BLA Power Pvt.
Ltd
DEFINATION
A switchyard is a part of an electrical Generation, Transmission,
and Distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to
low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important
functions.
Switchyards generally have Breakers, Isolators , CTs ,PTs , Bus bars,
protection and control equipments, transformers ,grounding wires
and switches, disconnects and metering devices, etc.
132 KV Switchyard
Constructional Overview
Testing
Operation & Maintenance
Protection
Conclusion
Constructional Overview
Two main Bus-1& 2 bars ACSR TWIN MOOSE Conductor.
Both are used to energize any abnormality with Bus-coupler for un
interruption Operation.
Current rating 2000A,Fault Level 40KA for 3 Sec.
Bay Equipment to Equipment Connection-ACSR Moose
Conductor.
CTs are connected in Series , PTs are connected across supply.
STG Generator Transformer Bay
Start-up S.A.T. Bay
132 KV overhead line circuit Bay
132 KV Transfer Bus coupler Bay
Fully Equipped Bus PT Bay
-01 No.
-01 No.
-02 No.s
- 01 No.s
-02 No.s
5
TRNSFER BUS
COUPLER BAY
BUS PT
GEN. TRFO. BAY
O/G OHL #1 BAY
STN. TRFO. BAY
O/G OHL # 2 BAY
Constructional Overview
Total no. of Towers- 28 (A/B/C/D/E)
Total no. of SF6 CB- 5
Total no. of PT-12
Total no. of CT-12
Total no. of LA-12
Total no. of Wave Trap -2
Total no. of Isolators- 22
Total no. of CVT- 6
Total no. of BPI- 18
Total no. of EMPT -6
GEN BAY
SAT BAY
Line# 1 & 2
BAY
B/C BAY
Bus Bar
Protection Scheme
10
Rated Voltage 145 KV
Rated Current 1250 A Frequency 50 Hz
Breaking Capacity 40 KA
Making Capacity 100 KVP
Short Time Rating 40 KA for 3 sec
Operating sequence
O-0.3 sec - CO- 3 MIN- CO
Trip and Closing Coil Voltage 110V DC
Motor Supply 240 V
Testing for SF6:Applied Volt 5KV DC
IR Value
> 20 G CB ON
[R(Y+B+E),Y(R+B+E),B(R+Y+E)]
> 50 G CB OFF
[R-R,Y-Y,B-B]
Applied current 100 A DC
Contact Resistance test: R- ,Y- B- < 34
SF6 Gas pressure setting 5.4 bar.
Breaker , Closing Time 72 ms
Opening Time -29 ms
Each Phase
These are used to operate on the fault on line or X-mer depending upon where it is
connected. This isolates the faulty line or equipments from the live portion of the sub
station by opening automatically through protective relays; control cables etc. in
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definite time.
Make
No of Core
CGL
2
Ratio
132KV/3/110V/3/110V/3
Class
Burden
0.2/3P
100 VA/100 VA
a) Measurement of voltage
b) Provide secondary voltage
protection.
Make
Type
No of Core
Ratio
Class
Burden
CGL
Outdoor
2 Core
400-800/1-1A
0.25/0.25
30 VA
ISF
<= 5
a) Measurement of current
b) Protection current circuits when currents
passed through protective relays like
Distance protection, Backup protection.
for
12
Common Testing's Required for CT & PT:IR Test :
Applied Volt 5KV DC
> 10 G [Prim Earth, Prim Core]
Applied Volt 1KV DC
> 500 M [Core-Earth]
Winding Resistance Test:
< 5-6 [Ex: R- ,1s1-1s2,1s1-1s3]
Ratio Test :
[Prim current 400-800]/ [Sec. current 1-1A]
[Ex: R- ,1s1-1s2,2s1-2s2]
Polarity Test :
Press
[Ex: R- ,1s1-1s2,2s1-2s2]
Knee voltage Test:
[Only For Protection Class CT ]
is significance of saturation level of a current
transformer core mainly used for protection
purposes. The sinusoidal voltage of rated
frequency is applied to the secondary
terminals of CT, with other winding being
open circuited which increased by10%, cause
the exiting current to increase by 50%.
NEXT
Polarity Test :
Battery 9V
P1
P2
S1
S2
Press Back
14
Make
Type
LD DISCHARGE CLASS
Rated Voltage
Rated Frequency
Maximum continuous Operating
Voltage
Nominal Discharge Current
MFD
OBLUM ELECTRICAL
METAL OXIDE
Class-3
60 KV
48-62 HZ
102 KV
10 KA
2010
To discharge the switching & lighting
voltage surges to earth to protect instrument
in the station. These are high pass filters (50
KHZ to 500 KHZ) pass carrier.
Make
OBLUM ELECTRICAL
Wave trap is an instrument of Low pass
filter, when power frequency currents are
passed to switchyard & high freq. signals are
blocked. Line trap also is known as Wave trap.
Shapes like a DRUM.
