Chapter 3: Heredity and Variation
3.1 Cell Division
1. In the nucleus of the cell, there are _____________ that carry genetic materials.
2. ________________ are thread-like structure which carry genetic information that
controls various __________ of the cell.
3. Chromosomes are very small and can only be seen when the cell undergoes
______________.
4. A chromosome is made up of ______________________________.
5. Each chromosome is carries thousands of ________.
6. A _______ is a small segment of the ______ molecule in a chromosome which contains
genetic information that controls a ________ received from parents.
7. ____________ is the passing down of traits from parents to offspring.
8. All multicellular organisms begin their lives as a single cell and then divides over and
over again to produce ______ cells.
9. There are two types of cell division. They are called ____________ and ____________.
10. There are a few types of cells that do not carry out cell division. They are nerve cells or
________________ and ________________ cells.
Mitosis
11. Mitosis is a type of cell division in which a cell divides into _______ cells.
12. Occurs in
a. Humans and animals _____________ cells
b. Plant cells __________ and __________
The process of mitosis
10. Chromosomes in the nucleus ____________,
____________, and become more
____________.
11. The chromosomes replicate themselves to form
two _____________.
7. The centrioles move to two separate ends of the
cell.
8. ________________ emerge.
9. Nuclear membrane start to _______________
6. Chromosomes align themselves in the _________
of the cell
3. Then the chromatid __________ and _________
to the opposite ends of the cell
4. The cell starts to ____________
5. Two nuclear membranes are formed _________
the chromosomes at the _______ of the cells.
1. Two daughter cells are ____________
2. Each cell has the _______ number of
chromosomes as the parent cell.
Characteristics of Mitosis
1. Mitosis is the process by which a mature cell divides into _________ new cells.
2. Each new cell possesses the ________ number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
3. ______ cells divide by mitosis except _____________________.
4. Mitosis is carried out at the ends of plant ___________ and ____________.
Importance of Mitosis
1. Mitosis produces new cells for:
a. _______________________
b. _______________________ old or damaged cells
2. For example, after fertilization, a newly formed zygote, which is a _________________
organism will go through mitosis to become a ___________________ organism.
3. Also, skin cells on the surface of our body are constantly ____________ and need to be
__________________ with new identical cells.
4. Besides that, it also enables certain organisms to ________________ lost parts of their
body. For example, a __________ that loses its tail is able to grow a new tail.
5. Mitosis enables organism to reproduce themselves (not sexually):
a. Using __________________ reproduction. For example, amoeba uses
________________ and yeast uses _______________.
b. Using _________________ reproduction. For example, tapioca plant reproduces
from its ______________, lotus grows through its _____________, bryophyllum
grows using its ______________.
6. Mitosis ensures that the new cells produces have the ____________ number of
chromosomes as the parent cells.
a. This ensures that the daughter cells have the same _______________ as the
parent cells.
Meiosis
1. Cell division also occurs during the formation of __________________ cells or
_______________.
2. In human beings, the gametes are the _____________ produced by the male
reproductive organs ( _______________ ) and the ______________ produced by the
female reproductive organs ( __________________ ).
3. In plants, the gametes are in the __________________ contained in the male
reproductive organs ( ______________ ) and the _________________ contained in the
female reproductive organs ( ____________________ ).
4. Other cells which are not reproductive cells are called _______________ cells.
5. Meiosis is the process of cell division for the formation of _________________.
6. When meiosis occurs, the end result is four cells which have ___________ the number
of chromosomes of the parent cells.
7. Meiosis occurs in ________ stages: Meiosis _____ and Meiosis _____.
Homologous chromosomes are
__________________ chromosomes.
Diploid number of chromosomes is
chromosomes having ______chromosomes
or ______ pairs
Haploid number of chromosomes is
chromosomes having ______ chromosomes
only
Mitosis and Meiosis
where it occurs
number of times the
nucleus divides
number of daughter cells
produces
genetic contents of
daughter cells
number of chromosomes
crossing-over
variation
importance
Mitosis Meiosis
Similarities
both involve the ____________ of nucleus and cytoplasm
both involve the replication of ______________
both ensure the ____________ of organisms
both ensure the passing down of ___________ material from __________ to
_____________
Differences
3.2 Inheritance
1. Genes are hereditary units which carry _______________ that determines the different
traits of an organism.
