Science Finals

Study Guide
Ryan Lu
Period 1
Dr. Vergotes Class
By

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50 THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. Elastic potential energy is a type of potential energy that is stored because of an
elastic object being stretched. The amount of elastic potential energy is
proportionate to how far it was stretched.
2. The process that causes barrier islands such as Sandy Key to form is erosion or
weathering.
3. [Link] (If I had to list all of them, it would
take up about 2 or 3 pages, and printer ink is expensive)
4. Carbohydrates are groups of organic compounds that can be in foods, like sugar,
starch, and cellulose. It can be broken down to release energy in the body.
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen combine to form carbohydrates.
5. A model is a representation or recreation of an object or thing and can be varied
in detail. It is usually smaller than what it based on. There can be a 3-D
representation of a brain, and a 2-D diagram of a brain.
6. Mass is any being of matter that can be measured. Volume is how much space a
mass takes up. Weight is how much gravitational force is acting upon a mass.
7. Gravity is a force that pulls together all matter. Free fall is when there only the
force of gravity acting upon a mass.
8. A theory is a system of ideas used to explain something, a set of principles an
activity is based, or an idea used to account for a situation. A law is a rule that is
definite, and cannot be changed, unless new evidence can disprove that law. An
observation is when you take note of features of an object. Empirical evidence is
evidence that is factual, and is not biased nor opinionated.
9. A sinkhole is a cavity in the ground caused by water erosion. Florida has a lot of
sinkholes because our foundation is on limestone, and we are a peninsula, so we
would have a lot of water entering Florida, and that can erode the limestone,
causing sinkholes to occur.
10. A multicellular organism has multiple cells, they are usually bigger, more
complex, and different organs to carry out various functions. A unicellular
organism is very small, have a simple structure, and have no nucleus.
11. Latitudes are imaginary lines that span the earth length-wise. Longitudes are
imaginary lines that span the earth height-wise. They can be measured, like 51
degrees longitude and 23 degrees latitude.
12. A latitude that is closer to the equator usually has a warmer climate because it is
near the Earths spheres far length. Because the Earths axis is tilted, the suns
heat gets to the Earth unevenly, and as a result, the latitudes near the equator
receive more of the suns heat than other latitudes.
13. There is no start to the water cycle, but lets start with evaporation. Evaporation
is when the heat of the sun causes the water to turn into water vapor.
Condensation is when water vapor condenses to form tiny droplets of water, it
can make a cloud. Precipitation is when water is released from a cloud in the
form of rain, snow, hail, or sleet. Run-off is when water from the precipitation
runs off into a larger body of water, or just stays on the Earth. Infiltration is
when water is absorbed into the Earths soil. Transpiration is when plants (after
absorbing water from the infiltrated water from the soil) sweats water and
evaporates. The cycle is endless, and has no beginning nor end.

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14. The average acceleration of a car moving in a straight line at a speed of 5 meters
per second after five seconds is 25 meters.
15. The distance from the sea, ocean currents, direction of winds, topography,
distance from equator, and the El Nino phenomenon are all factors that affect
climate.
16. Meters, yards, and feet are some units of measuring length.
17. There are three layers of the Earth: the crust, the mantle, and the core. The crust
is the thin, outermost layer of the geosphere, made mostly of silicates, and 5 to
10 kilometers thick. The mantle lies just below the crust, made of more dense
silicate material than the crust, and is about 2.9 thousand kilometers thick. The
core is the central part of the Earth, under the mantle, has a radius of 3.4
thousand kilometers, and is made of iron and nickel, and is very dense.
18. Sea breezes are when low-pressure air over the sea moves over to higher-
pressure areas on the land, it usually happens during the day. Land breezes are
the opposite; the low-pressure air over the land moves over to higher-pressure
areas in the sea, and usually happens during the day. They are made because
land heats up faster than water, and land cools down faster than water does.
Valley breezes are when a valley has low-pressure air in the middle, and spreads
out to the surrounding hill or mountain. A mountain breeze is the opposite; low-
pressure air from the hills or mountains go into the middle. They are caused
because of uneven heating between the mountains and the valleys.
19. Both animal and plant cells have nucleuses, cell membranes, and cytoplasm. The
nucleus is a large and oval organelle and controls cell activities. Cell membranes
are either in a cell wall of a plant cell, or in the outer layer of an animal cell, and
provides support, protection, movement of materials entering and leaving the
cell, maintains homeostasis, and barriers the cell from the environment. The
cytoplasm is a clear, thick, jelly-like material found inside the cell membrane, it
supports and protects the cell organelles. Only plants have a cell wall, which is a
strong, stiff, and rigid cellulose outer layer that supports, protects, and allow
certain materials into the plant cell. An organelle that is common to the animal
cell, and uncommon in plant cells is the lysosome, a small, round, membrane-
bound organelle that breaks down larger food molecules into smaller ones, and
digests old cell parts.
20. A force a thrust of a rocket must overcome to go into space is gravity.
21. Replication is the ability of an entire experiment or study to be reproduced, and
is one of the main principles of the scientific method. Repetition is doing an
experiment over a number of times, recording the results, and analyzing the
results.
22. The scientific method consists of seven main steps: ask a question, do
background research, construct a hypothesis, test with an experiment, analyze
data, draw conclusions, and to communicate results. The scientific method starts
when you ask a question about something observable. You should do
background research to see if there are any unseen variables in your method.
You should hypothesize the result of your experiment to test the idea and see
whether it was proven or not. You should test with an experiment to get data to
analyze to see if the hypothesis was proven. You need to analyze data to get an
accurate conclusion. You need to draw conclusions to get a verdict on whether

