25-Mar-14

1
MALAYSIAN RED CRESCENT TRAINING INSTITUTE
BASIC FIRST AID
MIRI CHAPTER
(A syllabus from American Red Cross)
COURSE OUTLINE
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1: Responding to an Emergency
Module 2: Human Body System
Module 3: Adult Resuscitation
Module 4: First Aid
Module 5: Sudden Illnesses
Responding to an Emergency
MODULE 1
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
After completing this section, participants will be able to:

Recognize an emergency

List the three general steps in the emergency plan

Call EMS and to provide necessary information

Demonstrate how to check a conscious or an unconscious
victim and the general management
25-Mar-14
2
DEFINITION OF FIRST AID
FIRST AID
IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
AIMS
rotect Yourself & Casualty
revent Further Injury
romote Recovery
reserve Life P
P
P
P
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
Observant to the surrounding

Be calm in your approach

Build & maintain trust (from casualty & bystanders)

Be gentle with your approach

Able to prioritize the severity of the condition & to
provide immediate assistance

Call for appropriate help

Equipped with knowledge & skills
CHARACTERISTICS FOR BEING AN
EFFECTIVE FIRST AIDER
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
25-Mar-14
3
DECIDING TO ACT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
Presence of other people

Uncertainty about the victim

Type of injury or illness

Fear of catching a disease

Fear of doing something wrong
COMMON FACTORS INFLUECING
A PERSONS RESPONSE
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
Unusual Noises
IDENTIFY AN EMERGENCY
Unusual Appearance or Behavior
Unusual Sights
Unusual Odors
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
25-Mar-14
4
TAKING ACTION
CHECK CALL CARE
Scene
Victim
Authority Victim
Unconscious Conscious
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
Name & Contact Number

Types / Causes of the Incident

Location

Number of Casualty

Conditions of the Casualty

Assistance Provided.
MAKING AN EMERGENCY CALL
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
ASSESSMENT OF A VICTIM
VICTIMS
ASSESSMENT
PRIMARY
ASSESSMENT
SECONDARY
ASSESSMENT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
25-Mar-14
5
It is a quick, systematic assessment of a person to
establish using methodical sequence if any
conditions or injuries sustained are life threatening

With this approach, the condition can be identified in
a priority order and to be dealt with it on a find and
treat basis
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
CONT.
DANGER
RESPOND
D
R
C
B
D
A
At the same time,
perform quick initial
scanning to observe for
any:
a) Abnormal breathing
pattern / no
breathing
b) Obvious life
threatening injury
Look, listen, & feel for breathing
has been removed under AHA
2010 CPR Guidelines
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
To proceed only when the life-threatening
conditions have been stabilized, or if there are
none present

It is detail examination of a casualty to look for other
injuries or conditions that may not be apparent based
on methodical sequence
SECONDARY ASSESSMENT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
25-Mar-14
6
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
Assess for any Danger

Putting on your gloves (if
any)

Tap & shout to check for
the Responsiveness

(Remember to observe for any
respiratory problem & any life
threatening injury)
CHECKING AN
UNCONSCIOUS VICTIM
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
Activate Emergency
Medical Services (E.M.S)

Proceed with the
Secondary Assessment
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
IF NORMAL BREATHING PRESENT
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7
IF NO INJURY FOUND
Place the casualty into a
recovery position in order
to achieve the following
aims:

To maintain an open
airway
To promotes drainage of
fluids
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT
CLOSED AIRWAY OPENED AIRWAY
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
Recommended to rest on her left side

As laying on the right side may cause uterus to
compress the inferior vena cava (IVC), possibly
resulting in death

IVC is the large vein that carries deoxygenated blood
from lower half of the body into the heart
RECOVERY POSITION FOR A
PREGNANT LADY
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
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8
CHECKING A
CONSCIOUS VICTIM
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
CHECKING A
CONSCIOUS VICTIM
Assess for any Danger
Putting on your gloves
Check for Responsiveness
Reassure the Victim
Head-to-Toes Assessment
Prevent Further Movement
Management
Hospital
Primary Assessment
Secondary Assessment
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
HISTORY TAKING
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
MEDICATION
PAST MEDICAL HX
LAST ORAL INTAKE
EVENTS
ALLERGIES
S
A
M
L
E
P
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 1:
Responding to an Emergency
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9
Human Body System
MODULE 2
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 2:
Adult Resuscitation
After completing this section, participants will be able to:

