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Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4

Computers Are Your Future
Ch t 4
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 1
Chapter 4
System Software
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
What You Will Learn . . .
The two major components of operating system software
Why a computer isnt useful without an operating system
The five basic functions of an operating system
What happens when you turn on a computer
The three major types of user interfaces
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 2
The three major types of user interfaces
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
What You Will Learn . . .
The strengths and weaknesses of the most popular operating
systems
The seven essential system utilities
Data backup procedures
Troubleshooting techniques
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 3
Troubleshooting techniques
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
System Software
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 4
System software includes all of the programs needed to
keep a computer and its peripheral devices running
smoothly
Two major categories of system software are:
Operating systems (OS)
System utilities
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
The Operating System (OS):
The Computers Traffic Cop
The operating systemis a set of programs that
perform certain basic functions with a specific type
of hardware
The functions of the operating system are:
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 5
p g y
Starting the computer
Managing programs
Managing memory
Handling messages from input and output devices
Enabling user interaction with the computer
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Starting the Computer
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 6
Booting The process of loading or reloading the
operating system into the computers memory
The booting processes are:
Cold boot Loads the OS when the power is turned on
Warm boot Reloads the OS when the computer is
already on
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Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Starting the Computer
The computer copies the kernel from the hard drive
into the computers memory
The kernel:
Is the central part of the operating system
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 7
Starts all applications
Manages devices and memory
Resides in memory at all times
Performs other essential functions
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Starting the Computer
The step-by-step booting process (click for each step):
BIOS is
loaded
Power-on
Self-test is
completed
Operating
Systemis
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 8
Systemis
loaded
System
configuration
is
accomplished System
Utilities are
loaded
Users are
authenticated
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Step 1: The BIOS and Setup Program
ROM(read only memory) Permanent and unchanging
memory
BIOS (basic input/output system) The part of the system
software that includes the instructions that the computer uses
to accept input and output
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Load To transfer from a storage device to memory
ROM loads BIOS into the computers memory
Setup program A special program containing settings that
control the computers hardware
The program can be accessed while the BIOS information is
visible
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Step 2: The Power-On-Self-Test (POST)
POST (power-on-self-test) A series of tests
conducted on the computers main memory (random
access memory or RAM), input/output devices, disk
drives, and the hard disk
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 10
BIOS conducts a Power-On-Self-Test (POST) to check
the input/output system for operability
The computer will produce a beeping sound and an
error message will appear on the monitor if any
problems are encountered
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Step 3: The Operating System (OS) Loads
BIOS searches for the OS
Settings in the CMOScomplementary metal-oxide
semiconductordetermine where to look for the OS
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 11
The operating systems kernel is loaded into the
computers memory
The OS takes control of the computer and begins
loading system configuration information
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Step 4: System Configuration
Registry A database that stores information about
peripherals and software
Peripheral Device connected to a computer
D i A ili h k i h l
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Driver A utility program that makes peripheral
devices function properly
The system is configured from the operating systems
registry
Drivers are loaded into memory
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Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Step 5: System Utilities Loads
System utilities are loaded into memory
Volume control
Antivirus software
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PC card unplugging utility
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Step 6: Users Authentication
Authentication or user login occurs
User name
Password
Th i t f t t bli i t ti
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 14
The user interface starts, enabling user interaction
with computer programs
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Managing Applications
Single-tasking operating systems run one application
program at a time
Multitasking operating systems have the ability to
run more than one application program at a time
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 15
Multitasking is accomplished by:
A foreground application The active program or
program in use
One or more background applications Inactive
program(s) or program(s) not in use
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Example of Multitasking
Background
application
Foreground
application
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 16
pp
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Managing Programs
Preemptive multitasking Enables the operating
system to regain control if an application stops
working
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 17
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Managing Memory
Computers use memory to make processing more
fluid
The operating system allocates memory areas for
h i it k f
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 18
each running program; it keeps programs from
interfering with each other
The operating system uses virtual memory as an
extension of random access memory (RAM)
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Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Managing Virtual Memory
Virtual memory
hard disk
page
swapped
in
most recently
transferred data or
programinstructions
memory
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 19
least recently
used data or
programinstructions
page
swapped
out
swap
file
Virtual memory
management
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Handling Input and Output
Input and output devices generate interrupts, or signals, that tell
the operating system that something has happened
The OS provides interrupt handlers or mini-programs that
begin when an interrupt occurs
I t t t (IRQ) li h dl h i i
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 20
Interrupt request (IRQ) lines handle the communications
between input/output devices and the CPU
An IRQ conflict causes system
instability when two devices try to use
the same IRQ line
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Providing the User Interface
The user interface is that part of the operating
system with which the user interacts with a computer
User interface functions:
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 21
Start application programs
Manage disks and files
Shut down the computer safely
