1
Passive Components:
Capacitors & Resistors
Passive
Components
account for:
80% of BOM Count
60% of PCB Area
20% of BOM Cost
Embedded System Design 8-2003
Topics:
General
Thru-Hole & SMT Assembly pages 3 ~ 6
Products
Capacitors pages 7 ~ 36
Resistors pages 37 ~ 47
Types Markets Characteristics
Substitution Guidelines
Appearance Sizes Marking
2
2
Thru-Hole Assembly
1. Leaded parts are inserted into holes in circuit board
2. Leads are clinched and cut.
3. Molten wave of solder connects leads to board.
Wave of
molten solder Direction of Assembly Flow
3
1. Solder paste is printed onto land patterns (pads).
Surface Mount (SMT) Assembly
PCB
4
3
2. SMT parts are placed (by automatic pick and place equipment)
onto solder paste covered land patterns.
Vacuum
Nozzle
Surface Mount (SMT) Assembly
5
3. Circuit board is run through a reflow soldering
oven. Where the solder paste liquefies, and electrically
connects the SMT component terminations to the
circuit board land patterns. As the circuit board
moves out of heating zone the liquid solder solidifies
mechanically fixing the SMT components to the circuit
board.
Surface Mount (SMT) Assembly
6
4
CAPACITORS
ELECTROSTATIC
CERAMIC FILM ALUMINUM TANTALUM
Capacitor Family Tree
ELECTROLYTIC
Non polarized
AC or DC operation
Lower Capacitance
Polarized
DC operation
Higher Capacitance
7
CAPACITORS
ELECTROSTATIC
CERAMIC FILM ALUMINUM TANTALUM
Markets
ELECTROLYTIC
Biggest market
Lowest Cost
1206 Long Lead Times (LT)
0603 & 0402 good choices
Better performance at higher cost
SMT longer LT
Large Cap in Small Sizes
Long LT
Price Increases on C/ D/ E sizes
Large Cap at low cost
SMT increasing LT
Price flat on TH (through hole)
8
5
TANTALUM
ALUMINUM
FILM
FILM
CERAMIC
CERAMIC
1.0pF 10uF 1000uF
Capacitance Values
F = micro-Farad = 1 x 10
-6
F = 1 millionth of a Farad
nF = Nano-Farad = 1 x 10
-9
F = 1 billionth of a Farad
pF = Pico-Farad = 1 x 10
-12
F = 1 trillionth of a Farad
ALUMINUM
TANTALUM
CERAMIC
FILM
0.10uF
9
Capacitance Values EIA Codes
Pico-Farad Nano-Farad Micro-Farad
EIA Code (pF) (nF) (uF)
1 R 5 1 .5 0 .0 0 1 5
2 R 2 2 .2 0 .0 0 2 2
3 R 3 3 .3 0 .0 0 3 3
4 R 7 4 .7 0 .0 0 4 7
6 R 8 6 .8 0 .0 0 6 8
1 0 0 1 0 0 .0 1
1 5 0 1 5 0 .0 1 5
2 2 0 2 2 0 .0 2 2
2 5 0 2 5 0 .0 2 5
3 3 0 3 3 0 .0 3 3
3 9 0 3 9 0 .0 3 9
4 7 0 4 7 0 .0 4 7
5 6 0 5 6 0 .0 5 6
6 8 0 6 8 0 .0 6 8
7 5 0 7 5 0 .0 7 5
8 2 0 8 2 0 .0 8 2
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 .1 0 .0 0 0 1
1 2 1 1 2 0 0 .1 2 0 .0 0 0 1 2
1 5 1 1 5 0 0 .1 5 0 .0 0 0 1 5
1 8 1 1 8 0 0 .1 8 0 .0 0 0 1 8
2 0 1 2 0 0 0 .2 0 .0 0 0 2
2 2 1 2 2 0 0 .2 2 0 .0 0 0 2 2
2 7 1 2 7 0 0 .2 7 0 .0 0 0 2 7
3 0 1 3 0 0 0 .3 0 .0 0 0 3
3 3 1 3 3 0 0 .3 3 0 .0 0 0 3 3
3 9 1 3 9 0 0 .3 9 0 .0 0 0 3 9
4 7 1 4 7 0 0 .4 7 0 .0 0 0 4 7
5 1 1 5 1 0 0 .5 1 0 .0 0 0 5 1
5 6 1 5 6 0 0 .5 6 0 .0 0 0 5 6
6 8 1 6 8 0 0 .6 8 0 .0 0 0 6 8
7 5 1 7 5 0 0 .7 5 0 .0 0 0 7 5
8 2 1 8 2 0 0 .8 2 0 .0 0 0 8 2
1 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1
3 digit code
(pF)
TANTALUM
CERAMIC
FILM
3 digit code
First 2 digits are significant.
