Sai Classes Sector 7 & 20 Panchkula 9780808064, 9780808061

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CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Between stimulus and response there is a space. In
that space is our power to choose our response. In
our response lies our growth and our freedom.

All living organism respond to the changes occurring around themselves.
These responses are maintained by the control and coordination system of
the body. The control part of it controls all the functions of the body the
coordination part helps in grouping all the activities so that a purposeful
movement could be produced.
For e.g.: When we touch a hot plate our hands move away from it and along
with it the body also moves away. These all movements are controlled by
the control and coordination system of the body and also the complete
coordination of all the muscles that together move the complete body are
done by it.

The changes in the environment to which the organism responds and reacts
are known as stimulus. E.g.: Heat, cold, Smell, Touch, and Taste

Whenever the body receives a stimulus it produces a reaction after
interpreting the information. This reaction is called as response.

Both plants and animals respond to stimulus. Animals respond quickly
because they have nervous system and endocrine system, which maintains
the control and coordination. In plants the response is generally slow as the
plants have a few hormones, which maintain the system.

Whenever a body receives a stimulus, the response generated involves
many organs. Thus it is necessary that all the concerned organs should
work in a systematic manner so as to produce a desired reaction.
The working together of various organs of an organism in a systematic
manner so as to produce a proper response to the stimulus is called
coordination.





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CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN PLANTS

Plants neither have nervous system like animals nor do they have sense
organs to sense things around them. But plants can sense the presence of
chemicals, water and sunlight and respond to the them due to the presence
of certain hormones in them. The response of the plants to the stimulus is
generally slow. Plant hormones are known as phyto hormones.

The chemical substances performing the function of control and
coordination in plants are known as phytohormones.

Dormancy: Whenever we plant a seed, it is in inactive form, until and
unless it will get the favorable conditions for growth it would show inactive
state. This inactive state is known as dormancy.

Breaking of dormancy: Whenever a seed gets favorable quantities of
water, soil and other factors it will start germinating and form a seedling.
This change of a plant part from its inactive state to an active state is called
as breaking of dormancy.

Phytohormones

The hormones control the plant control and coordination. These hormones
mainly affect the growth of the plants. These either increase or decrease the
growth in response to a stimulus.
These hormones control the growth by controlling the
1. Cell division: Cell division leads to increase in growth of the plant. It
increases the number of the cells. This is seen only in the meristematic
tissues of the plant

2. Cell size: Hormones control the size of the cells. Permanent tissues,
which have lost the ability to divide, grow by increasing their cell size.

3. Cell differentiation: Differentiation is the process by which a cell attains
a particular function and performs only that function all throughout its life





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There are 5 plant hormones
1. Auxins
Auxins are the plant hormones, which promote the cell enlargement
and cell differentiation
They promote the fruit growth
The cells at the tip of stems and roots make these
Auxins move away from the light and toward the gravity
Auxins have opposite effect on growth of stem and roots
Synthetic Auxins are applied in agriculture to increase the growth of
the plants

2. Gibberellins
These are the plant hormones, which promote the cell enlargement
and cell differentiation only in the presence of Auxins
They help in breaking of dormancy
They promote fruit growth
They are mainly responsible for growth in the stem of the plant

3. Cytokinins:
Cytokinins help in promoting cell division in plants
They help in breaking of dormancy of seeds and buds
They delay the ageing in leaves
They promote opening of stomata and promote fruit growth.

4. Abscisic Acid (ABA)
This hormone basically acts as a growth inhibitor.
It promotes dormancy in seeds and buds
It promotes wilting and falling of leaves
It promotes detachment of fruits and flowers
It promotes closing of stomata

5. Ethylene
It is the only gas hormone in the plants. It has both inducer and
inhibitor roles
It promotes breaking of dormancy in seeds and fruits
It promotes falling and wilting of leaves
It promotes fruit ripening
It promotes detachment of fruits and flowers


Sai Classes Sector 7 & 20 Panchkula 9780808064, 9780808061
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PLANT MOVEMENTS
Plants are stationary in nature i.e donot hsow locomotion.
Howevermovements of some parts of the plants occur in presenc of
external stimuli. These movements are usually caused by an unequal
growth of its two regions in response to the stimulus by the action of plant
hormones
Plant movements can be tropism and nasties. In tropisms the direction of
the growth is either towards the stimulus or away from it. In nasties the
direction of the growth of the plant is independent of the direction of
stimulus.

TROPISM
The growth movement of the plant in response to an external stimulus in
which the direction of the stimulus decides the direction of response of the
plant is called as tropism
1. If the growth of a plant part is towards the stimulus, it is called positive
tropism
2. If the growth of a plant part is away from the stimulus, it is called
negative tropism

There are five common stimuli to which plants respond



Phototropism
The movement of the plant part in response to light is called phototropism.
If the plant moves towards the light it is called positive Phototropism and if
it moves away from it its called negative Phototropism

Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis. Plants turn their leves towards
sunlight so they can get maxiumu of sunlight. When in open sunlight is
coming from above thus the stem grows straight up. If plant gets sunlight


Sai Classes Sector 7 & 20 Panchkula 9780808064, 9780808061
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from one side, then the stem bends in that direction. The roots of the plants
bend in the opppsoite direction.
This can be demonstrated by an experiment
Take a potted plant in a glass jar and keep it in open. The plnt recives
sunlight from above thus the stem of the pnat grows in uoward directiona
dn the roots of the plant grow in downward direction opposite ti the
direction of the growth of the shoot.

Now take the same plant and keep it ina dark room with only a sorceof
sunlight from one direction. After few days ot will benoticed that the plant
bends toward the sotrce of the light also the leaves of the plant bnend
towards the source of the light so as to obtain maxiumum sunkight for
photosynthesis.
Also the roots of the plant bend in opposite doirection i.e. away from light
hsowing negavrtove phototropism
This movement of the plamt is due to the auxin hormone.
When sunlight comes from above the aucin spreads uniformly down ths
tem away from light. Due to equal presenc of aucins in all the partd o the
plant the plant grows equally on all sides leading to upward growth pf the
plant

When light falls only on one side the the auxons shift to the opposite side as
Auxins move wasy from the loght Now more of auxin is present on the side
away from the




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light s]due to this the growth of the part wawy from the light is more than
the growth to the part towards the light and hence the stem bends towars
the side where there is less Auxins i.e. towards the light

Auxins produce oppsoue effect in roots due to which the roots of the plant
bend in the opposite dicetion.



GEOTROPISM
The growth of the plant in response to gravity is called geotropism or
gravitropism.
The roots of the plant always grow downward in response to the gravity
this is called as positive geotropism
The shoot of the plant always grow up againt the greavity this is called as
negative geotropism

This can be demonstrated experimentally.
Take a potted plant. When this plant is in normal position then the roost are
growing downward and the stem is growing in upward direccion
If we tilt the plant and keep the pot horixontally on its side the position of
the stem and roots is parallel to the ground. Allow the plamty to remain in
this position for a few days
After few daus we find that the roots of the plant bend ownward toward the
gravity and stem bends upward and grows in opposite direction of gravity.



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Hydrotropism
The movement of the plant part towards or away from the water is called
hydrotropism. The roots of the plant always move toward sthe siyrce of
water even if they have to movae gainst the gravity as water is eeseital for
life of plant.
This can be proved experimentally. Take two glass trough A and B. Fill them
with soil and plant tiny seedlings in both. In B keep a cly pot filled with
water. Water the soil in trough A daily and uniformly and donot water the
trough [Link] a ew days it is noticed that the seedling in trough B has it
roots bent towards the clay pit as it has a source of water