2. Hence, the _______________ of a person are determined by his genes.
3. Our chromosomes exist in ________ called _______________ chromosomes.
4. The gene for a certain characteristic may be _____________ or _______________.
5. A ______________ gene is powerful and can mask the effect of a less powerful gene.
6. The ______________ gene is weak and cannot show its effect if paired with a
_______________ gene.
7. Example:
8. Example:
a. Brown eyes are _____________ over blue eyes.
b. The dominant gene for brown eyes is represented by _____.
c. The recessive gene for blue eyes is represented by _____.
d. A person with _____ has brown eyes with ____ dominant genes for brown eyes.
e. He is ______________.
f. A person with _____ has blue eyes with ____ dominant genes for blue eyes.
g. He is also ______________.
h. A person with _____ has _________ eyes because the dominant ________
gene is more powerful than the recessive ________ gene.
i. This person is ________________.
9. Dominant traits and recessive traits
10. Schematic diagram for inheritance
Dominant traits Recessive traits
Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype
Right handed
Short
Black hair
Straight hair
Brown eyes
Blue eyes
With ear lobes
Cannot roll tongue
Skin has pigment
Colour blind
Has dimples
Short eye lashes
3.3 Sex Determination
1. There are two types of cells in the body: __________ cells and _____________ cells.
2. ___________ cells are ordinary body cells. These cells do not take part in the
____________ system of the body.
3. ___________ cells are also called _____________. They contribute to the
_____________ system of the body.
4. An _______ in the _________ gamete.
5. A ________ is the ________ gamete.
6. There are two types of chromosomes in every cell: _____ chromosomes and _____
chromosomes.
7. Non-sex chromosomes are called _____________.
8. Autosomes determine our ___________ and ____________.
9. Sex chromosomes determine our ______.
10. In women, the pair of ____ chromosomes is called ____.
11. In men, the pair of ____ chromosomes is called ____.
Chromosomes in a man
Chromosomes in a woman
12. During meiosis, each gamete receives ____ ordinary chromosomes ( ____________ )
and ____ sex chromosome.
13. Each ovum receives ________ chromosomes.
14. Each sperm receives ________ chromosomes or ________ chromosomes.
15. From the above diagram, we know that the sex of the zygote is decided during
____________.
The occurrence of twins
1. There are two types of twins: ___________ and __________ twins.
2. ____________ twins are twins that have the same _______________ and the same
_____.
3. They have the same characteristics because they have the same ______________ and
_________.
4. ____________ twins are twins that have different ____________ and ____________.