Understand the basic functions of the main 5 human body
system
HUMAN BODY SYSTEM
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 2:
Human Body System
CELLS TISSUES ORGANS SYSTEM
HUMAN BODY SYSTEM
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 2:
Human Body System
Muscular
Endocrine
M
E
Digestive
Integumentary
D
I
Urinary
Nervous
U
N
Skeletal
Lymphatic
S
L
Reproductive R
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
C
R
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10
Produces body movements
Posture through stabilization
Generate heats

Components:
Skeletal muscle tissue
1.0 MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 2:
Human Body System
Protects the body
Helps to regulate body
temperature
Eliminates some wastes
Helps make Vitamin D
Detects sensations

Components:
Skin and associated glands
(sweat and oil)
Hair
Nails
2.0 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
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BASIC FIRST AID
Module 2:
Human Body System
Heart pumps blood through blood
vessels
Blood carries oxygen and nutrients
to cells and carbon dioxide and
wastes away from cells
Blood helps in regulating acid-base
balance, temperature, and water
content of body fluids
Blood components help defend
against disease and repair
damaged blood vessels

Components:
Heart, Blood, and Blood Vessels
3.0 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 2:
Human Body System
25-Mar-14
11
The heart rate for an normal adults is about 60-80
beats per minute. When felt externally, it is known as
pulse
3.1 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 2:
Human Body System
Pulse Rate 60-80 80-100 100-140
Rate/Min Adult Children Infant
Transfer oxygen from inhaled
air to blood and carbon dioxide
from blood to exhaled air
Helps regulate acid-base
balance of body fluids
Air flowing out of lungs through
vocal cords produces sounds

Components:
Lungs
Air passageways (pharnyx,
larynx, trachea, bronchial
tubes leading into and out of
the lungs)
4.0 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 2:
Human Body System
An average adult breathes about 10-20 times per
minute, inhaling of about 500ml of air per breath
4.1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 2:
Human Body System
Oxygen 16%
+
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Oxygen 21%
+
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
EXHALATION INHALATION
Respiratory Rate 10-20 20-30 26-36
Rate/Min Adult Children Infant
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Generates action potentials
(nerve impulses) to regulate
body activities
Detect changes in the bodys
internal and external
environments
Interprets the changes and
responds by causing muscular
contractions or glandular
secretions

Components:
Brain, spinal cord, nerves,
and special sense organs
5.0 NERVOUS SYSTEM
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 2:
Human Body System
Supports and protects the
body
Provide a surface area for
muscle attachments
Aids body movements
Houses cells that produce
blood cells
Store minerals and lipids (fats)

Components:
Bones and joints of the body
and associated cartilages
6.0 SKELETAL SYSTEM
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 2:
Human Body System
Adult Resuscitation
MODULE 3
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
After completing this section, participants will be able to:
List the signals of a breathing emergency

List the signals of a heart emergency

Demonstrate how to care for a person who is choking

Demonstrate how to care for a person who is not
breathing / cardiac arrest

List four risks factors associated with increased incidence
of cardiovascular disease
25-Mar-14
13
THE GOLDEN HOUR
12
6
3 9
0 min:
Breathing Stop
Heart Beat will Stop Soon
4-6 mins:
Brain Damage Possible
6-10 mins:
Brain Damage Likely
>10 mins:
Irreversible Brain
Damage Certain
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
Breathing producing wheezing sound

Tachypnea / Gasping for Air

Anxiety & Restlessness

Difficulty Speaking

Headache

Cyanose
IDENTIFY BREATHING
EMERGENCY
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
25-Mar-14
14
Chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes that
causes swelling and constriction of the airways
resulting in breathing difficulty
ASTHMA
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POSITIONING
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Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
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BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
25-Mar-14
15
Commonly due to the foreign object which can
either blocked the airway partially or completely

Partial blockage normally can be resolved by
performing effective coughing technique
CHOKING
Complete blockage would require
external force to assist in the
removal of the object
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
Trying to swallow large pieces of poorly chewed food

Drinking alcohol before or during meals

Wearing dentures

Eating while talking excitedly / laughing / too fast

Walking, playing, running with objects / food in mouth
CAUSES
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
Clutching the throat with hands