Use for Carrier Communication (PLCC)
systems for communication among various
substations without dependence on the telecom
company network located in substation control
room (through coupling capacitor and LMU).
15
Bushing
Make
No of Core
CGL
3
Ratio
132KV/3/110V/3/110V/3/110V
Class
Burden
0.2/3P/3P
100 VA/100 VA/100VA
> CVT is a transformer used to step down extra
high volt. Signals & provide low volt. Signals
either for measurement or to operate protective
relays. CVTs are typically 1- devices where
stack of capacitors are connected in series
result voltage drop.
Make
S & S POWER SWITCHGEAR
EQUIPMENT LTD.
Type Drive
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Frequency
Short Time Rating
Lightning Impulse with stand
Across voltage
Motor/Manual,415 v,3
145 kv
1250 A
50 Hz
100 KA for 3 sec
650 kv
> Isolators are used to isolate the high Volt.
from flow through the line into the Bus. It
allows only needed voltage and rest is earthed
by itself if required.
16
Spacer
Clamp
Bus: is a line in which the incoming feeder
come into & get into the instruments for
further step up or step down.
Double line in the bus so that if any fault
occurs in one the other can still have the
current and the supply will not stop.
Two lines are separated by a little distance by
a conductor [spacer] having a connector
between them .
Tension
Suspension
17
OPERATIONAL MODES
Normal Operation :
Synchronization
Start Up / Import
Press
Press
Inter -Transfer Mode Operation:
Inter Transfer Mode
Press
By Pass change over Scheme:
Press
18
Move Next
OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY
OUTGOING OHL #2 BAY
DS-5
DS-5
DS-4
DS-4
CB
CB
DS-3
DS-3
DS-2
<--- GT BAY
MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS
DS-2
DS-1
<--- STN. TRFO BAY
MAIN -1 BUS
DS-1
DS-2
DS-1
DS-2
DS-1
DS-3
DS-2
DS-3
CB
CB
CB
DS-4
DS-4
BUS COUPLER CUM
TRNSFER BREAKER
STN. TRFO
G. TRFO
Gen CB
[Link]
G GENERATOR
LOAD
19
DS-1
OUTGOING OHL #2 BAY
OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY
DS-5
DS-5
DS-4
DS-4
CB
CB
DS-3
DS-3
DS-2
<--- GT BAY
MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS
DS-2
DS-1
DS-1
<--- STN. TRFO BAY
MAIN -1 BUS
DS-1
DS-2
DS-1
DS-2
DS-3
DS-1
DS-2
DS-3
CB
CB
CB
DS-4
DS-4
BUS COUPLER CUM
TRNSFER BREAKER
G. TRFO
[Link]
G GENERATOR
STN. TRFO
LOAD
LOAD
20
Press Back
OUTGOING OHL #2 BAY
OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY
DS-5
DS-5
DS-4
DS-4
CB
CB
DS-3
DS-3
DS-2
<--- GT BAY
MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS
DS-2
DS-1
DS-1
<--- STN. TRFO BAY
MAIN -1 BUS
DS-1
DS-2
DS-1
DS-2
DS-3
DS-1
DS-2
DS-3
CB
CB
CB
DS-4
DS-4
BUS COUPLER CUM
TRNSFER BREAKER
G. TRFO
[Link]
G GENERATOR
STN. TRFO
LOAD
LOAD
21
Press Back
MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS
MAIN -1 BUS
DS-1
DS-2
DS-2
DS-1
DS-3
CB
CB
Tripping Prt.
DS-4
1. Close DS-3
2. Open DS-3 & DS4
BUS COUPLER CUM
TRNSFER BREAKERS
Close DS-3
OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY
22
MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS
MAIN -1 BUS
DS-2
DS-1
CB
DS-1
DS-3
Tripping Prt.
DS-2
CB
DS-4
BUS COUPLER CUM
TRNSFER BREAKER
OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY
23
Press Back
MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS
MAIN -1 BUS
DS-1
DS-2
DS-2
DS-1
DS-3
CB
Protection
Tripping fuse Out
CB
Tripping Prt.
DS-4
1. Open DS-1
2. Close DS-1
BUS COUPLER CUM
TRNSFER BREAKERS
OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY
24
Press Back
Maintenance
CTs, PTs ,all auxiliaries terminal tightness.
SF6 Breaker Gas pressure monitoring &
maintain.
Stone,metnal layer maintain across the area.
Monitoring & diagnosis using Hotspot detector
or temperature scanner .
Isolator & contact cleaning on scheduled.
25
Thermal Sensor / Hot Spot Detector
26
27
Protection
28
29
30
Protection System
A series of devices whose main purpose is to
protect persons and primary electric power
equipment from the effects of faults.
Why A System Needs Protection?
There is no fault free system.
It is neither practical nor economical to build a fault free
system.
Electrical system shall tolerate certain degree of faults.