Third digit is number of zeros.
101 = 100pF
3 digit code
R represents decimal point
4R7 = 4.7pF
10
6
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
V
a
l
u
e
s
E
I
A
C
o
d
e
s
Pico-Farad Nano-Farad Micro-Farad
EIA Code (pF) (nF) (uF)
1 2 2 1 2 0 0 1 .2 0 .0 0 1 2
1 5 2 1 5 0 0 1 .5 0 .0 0 1 5
2 0 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 .0 0 2
2 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 .2 0 .0 0 2 2
2 7 2 2 7 0 0 2 .7 0 .0 0 2 7
3 0 2 3 0 0 0 3 0 .0 0 3
3 3 2 3 3 0 0 3 .3 0 .0 0 3 3
3 9 2 3 9 0 0 3 .9 0 .0 0 3 9
4 7 2 4 7 0 0 4 .7 0 .0 0 4 7
5 6 2 5 6 0 0 5 .6 0 .0 0 5 6
6 8 2 6 8 0 0 6 .8 0 .0 0 6 8
8 2 2 8 2 0 0 8 .2 0 .0 0 8 2
1 0 3 1 0,0 0 0 1 0 0 .0 1
1 2 3 1 2,0 0 0 1 2 0 .0 1 2
1 5 3 1 5,0 0 0 1 5 0 .0 1 5
1 8 3 1 8,0 0 0 1 8 0 .0 1 8
2 2 3 2 2,0 0 0 2 2 0 .0 2 2
3 3 3 3 3,0 0 0 3 3 0 .0 3 3
4 7 3 4 7,0 0 0 4 7 0 .0 4 7
5 6 3 5 6,0 0 0 5 6 0 .0 5 6
6 8 3 6 8,0 0 0 6 8 0 .0 6 8
8 2 3 8 2,0 0 0 8 2 0 .0 8 2
1 0 4 1 0 0,0 0 0 1 0 0 0 .1 0
1 2 4 1 2 0,0 0 0 1 2 0 0 .1 2
1 5 4 1 5 0,0 0 0 1 5 0 0 .1 5
2 2 4 2 2 0,0 0 0 2 2 0 0 .2 2
3 3 4 3 3 0,0 0 0 3 3 0 0 .3 3
4 7 4 4 7 0,0 0 0 4 7 0 0 .4 7
5 6 4 5 6 0,0 0 0 5 6 0 0 .5 6
1 0 5 1,0 0 0,0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 .0
2 2 5 2,2 0 0,0 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 .2
3 3 5 3,3 0 0,0 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 .3
4 7 5 4,7 0 0,0 0 0 4 7 0 0 4 .7
6 8 5 6,8 0 0,0 0 0 6 8 0 0 6 .8
1 0 6 1 0,0 0 0,0 0 0 1 0,0 0 0 1 0
2 2 6 2 2,0 0 0,0 0 0 2 2,0 0 0 2 2
104 = 100,000pF
104 = 100nF
104 = 0.1uF
106 = 10,000,000pF
106 = 10,000nF
106 = 10uF
103 = 10,000pF
103 = 10nF
103 = 0.01uF
3 digit code
(pF)
TANTALUM
CERAMIC
FILM
11
Capacitance Values EIA Codes
Pico-Farad Nano-Farad Micro-Farad
EIA Code (pF) (nF) (uF)
R10 100,000 100 0.1
R22 220,000 220 0.22
R33 330,000 330 0.33
R47 470,000 470 0.47
1R0 1,000,000 1 0 0 0 1
2R2 2,200,000 2 2 0 0 2.2
3R3 3,300,000 3 3 0 0 3.3
4R7 4,700,000 4 7 0 0 4.7
100 10,000,000 1 0,0 0 0 10
220 22,000,000 2 2,0 0 0 22
330 33,000,000 33,000 33
470 47,000,000 47,000 47
101 100,000,000 100,000 100
221 220
331 330
471 470
102 1000
222 2200
332 3300
472 4700
103 10,000
223 22,000
333 33,000
473 47,000
3 digit code
(uF)
3 digit code
First 2 digits are significant.