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or not your hypothesis was proven. You should communicate results so that
others can replicate your experiment, and see it for themselves.
23. The Earths atmosphere is composed of 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, 0.04%
carbon dioxide, and about 0.9% argon.
24. Bacterial infections and viral infections are both caused by microbes and can
cause diseases. Some things unique about bacterial infections is that they are
caused by bacteria that can be treated with antibiotics, and that less than 1% of
bacteria cause diseases. Some things unique about viral infections is that they
are caused by viruses, require a host to live, attack certain cells, and cannot be
treated with antibiotics, but rather vaccines.
25. The immune response is how your body recognizes and defends itself from
harmful cells like bacteria and viruses. There is the innate immunity, which is a
defense system you were born with, like coughing reflex, mucus, skin, and
stomach acid. Acquired immunity is an immunity that is gained after exposure
over time to various antigens. Passive immunity is due to antibodies produced in
a body other than their own, like from their mothers.
26. A vaccine contains a killed or weakened virus that is injected into it. Because
the virus is killed, the vaccine user does not get sick. The immune response
creates antibodies so that if the virus tries to infect the host, it will get taken care
of quickly.
27. The muscular system allows the movement of body parts. The skeletal system
supports the body and protects the important organs. The respiratory system
gathers oxygen from the environment and gets rid of the carbon dioxide from
the body. The male reproductive system produces sperm and delivers it to the
female reproductive system. The female reproductive system produces eggs and
nourishes a developing fetus. The cardiovascular system moves blood through
the body. The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid back to the blood. The
endocrine makes chemical messages. The integumentary system is the protective
covering of the body. The excretory system gets rid of the bodys wastes. The
digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be used by the body.
The nervous collects information and responds to it by sending electrical
messages.
28. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon
dioxide to produce food. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells use
oxygen to produce energy from food.
29. Erosion is the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and
sediment from one location to another. Deposition is the process in which
material is laid down. Physical weathering is the mechanical breakdown of rocks
into smaller pieces that is caused by natural processes. Chemical weathering is
the chemical breakdown and decomposition of rocks by natural processes in the
environment.
30. Many layers of deposited sediment can form a flat area called a floodplain.
Streams often deposit their loads in a fan-shaped pattern called a delta. An
alluvial fan is a fan-shaped deposit that forms on dry land. A sea cliff forms
when waves erode and undercut rock to make steep slopes. Sea caves form when
caves cut large holes into fractured or weak rock along the base of sea cliffs. Sea
arches form when wave action erodes sea caves until a hole cuts through a

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headland. Sea stacks form when the tops of sea arches collapse and leave behind
isolated columns of rock.

31. Sinkholes are cavities in the ground caused by water erosion. A thunderstorm is
an intense local storm that forms strong winds, heavy rain, thunder, lighting, and
sometimes hail. A hurricane is a tropical, low-pressure system with winds
blowing at speeds of 119 km/h (74 mi/h) or more, strong enough to uproot trees.
A tornado is a destructive, rotating column of air that has very high wind speeds
and that is sometimes visible as a funnel-shaped cloud. A volcano is a mountain
or hill that can erupt lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, or gas. An earthquake is a
sudden or violent shaking of the ground, and are caused by rocks underground
suddenly breaking along a fault. A storm surge is a local rise in sea level near
the shore that is caused by strong winds from a storm, such as those from a
hurricane. Lightning is an electric discharge that takes place between two
oppositely charged surfaces.

32. A force is a push or pull. Speed is the distance traveled divided by the time
interval during which the motion occurred. Acceleration is the rate at which
velocity changes over time, acceleration is a constant increase in speed.
Deceleration is the opposite; it is a constant decrease in speed. Velocity is the
speed of an object in a particular direction. Newtons are the SI unit of force that
is equal to the force that would give a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of
one meter per second per second. Free fall is the motion of a body when only the
force of gravity is acting upon the body.

