GIKPKC7 94107 Geometry I Page 1
Introduction
11/4/98
Terms:
Interval Line
Parallel () Equidistant from each other
Triangle () A supplementary three sided figure
Quadrilateral Four sided figure, whose sum of the interior angles is 360
Bisects Equal either side of the bisected figure
Median Middle
Altitude Horizontal
Hypotenuse The side opposite to the right angle (longest side) in a right-angled
triangle
Congruent () Two figures that have the same shape and size
Similar () Two figures of the same shape but different size
Complementary Their sum is 90
Supplementary Their sum is 180
RTP Respects to proof
Notation:
One letter (E.g. B) is a point
Two letters (E.g. BA or AB) is a line or interval
Parallel lines are written (E.g. ABCD)
Angles are written (E.g. BAC, BAC or BAC)
A triangle is written (E.g. ABC)
A quadrilateral is called (E.g. ABCD).
Types of Angles:
Acute angle 0 < x < 90
Right angle 90
Obtuse angle 90 < x < 180
Straight angle 180
Reflex angle 180 < x < 360
Revolution 360
Vertically opposite angles are equal
Exterior angle of a triangle is the sum of the two opposite interior angles
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Types of Triangles:
Scalene triangle No equal sides
Right-angled triangle Contains a right angle and hypotenuse
Isosceles triangle Two equal sides & two equal opposite angles
Equilateral triangle Three equal sides
Acute-angled triangle All the angles are acute
Obtuse-angled triangle Contains one obtuse angle
When a Transversal Line Cuts Through Two Parallel Lines:
Transversal
Alternate Angles
Alternate angles form a Z shape
Alternate angles are equal
Corresponding Angles
Corresponding angles form an F shape
Corresponding angles are equal
Co-interior Angles
Co-interior angles form a C shape
The sum of the co-interior angles is 180
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Congruent Triangles:
A X
C B Z Y
Here, ABC XYZ
Tests
SSS: All three pairs of corresponding Sides are equal.
SAS: Two pairs of corresponding Sides and their included Angles are equal.
AAS: Two pairs of Angles and one pair of corresponding Sides are equal.
RHS: Both have a Right angle, their Hypotenuses are equal and one other pair
of corresponding Sides are equal.
Similar Triangles:
A
X
C B Z Y
Here, ABC XYZ
Tests
All three pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
All three pairs of corresponding sides are in proportion (in the same ratio).
Two pairs of side are in proportion and their included angles are equal.
Ratio of Intercepts:
When two or more transversals cut a series of parallel lines, the ratios of their
intercepts are equal.
A D
B E
C F
AB:BC = DE:EF
AB DE
BC EF
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Polygons:
A polygon is a plane figure with straight sides.
A regular polygon has all sides and all interior angles equal.
Equation: S = (2.n – 4) 90
S = Sum of the interior angles
n = number of sides
The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360.
Exterior
Interior
Pythagoras’ Theorem:
Only right-angled triangles.
Equation: c2 = a2 + b2
c = Hypotenuse
a = 1st side
b = 2nd side
Proof:
Let, AD = x
DB = y
x+y=c
ADC ABC (AAA)
AC AD
A
AB AC
b x
c
c b b D
b2 = c.x
BDC ABC (AAA)
DB BC C a B
BC AB
a2 = c.y
a2 + b2 = c.y + c.x
= c(y + x)
= c(c)
a + b = c2
2 2
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Types of Quadrilaterals
11/4/98
Parallelogram:
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel
Properties
Opposite sides are equal
Opposite angles are equal
Diagonals bisect each other
Each diagonal bisects the parallelogram into two congruent triangles
Tests
Both pairs of opposite sides are equal
Both pairs of opposite angles are equal
One pair of sides is both equal and parallel
The diagonals bisect each other
Rectangle:
A rectangle is a parallelogram with one angle a right angle
Properties
The same as for a parallelogram
Diagonals are equal
Test
Diagonals are equal
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Rhombus:
A rhombus is a parallelogram with a pair of adjacent sides equal
Properties
The same as for a parallelogram
Diagonals bisect at right angles
Diagonal bisect the angles of the rhombus
Tests
All sides are equal
Diagonals bisect each other at right angles
Square:
A square is a rectangle with a pair of adjacent sides equal
Properties
The same as for a rectangle
Diagonals are perpendicular
Diagonals make angles of 45 with the sides
Trapezium:
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of sides parallel
Kite:
A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent side’s equal
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Areas
13/4/98
Rectangle:
Equation: A = l.b
l
b
Square:
Equation: A = x2
x
Triangle:
Equation: A = ½.b.h
h
b
Parallelogram:
Equation: A = b.h
h
b
Rhombus:
Equation: A = ½.x.y
x y
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Trapezium:
Equation: A = ½.h(a + b)
a
h
b
Circle:
Equation: A = .r2
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