Third digit is number of zeros
471 = 470uF
3 digit code
R represents decimal point
R33 = 0.33uF
ALUMINUM
12
7
Capacitance Values
Standard Capacitance Values:
Electrolytic Capacitors: Aluminum & Tantalum
10 22 33 47
Examples:
0.1, 0.22, 0.33, 0.47 1.0, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7. 10, 22, 33, 47
100, 220, 330
13
Capacitance Values
Standard Capacitance Values: (PER EIA-575 & RS 460)
Electrostatics: Ceramic & Film
E12 : 10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39 47 56 68 82
Examples:
1.0, 1.2, 1.5,. 10, 15, 22, 100, 180, 270, 1K, 3.3K, 4.7K,
10K, 33K, 56K, 560K, 680K, 820K, 1uF, 2.2uF, 4.7uF,
14
8
Capacitance Values
Standard Capacitance Values: (PER EIA-575 & RS 460)
Electrostatics: Ceramic & Film
E24 : 10 11 12 13 15 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 36
39 43 47 51 56 62 68 75 82 91
In-between Values Shown In Red Are Considered Odd Non-Preferred
Values And As Such Are Not Stocked
And Should Be Discouraged From Being Selected
15
Capacitance Value Substitution Capacitance Value Substitution
In many cases increasing to higher capacitance value is acceptable
i.e 2200uF part can be considered for use in place of 1500uF part
i.e 3.3uF part can be considered for use in place of 2.2uF part
i.e 0.22uF part can be considered for use in place of 0.1uF part
Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors
16
9
Tolerance
Capacitance Tolerance :
The allowable window - limits that the capacitors +25C
(room temperature) capacitance value will be within.
1 digit code
ALUMINUM
TANTALUM
CERAMIC
FILM
CERAMIC
FILM
CERAMIC
CERAMIC
CERAMIC
17
Capacitance Tolerance Substitution Capacitance Tolerance Substitution
A component with a tighter (better) tolerance can replace a
looser (worst) tolerance component.
i.e... 1%(F) tolerance part can replace 2%(G), 5%(J) or 10% (K) tolerance part
i.e... 2%(G) tolerance part can replace 5%(J), 10% (K) or 20% (M) tolerance part
i.e... 5%(J) tolerance part can replace 10%(K) or 20% (M) tolerance part
i.e 10%(K) tolerance part can replace 20%(M) or +80%/-20%(Z) tolerance part
i.e 20%(M) tolerance part can replace +80%/-20%(Z) tolerance part
Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors
18
10
Voltage Rating
Voltage Rating
The maximum VDC that can be applied to the capacitor
Range of Voltage Ratings: 2.0VDC ~ 15,000VDC
2 digit code
CODE VDC
0G 4.0
0J 6.3
1A 10
1C 16
1E 25
1V 35
1H 50
1J 63
2A 100
2D 200
2E 250
2V 350
2G 400
2W 450
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Component Derating/Safety Factor
Components should not be operated at their
maximum ratings. Components should be
derated in designs, such that component
maximum ratings are not approached or
exceeded. The amount of derating to apply
depends on the circuit and operating
environment. As a general rule of thumb,
derate components by 50%. For example, a
decoupling capacitor used on a 5V bus should
have a voltage rating of at least 10V.
Capacitance Voltage Rating Substitution Capacitance Voltage Rating Substitution
A component with a higher voltage rating may be used in place
of, or as a substitute for, a lower voltage rated component.
i.e 1000V rated part can replace 500V, 250V or 100V rated part.
i.e 500V rated part can replace 250V , 100V or 50V rated part.
i.e 250V rated part can replace 100V, 50V or 25V rated part.
i.e 100V rated part can replace 50V or 25V rated part.
i.e 50V rated part can replace 25V or 16V rated part.
i.e 25V rated part can replace 16V or 10V rated part.
Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors
20
11
TC Characteristic
Each Capacitor will have a temperature coefficient (TC). TC is a
measure of how the capacitance value behaves over temperature.