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Graphical user interface (GUI):
Uses graphics to create a desktop environment
Icons (small pictures) represent computer resources
Programs run within on-screen windows
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 22
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Menu-driven User Interface
Menu-driven:
Text-based menus are used to show all of the options
available to the user
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 23
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Command-Line Interface
Command-line:
The user is required to type keywords or commands in
order to enter data or give instructions
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Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
WINDOWS XP
Exploring Popular Operating Systems
WINDOWS CE
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 25
MAC OS X
WINDOWS NT
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
MS-DOS
LINUX
UNIX
Exploring Popular Operating Systems
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 26
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Microsoft Windows
Click to view each Windows version (1985-2001)
Windows 1.0 (1985) Windows 2.0 (1987) Windows 3.x (1990-1992) Windows NT (1993) Windows 95 (1995) Windows 98 (1998) Windows 2000 (2000) Windows ME (2000) Windows XP (2001)
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 27
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Windows XP
Released in 2001 by Microsoft
XP is short for experience
Uses the same underlying code
for all versions
Replaces all previous versions
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 28
Replaces all previous versions
of Windows
Three versions:
Windows XP Home Edition
Windows XP Professional
Windows XP Server
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Windows NT
Released in 1993 by Microsoft
Designed for client/server
systems
Two components:
Windows NT Workstation
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 29
Windows NT Workstation
Windows NT Server
Oriented to business needs
Offers security, remote
administration, directory
services, and a Web server
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Windows CE
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 30
Released in 1996 by Microsoft
System used in PDAs or palmtops
Runs simplified versions of Windows programs
Data can be transferred to PCs
Includes handwriting and voice recognition
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Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
MAC OS
Created in 1984
First OS to use graphical
user interface
Easiest operating system
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 31
Easiest operating system
for beginners
A new version, Mac OS
X, was released in 2000
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Linux
Developed in 1991
by UNIX
Open-source code
Available for all to
see and use
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 32
Competes with
Windows and MAC-
OS
Powerful and free
Growing acceptance
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
MS-DOS
Developed for IBM PCs in 1981
Uses command-line interface
Use is diminishing
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 33
Use is diminishing
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
UNIX
Developed by AT&T in 1970s
Included first preemptive
multitasking system
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 34
Developed concepts of file
management and path names
Facilitates client/server
networking
Widely used by corporations
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
System Utilities: Tools for Housekeeping
System utilities are programs that help the operating
system manage the computer systems resources
Types of utilities:
Backup software
Antivirus software
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 35
Disk scanning
Disk defragmentation
File management
File-searching software
File compression
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Backup Software
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 36
Backup software includes programs that enable the user
to copy data from the hard disk to another storage
medium
Types of backups:
Full backup
Incremental backup
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Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Antivirus Software
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Antivirus software protects the computer from
computer viruses
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
File Management Utilities
Known as a file manager
Enables the user to perform various
tasks on storage devices using files,
folders and directories
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 38
folders, and directories
Tasks include:
Creating folders
Saving, deleting, copying, and
moving files and folders
Examining the contents of files
Launching application programs
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Search
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Search programs enable users to find files on
storage devices
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
File Compression Utility
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A file compression utility reduces the size of a file
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Disk Scanning Programs
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Disk-scanning utilities are programs that detect and fix
physical and logical problems on storage devices
Disk cleanup utilities are programs that remove files that
are no longer needed
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Disk Defragmentation Programs
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A disk defragmentation programmoves data on a
storage device to improve performance
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Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
System Update
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Windows Update keeps the operating system up to
date
[Link]
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Troubleshooting
Computer startup failure:
Use a boot disk (emergency disk) in the floppy drive
Configuration problems after adding new peripherals:
Start the computer in Windows safe mode
Access safe mode by pressing the F8 key during the
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 44
Access safe mode by pressing the F8 key during the
startup process
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Troubleshooting
System slowdown:
Scan for viruses
Check the CPU fan
Check BIOS options
Defragment the hard disk
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 45
Defragment the hard disk
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Shutting Down Your System
Click Start, then Turn Off Computer
Standby - low power state
Shut Down turns computer off
Restart reboots computer
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 46
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Summary
Two of the system software components are the
operating system and system utilities
The operating system coordinates the functions
of a computers hardware and provides support
for application programs
An operating system manages programs
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 47
An operating system manages programs,
memory, and input/output devices, and it also
provides a means of communicating with the user
The six steps to start a computer are loading the
BIOS, power-on self-test, load operating system,
configure system, load utilities, authenticate
users
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Summary (continued)
Two major operating systems for the personal
computer are Microsoft Windows and the Mac OS X
The basic types of user interface are command-line,
menu-driven, and graphical
System utilities keep the computer running efficiently
B k d k d t f
2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 48
Backup procedures keep data safe
Troubleshooting is helpful for discovering errors