5. They have different characteristics because they have different _____________ and
_________.
6. Identical twins come from a zygote that _______ into two.
7. Non-identical twins comes from the formation of _____ zygotes.
MAN WOMAN
Somatic cell Sperm Somatic cell ovum
Autosomes
Sex
chromosomes
Total
Identical and non-identical twins
Number of gametes
involved
Fertilization
Zygote
Number of placentas
Chromosomes and genes
Sex of twins
Characteristic features
Identical twins Non- identical twins
Similarities
Two fetuses develop in the uterus at the _______ time
Two babies are ______ at the same time
Differences
3.4 Mutation
1. A mutation is a ________ in a gene or chromosome.
2. This results in change in _________ of the organism.
3. Mutations can happen but it is _________.
4. A mutant gene or chromosome can be __________ to future generations.
Types of mutation
1. Mutations that occur in genes are called _____________.
2. Mutations that occur in chromosomes are called ______________.
3. Gene mutation
a. Gene mutation occurs when the genes are ___________ spontaneously
b. Mutant genes can cause changes in the _____________ and _____________
controlled by the genes
c. Examples are ____________ and _____________
d. Sickle cell anaemia
i. Someone with sickle cell anaemia has red blood cells that carry _______
oxygen
ii. This is because their bodies lack _____________
iii. This disorder is due to the _____ responsible for producing ___________
iv. The mutant genes cause the red blood cell to be _________ shaped
v. The patient has low _________ and brain ____________
e. Albinism
i. Albinism is due to the genes responsible for skin __________
ii. The pigment _________ in the skin, hair and eyes isnt able to be
produced
iii. Hence, the skin/ hair becomes _________
iv. It is caused by the recessive _________ genes. Hence the person who
has is it is called an _________
f. Colour blindness
i. A person who is colour blind usually cannot differentiate between ____ and ______
ii. Both these colours appear as _______ to them
iii. This is due to the lack of _____ in the retina. The cones are responsible for seeing
________
iv. Colour blindness is due to a recessive gene on the X- chromosome
v. Hence this defect is said to be __________
vi. Since the X- chromosome is involved, _________ are usually carriers
g. Haemophilia
i. Haemophilia is a blood disease in which the blood cannot ________
ii. Hence if there is a cut or a wound, it cannot ________
iii. This is because the blood lacks a _______ which is necessary to make it clot
iv. It is also linked to the X-chromosomes, so it is ______________
v. Haemophilia is usually passed on by a female carrier to her ______.
4. Chromosome mutation
a. Chromosome mutation is caused by changes in the ____________.
b. The changes may alter the ___________ of the chromosomes or the __________ of
chromosomes.
c. Mutant chromosomes can cause changes in the ______________ and __________ of a
person.
d. For example, _____________ and _____________
e. Mutant chromosomes can be passed from ___________ to ___________. However,
_________ caused by the mutations cannot.
f. Downs syndrome:
i. Downs syndrome is due to ________ of the chromosomes.
ii. This causes the number of chromosomes in the body to be _____.
iii. Normally a gamete has ____ chromosomes.
iv. Mutation can cause a gamete to have ____ chromosomes ( __ chromosome extra ).
v. It can also cause a gamete to have ____ chromosomes ( __ chromosome short).
vi. When a sperm has ___ chromosomes and fuses with an ovum with ___ chromosomes, it
forms a zygote with ___ chromosomes.
vii. The extra chromosome is attached to the ___ chromosome.
viii. The risk of having a child with Downs syndrome lies with ________.
ix. The risk of a woman having a child with Downs syndrome increases with ______.
x. The risk is ________ for a woman aged 20 years old and ________ for a woman aged 40
years old.
xi. Usually a child with Downs syndrome has a _____ life.
xii. The characteristic features of a child with Downs syndrome are:
1. a _______ heart
2. a _______ developed brain
3. ________ growth
4. ______ hands with ______ fingers
5. ____ tongue which _____ out
6. ____ mouth and ____ lips
xiii. Nowadays Downs syndrome can be detected at the _____ stage.
g. Klinefelters syndrome
i. Keinefelters syndrome is cause by an extra ___ chromosome in a ____.
ii. A normal man has ___ X chromosome and ___ Y chromosome.
iii. A man with Klinefelters syndrome has ___ X chromosomes and ____ Y chromosomes.
iv. This causes the male to have an _____________ secondary sex characteristics.
v. As a result, the man has _____ testes and _____ penis.
h. Turners syndrome
i. Turners syndrome us due to one ___ chromosome less in the body cells of the woman.
ii. This defect hinders the development of secondary ____ chromosomes in the woman.
iii. As a result, the woman has _______ breasts and does not _________.
iv. The risk of getting a child with Turners syndrome _______ as the mother grows older.
Variation
1. Variation is the natural ___________ between individuals of the same ___________.
2. Humans are different in terms of their physical characteristics. Examples would include
__________, __________, ___________, ____________ and so on.
3. Physiologically, we are different in terms of the constituents of our _________.
4. Examples would include ______________, _______________, and _______________.
5. There are two types of variation: ______________ and _______________.
6. Continuous variation
a. Continuous variation is a variation which __________ show a _________
difference.
b. For example, the ________ and _________ of students in a class
c. Other examples are : __________ of skin, __________ of hair, ____________
d. Continuous variation is affected by _____________ factors such as _______,
________, _________, and ___________
e. Continuous variation may ________
7. Discontinuous variation
a. Discontinuous variation is variation which shows ________ difference.
b. One example is ___________. We have ____, ____, ____, and ____.
c. A person has _____ out of four. There cannot be ___________ values.
d. Other examples are:
i. Ear ________
ii. Tongue ___________
iii. Thumb _______ : _________, _________, ________, _________
iv. Sex: _______ and ________
v. _________ of eyes
vi. ______ handed or ______ handed
e. Discontinuous variation is affected by _________ factors
f. Discontinuous variation may _________