All parts are supplied to be within tolerance at room temperature
(+25C = +77F)
Aluminum Electrolytic styles have TC of20% over -40C to +105C
Tantalum Electrolytic styles have TC of 5% over -55C to +85C
Film styles have TC of 7% over -40C to +105C
-50C +25C +100C
+10%
0%
-10%
-20%
-30%
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TC Characteristic
Unfortunately not all capacitance values can be produced
from one ceramic dielectric formulation
A wide range of ceramic dielectrics are needed, and have
been developed, to cover a broad range of capacitance
values.
The EIA (Electronics Industries Alliance) established industry
classifications for ceramic dielectrics that are agreed to and
met by all ceramic capacitor producers.
These ceramic dielectric classifications are identified by
their temperature coefficient (TC) code.
N
P
O
Y
5
P
Z
5
U
X
7
R
Y
5
F
22
12
TC Characteristic
Standard Temperature Coefficients (TC) of ceramic
capacitors:
X7R = 15% C over -55C ~ + 125C
Low Temperature Limit High Temperature Limit
Maximum Allowable
Capacitance Change
From +25C ( 0 VDC )
X = -55C 5 = +85C F = 7.5%
Y = -30C 6 = +105C P = 10%
Z = +10C 7 = +125C R = 15%
8 = +150C (SPECIAL) S = 22%
T = +22% / -33%
U = +22% / -56%
V = +22% / -82%
23
Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors
Temperature Coefficient Substitution Temperature Coefficient Substitution
A component with a more stable (better)
temperature characteristic (TC) can replace a less
temperature stable (worse) component.
[Link] X7R ceramic can replace Z5U or Y5V ceramic parts.
[Link] NPO ceramic can replace a X7R or Z5U or Y5V ceramic.
MOST STABLE LEAST STABLE
NPO X7R X5F X5P X5R XRS X5T Y5U Y5V Z5U Z5V...
24
13
Capacitance Range per TC
Multilayer Ceramic Chip Capacitor
Temperature Coefficients:
TC
Capacitance
Range
Capacitance
Value Code
Voltage
Range
Standard
Tolerance
NPO
0.5pF ~
0.056uF
0R5 ~ 563
25VDC ~
1KVDC
(J)
+/-5%
X7R 100pF ~ 2.2uF 101~ 225
16VDC ~
1000VDC
(K)
+/-10%
Y5V 1000pF ~ 10uF 102 ~ 106
16VDC ~
50VDC
(Z)
-20%/+80%
Z5U 1000pF ~ 10uF 102 ~ 106
16VDC ~
50VDC
(M)
+/-20%
+/-20
0.5pF 1pF 10pF 100pF 1nF 10nF 100nF 1uF 10uF
NPO
X7R
Z5U
Y5V
25
Radial Leaded Electrolytic Capacitors
Cathode lead (-) shorter than anode (+)
Cathode polarity band or anode strip
Date code (YYWW) 9614 = 14th week of 1996
Temperature rating
Capacitance value (F)
Voltage rating (VDC)
Logo
Appearance
26
14
Axial & Snap-In Leaded Electrolytic Capacitors
Cathode polarity band
Date code (YYWW) 9614 = 14th week of 1996
Temperature rating
Capacitance value (F)
Voltage rating (VDC)
Logo
Appearance
27
Ceramic Disc Capacitor (Radial)
Cap Value
102 = 1000pF
Dielectric
Y5F
Voltage
1KV = 1000VDC
Cap Tolerance
C = +/-.25pF
D = +/-.5pF
F = +/-1%
G = +/-2%
J = +/-5%
K = +/-10%
M = +/-20%
Z = +80%/-20%
Example shown
P/N: NCD103K1KVY5PTR
Dielectric
Y5P
Cap Value
103 = 0.01uF
Voltage
1KV = 1000VDC
Example shown
P/N: NCD102K1KVY5F
28
15
Film Capacitor (Radial Leaded)
Capacitance value (pF) & Tolerance Code
Voltage rating (VDC)
29
SMT Electrolytic Capacitors
Cathode (-) & Anode (+) markers
Capacitance value (F)
Voltage rating (VDC)
Date Code
Appearance
30
16
English Metric Length Width
0201 0603 0.6mm (0.02) 0.3mm (0.01)
0402 1005 1.0mm (0.04) 0.5mm (0.02)
0603 1608 1.6mm (0.06) 0.8mm (0.03)