Usually faults are caused by breakdown of insulation due to
various reasons: Short Circuit, High Voltage, system aging,
lighting, etc.
Protection System Elements
Protective relays
Circuit breakers
Current and voltage transducers
Communications channels
DC supply system
Control cables
Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection scheme
CB
CTs
Protected
Equipment
Control
Relay
VTs
How Do Relays Detect Faults?
When a fault takes place, the current, voltage, frequency,
and other electrical variables behave in a peculiar way.
For example:
Current suddenly increases
Voltage suddenly decreases
Relays can measure the currents and the voltages and
detect that there is an overcurrent, or an undervoltage, or
a combination of both
Many other detection principles determine the design of
protective relays
Main Protection Requirements
Reliability
Selectivity
Speed
Sensitivity
Typical Short-Circuit Type Distribution
Single-Phase-Ground:
Phase-Phase-Ground:
Phase-Phase:
Three-Phase:
7080%
1710%
1008%
0302%
Following type of Protection Curve
used in our plant
1.
2.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
INSTANTANEOUS/High Speed
DMT: (Definite Mean Time-I>>/high set)
IDMT: (Inverse Definite Minimum Time)
SI
- Standard Inverse (I>)
VI
- Very Inverse
EI
- Extreme Inverse
LTI
- Long Time Inverse
Formula for Relay Operating Time
calculation
Operating Time:
=
A X TMS
Ir C - 1
o A=0.14 & C=0.02 for SI
o A=0.13.5 & C=1.0 for VI
o A= 80 & C= 2.0 for EI
o A=120 & C=1.0 for LTI
o Ir= I(multiple of fault current) / Iset
Example:
If FLC=100A, % setting =105,
Operate time = 10sec Then TMS=?
If CTR =150/1A, In=150, Isec=1A
As per CTR % set= 0.7*In.
Relay Iset= 700mA, Ir=1.05/1.0=1.05
=>TMS will be 0.136
IDMT:SI
IDMT:
Basic Requirement for Relay Setting
Equipment Full Rating(V, Amp, Z)
CT/PT Ratio installed on that feeder
Identification of CT/PT for Particular
protection.
Breaker opening & tripping time.
Equipments Factory Test report/Curve
Relay Setting Adopted for our system:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
OC: 105% to 120% - SI,
EF: 10% to 30%. - SI
OV: 110%, U/V: 80% - DMT
SEF: more than EF and time >0.8to1.0sc.
REF/Diff : 08 to12% -Inst.
DPR (Z1-inst. Z2-300ms, Z-800ms)
Protection used for different System
For Transmission Line :
a. Distance Protection
b. Backup Direction OC/EF
c. Lightning Protection
For Transformer:
a. Differential Protection
b. Overfluxing
c. O/C & E/F
d. Restricted E/F
[Link] or standby E/F
f. Buchholz
g. Pressure Release Valve
h. Winding/ oil Temperature & LA
For LT Motor (up to 35KW)
a. Thermal Overload
b. Fuse
For LT Motor (Above 35KW)
a. Thermal Over Laod
b. O/C & E/F
For HT Motors:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
a.
b.
Thermal Over Load
O/C & E/F
Locked Rotor
Negative Phase Sequence
Start supervision
Restart Inhabit
For Generator :
Differential Protection
Stator Earth Fault (100% & 90 %)
c. Rotor E/F
d. NPS
e. Backup Impedance
f. Backup O/C & E/F
g. Loss of field
h. Reverse Power (Short Time /Long time)
i. Thermal Overload Alarm
j. Dead Machine
k. Winding temperature
l. O/V & U/V
SUMMARY
The Operative Direction for Directional OC Relays are as follows:
GT bay relay is having operative direction towards GT.
Line bay relay is having operative direction towards Line.
Station Transformer. Relay is having operative direction towards Station Transformer.
Grading margin of 0.3 seconds has been considered between different levels of
protective devices.
In case of a fault on Line, Distance relay will operate instantaneously. If it fails to
Operate than Directional OC relay will operate as backup.
If the fault is still found persisting than GT bay and other line bay relay will give
further backup and will trip their respective breakers to clear the fault.
In case of a fault on Bus, Bus differential relay will operate instantaneously. If this
relay fails to clear the fault , all other feeders including two line bays and GT bay
relays will trip their respective breakers to clear the fault .
In case of a fault in Generator Transformer (GT),Differential protection for GT will
operate instantaneously. And Directional relay looking towards GT will give backup to
it. If the fault is still found persisting than all other feeders including two line bays will
trip their respective breaker to clear the fault.
Forward Path
For Trouble Free Operation.
Longevity of System.
2 No.s Upcoming Bays for Unit-II
51
Special Thanks
for Guidance
Mr. U.P. Sharma
Sr. Manager [ Dept. Of Electrical ]
for Co-ordination
Mr. Nilesh Malviya
Mr. Dhanajya Ray
Engineer [ Dept. Of Electrical ]
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