Breathing producing wheezing sound

Unable to speak, weak cough

Cyanose

Loss of consciousness with any of the signs above
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
25-Mar-14
16
MANAGEMENT FOR CONSCIOUS
CHOKING ADULT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
HEIMLICH MANEUVER
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BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
CONTINUE THE MANEUVER UNTIL
WHEN MEDICAL TEAM ARRIVES
WHEN OBSTRUCTION IS CLEARED
WHEN CASUALTY BECOMES UNCONSCIOUS
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
25-Mar-14
17
MANAGEMENT FOR CONSCIOUS
CHOKING CHILDREN
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
ALTERNATIVE (CASE ALONE)
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BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
SPECIAL CASE
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MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
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18
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
Also called as myocardial infarction (death of a
segment of heart muscle because of an interrupted
blood supply)
HEART ATTACK
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
THROMBOEMBOLISM
Embolism
breaks away
Thrombus
Healthy
blood flow
Red
blood
cells
Cut sections through arteries
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
25-Mar-14
19
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
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Adult Resuscitation
Unbalanced Diet Smokers High Blood Pressure
Sedentary Lifestyles
Overweight
PEOPLE WITH HIGHER RISK
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
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Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
Persistent radiating chest pain

Extreme gasping for air

Sudden dizziness

Profuse sweating

Breathlessness

Collapse (often without warning)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
25-Mar-14
20
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
Activate EMS Early Defibrillator Post Cardiac Care
Early CPR Adv. Life Support
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
C.P.R
PULMONARY
CARDIO
RESUSCITATION
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
CONT.
DANGER
COMPRESSION
AIRWAY
BREATHING
DEFIBRILLATOR
RESPOND
D
R
C
B
D
A
At the same time,
perform quick initial
scanning to observe for
any:
a) Abnormal breathing
pattern / no
breathing
b) Obvious life
threatening injury
Look, listen, & feel for breathing
has been removed under AHA
2010 CPR Guidelines
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
25-Mar-14
21
Assess for any Danger

Putting on your gloves (if
any)

Tap & shout to check for
the Responsiveness

(Remember to observe for any
respiratory problem & any life
threatening injury)
CARDIO PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
Activate Emergency
Medical Services (E.M.S)

Request for an Automated
External Defibrillator
(A.E.D) *if available


CARDIO PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
Position the heel of your
hand between the midline
of the sternum bone

Place the heel of your other
hand on top of the first
hand, and interlock your
fingers

Perform 30 chest
compression with at least
2 inches (5cm) compression
depth
CARDIO PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
25-Mar-14
22
CARDIO PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
Superior View
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
CARDIO PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
Perform head tilt, chin lift
to open the airway
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
Give 2 rescue breath
(each over 1 second) and
observe for visible chest
rise

(Head must be remain tilted
with chin lifted throughout the
2 rescue breath)

CARDIO PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
25-Mar-14
23
Alternately perform 30
chest compression
followed by 2 rescue
breath continuously [for
layman]
CARDIO PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
WHEN TO STOP CPR
TRAINED FIRST AIDER TO TAKE OVER
CASUALTY IS CONSCIOUS / BREATHING
MEDICAL TEAM ARRIVES
SCENE IS UNSAFE
UNABLE TO PROCEED ANY FURTHER
AS INSTRUCTED BY THE A.E.D
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
Alternately perform 30 chest compressions
followed by 2 rescue breaths continuously
2
nd
Rescue Breath
Re-Tilt The Head
Air Entry Obstructed
Tap & Shout
Activate EMS & Request for an AED
30 Chest Compressions
Head Tilt, Chin Lift
Air Goes In
1
st
Rescue Breath
2
nd
Rescue Breath
Check for any Foreign Object
Before 1
st
Rescue Breath
Of Each Cycle

If Foreign Object noted:
Perform Finger Sweep
And Proceed with CPR
Unconscious
Abnormal Breathing Pattern
D
Gloves
Assess for Danger
R
C
A
B
2
0
1
0

SIMPLIFIED CPR ALGORITHM
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MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
25-Mar-14
24
Adequate compressions rate/speed

