Stuff You Need to Know Before Modifying Your Exhaust

The automobile plays an important role in the transport system of India. With increase in
population and living standards, the vehicle population is also increasing day by day. There is
steep increase in the number of two wheelers during the last few years. All this are increasing
exhaust pollution and particularly in metros as density of these vehicles is very high. As we
know, more the emission, more the amount of fuel we have to burn in engine.
Fuel consumption is directly depends on working conditions of an engine. Particularly for two
wheelers, an extensive analysis of energy usage and pollution shows alternative power systems
are still a long way behind the conventional ones. Moreover many bikers uses modification in
their exhaust to get so called exhaust tune and sporty look.

Here is the live example of it. He has converted his normal TVS bike into dirt bike and exhaust
has been modified to get sound like dirt bike. I saw many FZs, FAZERs and other bikes with
modified exhaust like R1. Then I decided to observe the effects of this modification and I had
performed one experiment.
Engine does a process called scavenging in between completion of exhaust stroke and starting of
suction stroke. This process is for removing the burned gases from the cylinder with the help of
fresh charge.
The scavenging efficiency of engine is directly affected by speed of the engine, exhaust valve
opening, exhaust port dimensions, exhaust pipe location and position, dimensions of catalytic
converter, muffler design. All these parameters finally affect the back pressure of exhaust. Back
pressure in the exhaust is required to remove the gases from exhaust pipe.
After completion of exhaust stroke, Pressure in the exhaust pipe becomes more than the
atmospheric pressure. Because of this, gases flow automatically from pipe to the atmosphere
with high velocity and produces tune that we listen from exhaust.

Now to get the smooth (Nearly Laminar) flow of exhaust gases, designer keep the value of back
pressure within limit by introducing slant in muffler (You can observe this slant in each bike
above 125 cc), muffler design, path travel by gases etc. according to the capacity of engine. Now
at the time of modification, we are influencing following parameters:
1. First of all we are increasing the total length of exhaust because of which the path travel
by the gases increases. Now as the gases have to move long way, velocity developed in
the pipe decreases by the time. As per the rule, velocity and pressure are inversely
proportional. So finally pressure will increase and flow gets chocked. (Chocking means
drop in velocity of exhaust gases drastically. It doesnt mean the zero velocity. If the
velocity becomes zero then we cant run the engine anymore. But as we are introducing
more and more gases in the pipe after each stroke, the gases finally reaches to the
opening of pipe. But the velocity is too low then the required.)
2. As we are increasing the exhaust pipe length, we are introducing more bends in the
exhaust pipe. Each bend causes flow restriction and friction losses in the gas flow. This
leads to chocking of flow again.
3. As this two major factors result in chocking of flow, the next batch of burned gases
coming out from cylinder dont find any way to move.
4. Finally the scavenging efficiency of engine reduces drastically and burned gases remain
in the cylinder. These burned gases got mix with the fresh charge and burnt again and
again. This process leads to generation of more emission.
Experimental Setup
So to check the above said effects of modification, I performed an experiment. The figure
indicated here illustrates the HH PASSION just for outlining the set-up. In real experiment, I
used other bike. I increased the slant of exhaust pipe up to 90.

Because this is the maximum angle likely to be exerted at the time of modification. 3000 to 5000
RPM was selected for the test because in usual driving practice this is the most common
operating range.
First, I measured the performance with original angle provided by the company to get the
standard data. The next step was to carry out the performance test with various changed angles of
exhaust opening. Changed exhaust manifold angles would result as higher fuel consumption, low
brake thermal efficiency, and high exhaust emission. Below fig indicates my prediction I made
before test and also illustrates the changing angle of exhaust.

The above figures indicate the total experimental set-up used for the test. Now I directly
switching over to result I got from this test.
Results
The value of back pressure for 90 is approximately 3.2 times more than the standard
value.
Back pressure value increases 0.08 KPa with increase in manifold angle by 1. This
nature of back pressure is applicable up to 60.
After 60, the increase in back pressure turns out to be 0.44 KPa with 1 rise in manifold
angle.
Fuel Consumption increases 7.93 gm/hr with increase in manifold angle by 1.
Thermal efficiency of engine decreases 0.17 % with increase in manifold angle by 1.
HC emission increases 2.60 ppm with increase in manifold angle by 1.
CO emission increases 0.054 % with increase in manifold angle by 1.
So guys, here you have the results of modification done in exhaust. I did the modification only
with opening angle of exhaust; many other factors are yet remaining to be examined. Many other
factors also contribute to these effects.
You can judge the results what if all the factors contribute together. This is what generally
happens when we modify our exhaust with local dealers or garages. We blindly are increasing
pollution and fuel consumption of our bikes. Many calculators are available on net for
calculating correct required back pressure for your bike engine. You have to insert some
technical specifications and it will provide you the correct back pressure.
I personally suggest you not to modify your exhaust ever. Because it is optimum design
provided by the manufacturer and designed by their best designers. Even then if you are so
passionate about noisy bikes (there is vast difference in tune and noise), first you get the
calculated back pressure and then get the correct dealer for correct exhaust.