0805 2012 2.0mm (0.08) 1.2mm (0.05)
1206 3216 3.2mm (0.12) 1.6mm (0.06)
1210 3225 3.2mm (0.12) 2.5mm (0.10)
1812 4532 4.5mm (0.18) 3.2mm (0.12)
2225 5764 5.7mm (0.22) 6.4mm (0.25)
Dimensions (Surface Mount)
WIDTH
LENGTH
No Component Marking
31
Surface Mount Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors
Case Code Metric English Length Width
P 2012 0805 2.0mm (0.08) 1.2mm (0.05)
A, A2 3216 1206 3.2mm (0.12) 1.6mm (0.06)
B, B2 3528 1411 3.5mm (0.14) 2.8mm (0.11)
C 6032 2412 6.0mm (0.24) 3.2mm(0.12)
D1* 5846 2318 5.8mm (0.23) 4.6mm(0.18)
D, E 7343 2917 7.3mm (0.29) 4.3mm (0.17)
* - D1 is Japanese size
32
17
Surface Mount Film Chip Capacitors
English Metric Length Width
0805 2012 2.0mm (0.08) 1.2mm (0.05)
1206 3216 3.2mm (0.12) 1.6mm (0.06)
1210 3225 3.2mm (0.12) 2.5mm (0.10)
1913 4833 4.8mm (0.19) 3.3mm (0.13)
2416 6041 6.0mm (0.24) 4.1mm (0.16)
No Component Marking
33
Reel Labeling
Part Number, Product Lot
Number and Date Code
identified on product reel
labels provides trace-ability
to production
34
18
Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors
35
Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors
36
19
RESISTORS
LEADED
CARBON
FILM
METAL
FILM
THICK FILM
THIN FILM
Resistor Family Tree
SMT
METAL
OXIDE
FILM
WIREWOUND
+/-5%
GENERAL
PURPOSE
+/-1%
HIGHER
PERFORMANCE
HIGH POWER
>2W
HIGH POWER
+/-1%
+/-5%
GENERAL
PURPOSE
<+/-1%
SPECIAL
37
RESISTORS
LEADED
CARBON
FILM
METAL
FILM
THICK FILM
THIN FILM
Resistor Family Tree
SMT
METAL
OXIDE
FILM
WIREWOUND
38
Mature Market
Flat Pricing
Declining Qtys
Lowest cost
Largest Qtys
Increasing Lead Times &
Pricing for larger sizes (>0805)
Higher cost
Lower volumes
Performance applic driven
20
Resistor Characteristics
RESISTANCE VALUE RESISTANCE VALUE
Resistance is expressed in ohms (). Typical resistance
values are industry standard (E24 & E96) values from 1.0
ohm to 10 Meg-ohms (10,000,000 ohm = 10MegOhm)
39
40
21
41
42
22
43
Axial Leaded Styles
Leaded Types
Metal Oxide
Metal Film
Carbon Film
44
23
Single In-Line Package (SIP)
in 4 pin to 13 pin package
Leaded Types
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Isolated
Common / Bussed
45
SMT Types
Thick Film Chips
English Metric Length Width
0201 0502 0.5mm (0.02) 0.25mm (0.01)
0402 1005 1.0mm (0.04) 0.5mm (0.02)
0603 1608 1.6mm (0.06) 0.8mm (0.03)
0805 2012 2.0mm (0.08) 1.2mm (0.05)
1206 3216 3.2mm (0.12) 1.6mm (0.06)
1210 3225 3.2mm (0.12) 2.5mm (0.10)
1812 4532 4.5mm (0.18) 3.2mm (0.12)
2225 5764 5.7mm (0.22) 6.4mm (0.25)
46
24
Thick Film Arrays
SMT Types
47
NPO (a.k.a. C0G) capacitors are the most stable, and are often
used for oscillator circuits.
C0G, X7R, X5R, Y5V, and Z5U are the most common types.
ESR and ESL can limit capacitor performance at high
frequencies. Typically choose low ESR for critical decoupling.
For prototyping on perf board, use leaded (through-hole)
components. SMT can be used to a limited extent.
If designing a PCB with SMT components and planning to
assemble your PCB by hand, use larger SMT packages.
1206 and 0805 are relatively easy to handle. 0603 is
manageable with practice. 0402 and 0201 are very difficult.
An 0805 component can fit on 1206 pads.
An 0603 component can fit on 0805 pads.
Derate components to increase component life.
Summary & Recommendations
48