Adequate compressions depth

Push hard & fast

Allow full chest recoil between compression

Minimize interruption in chest compression

Avoid excessive ventilation

Rotate compressor every 2 minutes [recommendation]
YOUR PRIORITY IN CPR
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
SUMMARY OF KEY BLS COMPONENTS
FOR ADULTS, CHILDREN, INFANTS
Component
Recommendations
Adults Children Infants
Recognition
Unresponsive (for all ages)
No Breathing / Abnormal Breathing
CPR Sequence C-A-B
Compression Two Hands One or Two Hands Two Fingers
Compression
Depth
At least 2 inches
(5cm)
About 2 inches
(5cm)
At least 1 inches
(4cm)
Opening an Airway Head tilt, chin lift
Rescue Breath Mouth-to-mouth
Mouth-to-mouth-
and-nose*
Compression-to-
Ventilation ratio
30:2
1 or 2 rescuers
30:2 [single rescuer]
15:2 [two rescuers]
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 3:
Adult Resuscitation
First Aid
MODULE 4
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
After completing this section, participants will be able to:

Recognize an injury

Demonstrate how to control bleeding

List the general care steps for burns

Demonstrate how to care for muscle, bone, and joint
injuries
25-Mar-14
25
Shock, in physiology, failure of the circulatory
system to:

Supply sufficient blood to peripheral tissues to
meet basic metabolic requirements for oxygen
and nutrients

And the incomplete removal of metabolic wastes
from the affected tissues

As a result, vital organs such as heart and brain are
deprived of oxygen
SHOCK
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Myocardial Infarction

Hemorrhage (Internal / External / Fracture)

Severe Head & Spinal Cord Injury

Severe Infections (Dilatation of the Blood Vessels)

Drugs Overdose
CAUSES
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Cold and pale skin

Rapid but weak pulse

Sweating

Nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, confusion

Thirsty

Gasping for breath

Cyanosis

Lose of consciousness
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
26
Calm and reassure the victim
Control for any external bleeding
Place the casualty into a supine lying position
Elevate* the legs higher than the heart level
Loosen for any tight clothing
Cover the casualty with a blanket*
Monitor for vital signs
Hospital
(Do not attempt to provide the victim with any food /
drink)
MANAGEMENT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Caused by a sliding fall or
a friction burn

Minor bleeding

Can contain embedded
foreign particles that may
cause infection
COMMON TYPES OF WOUND:
ABRASION
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Module 4:
First Aid
Commonly caused by clean
surface cut from a sharp-
edged object or blow from
a blunt object which splits
the skin

Bleeding may be profuse

Structures such as tendons
or nerves may be
damaged in severe cases
COMMON TYPES OF WOUND:
CUT [INCISION/LACERATION]
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MIRI CHAPTER
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Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
27
Caused by a violent force
in which the portion of the
skin or other soft tissue is
partially or completely
torn away

Severe bleeding

Severe form of avulsion is
known as amputation
COMMON TYPES OF WOUND:
AVULSION
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Module 4:
First Aid
Caused by a pointed
object such as nail, or knife
pierces the skin and may
remains embedded in the
wound

Bleeding can be severe if
the penetrating object
damages major blood
vessels or internal organs

Can be easily infected
COMMON TYPES OF WOUND:
PUNCTURE
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Module 4:
First Aid
Caused by external force
which rupture the
capillaries beneath the skin
causing blood to leak into
the tissues

This process results in
bruising

Extensive contusion may
indicate deeper damage,
such as a fracture or an
internal injury
COMMON TYPES OF WOUND:
CONTUSION
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MIRI CHAPTER
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Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
28
Referring to bleeding inside the body cavities

The main risk from internal bleeding are:

