Relations and Functions

Relations
- An association from set x to set y such that each x is an element of x and corresponds to at least one y that
is an element of y.
- Any set of one or more ordered pairs.
- One to many

(x, y)
x domain
y range

1. Relation as an ORDERED PAIR
Ex. - (x,y)
- {(x,y); (a,b); (c,d)}

2. Relation as a TABLE
Ex. -
Animal (x) Breed (y)
Dog Shihtzu
Cat Siamese
Bird Parrot

3. Relation as an ARROW DIAGRAM
Ex. - Dog Shihtzu
Cat Siamese
Bird Parrot

4. Relation as an EQUATION/FORMULA
Ex. - (x,y) = (1,2)
- y = x + 1

5. Relation as a GRAPH
Ex. -
X 1 2 4 8
Y 2 4 8 16
- Cartesian planes
Functions
- An association from set x to set y such that each x is an element of x and corresponds to ONLY ONE y that is
an element of y.
- There can only be one x.
- One to one, one to many

*Tips in distinguishing if an equation is a relation or function:
- If the exponent of y is even, then its not a function.
- If |y| is in the equation, then its not a function.
- y x not a function.
Arithmetic Sequence

m = slope
= common difference

When you are given a series of numbers without the slope, you need to find the slope. To get the slope, take two
consecutive numbers and subtract the 2
nd
from the 1
st
.
Ex.
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14

Take 2 and 4, then subtract.

4 2 = 2 m = 2

Now your x is the order of the number, and your y is the number itself.

So, (x,y) (1,2)
1 because its the 1
st
, and 2.

Now that you know the slope and 2 consecutive numbers in a series, you use this formula then, substitute.

y = m (x-x
1
) + y
1


Example problem:
Given:
4
th
term: 7
m = 4
Required:
2
nd
term

So you know that
x
1
= 4 (because 4
th
term)
y
1
= 7 (number itself)
Solution:

y = m (x-x
1
) + y
1

[then substitute]

y = 4 (x-4) + 7
[then distribute (x-4) to 4]
y = 4x 16 + 7
[simplify]
y = 4x 9

Now that you have the equation
y = 4x 9, you can now solve for the 2
nd
term since your required is the 2
nd
term.

So take the equation, substitute x with 2 then solve.

y = 4(2) 9
y = 8 9
y = -1

The second term is -1.

Example problem when given 2 ordered pairs:

Given:
12
th
term: 15
35rd term: 61
Required:
25
th
term

So you know that the 2 pairs are
(12,15) & (35,61)

Solution:
First you look for the slope, so you use this formula

y
2
y
1
/ x
2
x
1
= m
[substitute]
61-15 / 35-12 = 46/23 = 2 m = 2

Now use the formula and its up to you to choose with ordered pair to use to substitute. In this example lets use
(12, 15) so,

y = m (x-x
1
) + y
1
[substitute]

y = 2 (x-12) + 15
[distribute]
y = 2x 24 +15
[simplify]
y = 2x 9
[substitute x with 25 because your required is the 25
th
term]
y = 2(25) 9
y = 50 9
y = 41

Your 25
th
term is 41.

Now, if your required is the sum of a certain number of terms, the formula to use is:

Sn = n (f1 + fn) / 2

Where in,

n = total number of terms
f1 = first term
fn = nth term

((S in Sn just means sum))

Example problem:

Given:
9
th
term: 28
m = -4
Required:
sum of the 1
st
ten terms

So you know that you have your n (total number which is in the required) that is 10.
But you have to look for your first term & 10
th
term (because the 10
th
is the nth term in this problem since you are
looking for the sum of ten) (so basically the nth term is always the last term of how much terms there are in a
sequence)

Solution:
First you get the first term through finding the equation for the problem. So,

y = m (x-x
1
) + y
1

y = -4 (x-9) + 28
y = -4x + 36 + 28
y = -4x + 64

Now with your equation substitute x with 1 since youre looking for the 1
st
term.

y = -4(1) + 64
y = -4 + 64
y = 60

Now you look for the nth term.

y = -4(10) + 64
y = -40 + 64
y = 24

Next thing you do so that you dont get confused, is to name your n, f1, and fn.

So,

n = 10
f1 = 60
fn = 24

Next thing to do is to substitute with the equation below then simplify.

Sn = n (f1 + fn) / 2

S
10
= 10 (60 + 24) / 2
= 10 (84) / 2
(cancel out 10/2 making it 5/1 or simply just 5)
= 5 (84)
S
10
= 420

So, the sum of the 1
st
ten terms in the sequence is 420.

Now, if your required is the sum of all digits divisible by a certain number, you do the same thing except when
naming your f1 & fn, you need to make sure that theyre the first number divisible by the required, and last nth
divisible by the required.

For example:

Given:
Numbers 1-199
Required:
Sum of all digits divisible by 3
Solution:
First thing you do is name your f1. Your f1 is the first digit divisible by 3 from 1-199, which is 3.
Next, you get the last number divisible by 3 from 1-199, which is 198. (To check if it is divisible, you add the
numbers so in this case 198, 1+9+8= 18, and 18 is divisible by 3)
Next, you get your n, to get n you divide your fn by your f1.
So,
198/3 = 66
Therefore,

n = 66
f1 = 3
fn = 198

Next thing you do is substitute then simplify.