33. Balance forces are two forces acting in opposite directions on an object, and
equal in size. Net force is the combination of all of the forces acting on an object.
The net force depends on the direction in which the force is applied. If the forces
are in the same direction then you would add the net forces together, and if the
forces are in the opposite directions then you would subtract the forces to find
net force.

34. Newtons first law (the law of inertia) is An object at rest remains at rest, and
an object in motion maintains its velocity unless it experiences an unbalanced
force, and it basically means an object will not start moving until a push or pull
is exerted upon it, and an object will not stop moving until an unbalanced force
acts on them. Newtons second law is The acceleration of an object depends on
the mass of the object and the force applied, and it describes motion, and links
force, mass, and acceleration, and can be expressed mathematically using the
equation , where is the force, is the mass, and is the
acceleration. This means that a given force applied to a large mass will only
have a small acceleration, whereas the same force applied to a smaller mass will
have a larger acceleration. Newtons third law is Whenever one object exerts a
force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force
on the first and it means that all forces act in pairs, and can be restated as For
every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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35. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. All moving objects have kinetic energy.
The amount of kinetic energy that an object has depends on mass and speed. The
faster an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has. Potential energy is the
stored energy that an object has due to its position, condition, or chemical
composition. One type of potential energy is called gravitational potential
energy. The amount of gravitational potential energy that an object has depends
on its mass and its height above the ground. There is also elastic potential
energy and chemical potential energy. The following is a professional picture
composed on Microsoft Paint.






If you would rather prefer an animation to demonstrate energy, please go to
[Link]
36. There are three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Domain Bacteria is
comprised of bacteria, which are prokaryotes that have a cell wall and reproduce
by cell division, and can live in almost any environment. Domain Archaea is
made up of prokaryotes that are extremists (living in extreme environments) and
differ from bacteria in genetics and differences in cell walls. Domain Eukarya is
mostly made up of eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are made up of cells that have a
nucleus and have membrane-bound organelles. Some eukaryotic creatures are
single-celled, like many protists and some fungi. There are four kingdoms in
Eukarya: Animalia, Plantae, Protista, and Fungi. Animalia contains multicellular
organisms that lack cell walls, are usually able to move around, and have
specialized sense organs. Plantae consists of multicellular organisms that have
cell walls, cannot move around, and make their own food. Protista consists of
protists, which are a very diverse group of organisms, with plantlike, animal-like,
or fungus-like characteristics. Fungi get energy by absorbing materials and have
cells with cell walls but no chloroplasts.
37. The order of the levels of organization of living things is: Domain, Kingdom,
Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
38. The levels of organization within a living thing is: organism, organ systems,
organs, tissues, cells.

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39. The ice cube receives the heat energy from the warm air surrounding it, because
the warm air has a higher temperature than the ice cube. The heat energy
transfers from higher-temperature objects to lower-temperature objects until
they try to match up in temperature.
40. Weather can change in any time period. Climate is the average weather over a
long period of time in a particular region.
41. Weather is the condition of Earths atmosphere at a certain time and place. Some
aspects that affect weather are fronts, pressure systems, and ocean currents.
Fronts can form clouds that make precipitation. Areas with high pressure
produce clear weather, and areas with low pressure produce rainy weather. Cool
ocean currents lower coastal air temperatures, and warm ocean currents raise
coastal air temperatures.
42. Passive transport does not require energy, whereas active transport uses energy.
An example of passive transport is a tea bag spreading its various liquids to the
water. An example of passive transport is endocytosis and exocytosis.
43. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both produce energy. Cellular respiration
uses oxygen to produce energy from food, whereas photosynthesis gets its
energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce food.
44. The formula for calculating average speed is

, where means average

.
45. We could get a panther in captivity and see what difficulties it faces in Florida.
We can see how this affects the Florida Panthers mortality rates and estimate
how many there are. We could also possibly run simulations on how well a
Florida Panther would survive in Florida, with all of its factors (sunlight
harshness, water availability, poaching, food availability, etc.)
46. Rainwater can runoff into the ocean. The rainwater can also infiltrate or
percolate into the ground and become groundwater, and there could be a
pathway into the ocean from there, and it enters the ocean.
47. Transpiration and evaporation can get water vapor into the air. The difference
between the two is that transpiration is sweat from plants, and evaporation is
when water anywhere can get transformed into water vapor.
48. The three major global winds are trade winds, easterlies, and westerlies. Trade
winds blow majorly towards the equator. Easterlies blow from east to west.
Westerlies blow from west to east.
49. This word document has 3042 words and 14,976 characters.
50. This study guide is officially over.