Shock

Blood can build up around organs and exert
damaging pressure on them

Suspect for internal bleeding if a casualty develops
signs of shock without obvious blood loss
INTERNAL BLEEDING
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Pain
Tender, swollen, bruised, or hard areas of the body
Pale, cold, clammy skin
Cyanosis
Rapid, weak pulse
Excessive thirst
Rapid, shallow breathing
Confusion, restlessness, and irritability
Vomiting or coughing up blood
Possible collapse and become unconscious
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Calm and reassure the victim
Control for any external bleeding
Place the casualty into a supine lying position
Elevate* the legs higher than the heart level
Loosen for any tight clothing
Cover the casualty with a blanket*
Monitor for vital signs
Hospital
(Do not attempt to provide the victim with any food /
drink and avoid any manipulation)
MANAGEMENT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
29
COMMON FIRST AID KIT CONTENT
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Module 4:
First Aid
TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
Tail Base
Apex
Tail
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Module 4:
First Aid
TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
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Module 4:
First Aid
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30
TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
Broad Bandage
Narrow Bandage
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First Aid
TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
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Module 4:
First Aid
REEF KNOT
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First Aid
25-Mar-14
31
REEF KNOT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
REEF KNOT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
REEF KNOT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
32
REEF KNOT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
MANAGEMENT OF BLEEDING
Apply direct
pressure using
a clean dressing
for a min. of
10 minutes
Check for
feel, warmth,
and colour
Support and
elevate the arm
above the level
of heart
Secure the
dressing with a
bandage
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
33
MANAGEMENT OF BLEEDING
Apply additional
dressing and
bandage ***
Apply indirect
pressure over
the brachial
artery
(not more than 15 mins)
Check for
feel, warmth,
and colour
Application of
elevation sling
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Apply the indirect pressure over the femoral artery
using the heel of your hand for not more than 15
minutes*

Allow interval of 10-15 minutes in between
MANAGEMENT OF BLEEDING [LEG]
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
NOSE BLEEDING
Pinch the soft part of the
nose

Position the victim in a
sitting position with the
body slightly lean
forward

Advise the victim to
breath through the
mouth
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
34
APPLICATION OF TOURNIQUETS
As the last resort when a
limb has been wholly
severed or when the
casualty has very little
chance of survival

Under special
circumstances such as:

Disaster / War

Remote locations
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Any breach of the lung
surface or chest wall
that allows the air to
enter the pleural
cavity, causing the
lungs to collapse and
unable to work normally
PENETRATING CHEST WOUND
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Place the casualty into sit with
supported position with the trunk
lateral flexed towards the injured
site

Cover the wound with a dressing
that does not allow air to pass
through it (e.g. plastic, latex glove,
aluminum foil)

Tape the dressing in place, except
for one corner that should stay
loose which allows air to escape
when the person exhales
MANAGEMENT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
35
Skin which is part of the integumentary system is
the bodys largest organ, covering the entire surface
of the body

It forms a barrier against infection and also helps
to protect against injury and maintain body
temperature
BURN INJURY
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
The severity of a burn depends on the:
BURN INJURY
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Temperature of the source
Duration of exposure
Injury site
Size of the injury
Age
Medical condition
Sunburn, ultraviolet rays, radioactive
TYPES OF BURN
AND POSSIBLE CAUSES
Type of Burn
Dry burn
Scald
Electrical burn
Cold injury
Chemical burn
Radiation burn
Causes
Flames, contact with hot objects, friction
Steam, hot liquids
Low / high voltage currents, lightning strikes
Frostbite, contact with freezing metals / vapours
Industrial / domestic chemicals
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
36
Involves only the outermost
layer of skin - epidermis

Underlying layers and the
structures, such as nerve
endings are unaffected

C/F: Minor pain, redness,
dry skin, minor swelling

Heal within a week without
a permanent scarring
DEGREES OF BURN:
SUPERFICIAL
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Involves top layers of the
skin

Redness, pain, blisters (d/t
fluids been released from
damaged tissues)

Heal in 3-4 weeks and may
have scarring
DEGREES OF BURN:
PARTIAL THICKNESS
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
All layers of skin is affected

Underlying structures (fat,
muscle, bone, nerves, may
be destroyed)

Scarring is likely
DEGREES OF BURN:
FULL THICKNESS
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
37
SUPERFICIAL BURN
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
PARTIAL THICKNESS BURN
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
FULL THICKNESS BURN
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
38
RULE OF NINE
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
MANAGEMENT FOR 1
ST
& 2
ND
DEGREE
OF BURN INJURY
CHECK THE SCENE
RINSE WITH WATER (10mins)
REMOVE ACCESSORIES
COVER LOOSELY WITH
STERILE DRESSING
DO NOT POKE THE BLISTER
HOSPITAL
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
MANAGEMENT FOR CHEMICAL BURN
TO THE EYE
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
39
MANAGEMENT FOR BURN TO THE
AIRWAY
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
MANAGEMENT FOR ELETRICAL BURN
INJURY
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Applying any kind of lotion
Applying any adhesive materials (e.g. band aid)
Remove any sticking clothes
Pressing the injured area / poke the blisters
Applying any ice
AVOID
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
40
INJURIES TO THE
MUSCLES, JOINTS, AND BONES
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
A fracture is a complete or incomplete break in a
bone