Sn = n (f1 + fn) / 2
S
66
= 66 (3 + 198) / 2
= 33 (201)
= 6,633

The sum of all numbers divisible by 3 from 1-199 is 6,633.
Operations on Functions
A. Addition
( ) () ()
()
()
( )

B. Subtraction
( ) () ()
()
()
( )

C. Multiplication
() ()()
()
()

( )()

D. Division
(

)
()
()

()
()

(cannot be simplified further)
E. Composition
() (())
()
()

( )


Complex Numbers and Cycles of i
Combination of a real and an imaginary number
a +bi (where a and b are real, i is the unit-imaginary number (), and b is 0

a. Simplifying
1.
2.
b. Conjugates
- Because conjugates are a bi
1. -8i
= 8i
2. 12
= 12
3. 2 6i
= 2 + 6i
c. Express in a +bi
1. ( ) ()

2. ( ) ( )

d. Cycles of i
Pattern:

Simplify: separate i into multiples of 4 and the extra number so that you can simplify

e. Operations
1. Addition
( ) ( )

2. Subtraction
( ) ( )

3. Multiplication
( )( )

()

4. Division: rationalize the fraction by multiplying the term by the denominators conjugate pair (this is so that
the middle term will cancel out and therefore the denominator will not be unreal)
(


)
(


) (


)

Linear Functions
General form:
Standard form:
Slope-intercept form:
Point-slope form:

)
Two-point form:

)
Intercept method:

Slope through intercepts:

Identity function: (diagonal line passing through the origin with a positive slope)
Constant function: (a horizontal line)
Parallel to: same slope
Perpendicular to: negative reciprocal of the slope
Quadratic Functions
Standard form:

where a, b, c are real; a 0

Zeroes of quadratic functions
A. Extracting
()

()

B. Factoring
()

( )( )


C. Completing the Square
()

)
( )

Nature of the Discriminant
- Discriminant:

o Perfect square: real, rational, unequal

()

()

o Not perfect square: real, irrational, unequal
()

()()
()



()

o Double root: real, rational, equal
()

()
()



()

o : complex, imaginary conjugates

()

()

Sum and Product
- Sum:

- Product:

Derive the equation
1. Given the sum and product
Sum

Product
(a should be the same)
Sum

Product

Equation:

2. Given the roots

) ( )

Graphing
Function of a in the equation
The greater the absolute value of a, the narrower and vice-versa
a dictates the width of the graph inversely
sign of a dictates the way it opens (positive [a] opens up; negative [-a] opens down)
Maximum pointcoordinate
Minimum valuejust the y value (because y is the only one with restrictions)
Function of c in the equation
Vertical and Horizontal Translation
when c is outside the parenthesis, c directly determines the vertical movement (translation) on the graph
when the value of c is positive, it moves up; when negative, it moves down
o ()

V: (0,2)
o ()

V: (0, -4)
when c is inside the parenthesis, c determines the horizontal translation
c inversely affects the graph: if c is positive, it moves to the negative quadrant; if c is negative, it moves to
the positive
o () ( )

V: (-2, 0)
o () ( )

V: (4,0)
Transformation
Reference is always ()

()

V: (0,0)
AOS: x = 0
Minimum value: 0
The vertex moved x units to the right
The parabola shifted x units to the left
Vertex Form
() ( )

V: (h, k)
()

() (

)
() (

)
() ( )

V: (3, -1)
AOS: x = 3
Minimum value: -1
y-intercept: 8 (this is when x = 0 in the original equation)
x-intercept: x = 4, 2

( )( )

DOMAIN & RANGE



A. Radical functions
Important points when graphing: x and
y intercepts, starting point of
restriction (domain)

B. Rational functions
D: look for the value that will make the
denominator zero and set that as the
restriction of the equation
R: interchange x and y and then solve for
the domain in terms of x (this will give you
the inverse, which is your range/restriction
for y for the original equation)
e.g.
()

D: *| +
R: *| +

A. Linear Function Examples Domain Range
y = k y = 8 R (set of all real numbers) R
y = mx + b, m0 y = 3x + 7 R R
B. Quadratic Function
y = Ax
2
+ Bx + C R
If a > 0,
y 4ac b
2
/ 4a
If a < 0,
y 4ac b
2
/ 4a
y = 3x
2
+ 4x + 5 R y 11/3
C. Rational Functions
(Fins the restrictions)
y = 3x + 5 / x 2 x 2 y 3

D. Absolute Value
y = a |bx + c| + d R
If a > 0, y d
If a < 0, y d

y = |x| R y 0
y = - |x| R y 0
y = 3 |x + 5| R y 0
y = 4 |x 3| + 2 R y 2
y = -2 |x + 5| - 3 R y -3
y = |x
2
3| + 2 R y 2
E. Radical Functions
y = x -b / a y 0
y = x -b / a y 0

y = x -5/3 y 0
y = x -5/3 y 0
y =

x -r or x r y 0
y =

- r x r 0 y r

y =

x -2 or x 2 y 0
y =

-2 x 2 0 y 2