary Pipes allow communication in standard producer-consumer style
Producer writes to one end (the write-end of the pipe)
Consumer reads from the other end (the read-end of the pipe)
Ordinary pipes are therefore unidirectional
Require parent-child relationship between communicating processes (two file
descriptors)Named Pipes are more powerful than ordinary pipeCommunication is
bidirectionalNo parent-child relationship is necessary between the communicating
processesSeveral processes can use the named pipe for communicationProvided on
both UNIX and Windows systems
Discuss process termination
Answer:
Process executes last statement and asks the operating system to delete it (exit),
Outputs data from child to parent , deallocates resources.
Parent terminates execution of children processes (abort) when:
Child has exceeded allocated resources
Task assigned to child is no longer required
If parent is exiting
Some operating systems do not allow child to continue if its parent terminates
(cascading termination)