Resulting from the application of excessive force
FRACTURE
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF
FRACTURE
CLOSED GREENSTICK
OPEN
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
41
Pain

Numbness

Signs of Shock

Heard of pop sounds

Wound (Protruding bone)

Deformity, Swelling, Discolouration
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
MANAGEMENT FOR FRACTURE OVER
LOWER ARM
SUPPORT CHECK FWC RIGID SPLINT
SECURE CHECK FWC
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
MANAGEMENT FOR FRACTURE OVER
LOWER ARM
CHECK FWC
ARM SLING REEF KNOT IMMOBILIZE
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
42
MANAGEMENT FOR FRACTURE OVER
LOWER LEG
SUPPORT CHECK FWC BANDAGES
POSITION IMMOBILIZE CHECK FWC
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Injury to the ligament, caused by overstretching
SPRAIN
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
43
Excessive stretching and tearing of muscles or
tendons
STRAIN
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Pain

Swelling

Discolouration

Loss of Function

Limited Range of Motion
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
GENERAL MANAGEMENT FOR SOFT
TISSUE INJURY
SUPPORT
REST
ICE
COMPRESSION
ELEVATION
PROTECT
S
P
R
C
E
I
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
44
MANAGEMENT FOR ANKLE SPRAIN
USING SOFT SPLINT
SUPPORT CHECK FWC BANDAGES
PADDING IMMOBILIZE CHECK FWC
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Most serious risk associated with spinal injury is
damage to the spinal cord

Such damage can cause loss of power and/or
sensation below the injured area

The spinal cord or nerve roots can suffer temporary
damage if they are pinched by displaced or
dislocated discs, or by fragments of broken bone

If the cord is partly or completely severed,
damaged may be permanent
HEAD & SPINAL CORD INJURY
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
When the vertebrae are damaged, there may be:
Pain in the neck or back
Irregularity or twist in the normal curve of spine
Tenderness / bruising in the skin over the spine

When the spinal cord is damaged, there may be:
Loss of control over limbs (weak or paralyze)
Loss of sensation / abnormal sensations
Loss of bladder and/or bowel control
Breathing difficulties
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
25-Mar-14
45
MANAGEMENT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 4:
First Aid
Manual stabilization

Check for life-
threatening injuries

Monitor consciousness
and breathing

Control external
bleeding (if any)

Maintain normal body
temperature
Sudden Illnesses
MODULE 5
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 5:
Sudden Illnesses
After completing this section, participants will be able to:

Recognize a sudden illness

Describe how to care for sudden illnesses
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 5:
Sudden Illnesses
25-Mar-14
46
IDENTIFYING A STROKE
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 5:
Sudden Illnesses
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 5:
Sudden Illnesses
Disorder of brain function characterized by recurrent
seizures / convulsion that have a sudden onset
EPILEPSY / FITS
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 5:
Sudden Illnesses
25-Mar-14
47
MANAGEMENT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 5:
Sudden Illnesses
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 5:
Sudden Illnesses
DIABETES EMERGENCY
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 5:
Sudden Illnesses
25-Mar-14
48
MANAGEMENT
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 5:
Sudden Illnesses
A poison is any substance that causes injury, illness,
or death if it enters the body from either of the 4
methods:

Swallowed (certain foods, drugs, pesticide)

Inhaled (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide)

Absorbed (fertilizer, pesticide)

Injected (marine life, snakes, scorpion, spider)
POISONING
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 5:
Sudden Illnesses
Dizziness / headache

Diarrhoea

Nausea / vomiting

Breathing difficulty

Abnormal skin colour / sweating

Chest of abdominal pain / burning sensation

Changes in consciousness / irregular pupil size
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 5:
Sudden Illnesses
25-Mar-14
49
MANAGEMENT FOR SWALLOWED
POISON
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 5:
Sudden Illnesses
MANAGEMENT FOR
INJECTED POISON
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID
Module 5:
Sudden Illnesses
MRC TRAINING INSTITUTE
MIRI CHAPTER
BASIC FIRST AID