DAYLIGHTING
SCHEME
OBJECTIVES
Understanding of the sources of
Daylight.
Understanding of the daylight
factors.
Understanding of how daylight
scheme can influence the design.
Chapel of Ronchamp
Notre Dame du Haut
~ Le Corbusier
Chapel of Ronchamp
Notre Dame du Haut
~ Le Corbusier
Daylighting brings meaning and richness to architecture
~ Louis Khan
Daylighting does not equal to sunlight!
Daylighting is about bringing natural LIGHT into a space.
Many daylight spaces do not WANT or NEED direct sunlight.
Sky Conditions for Daylighting
& DAYLIGHT FACTOR
Clear sky
For daylighting purposes,
sky conditions are
classified as either
overcast, clear, or partly
cloudy.
Each classification has
characteristics that
influence daylighting
design.
Partly cloudy sky
Overcast sky
DAYLIGHT CONCEPT;
prefer diffuse or indirect lighting.
With the proper use of shading devices to block direct sun
penetration into the space, all exposures of the building can
receive diffuse light rather than direct sunlight.
It is necessary to differentiate strategies as a function of
building use.
The constant ratio of indoor to unobstructed outdoor
illuminance is usually expressed as a percentage, and is
referred to as daylight factor.
Thus the daylight factor at a given point maybe defined as the
illuminance (lux) at that point, expressed as a percentage of
the simultaneous horizontal illuminance under an
unobstructed overcast sky.
Average daylight factor >5% generally give the impression of
generous daylighting(except on a dull day or evening), while
an average <2% would be judged gloomy, electric lighting
would be switched on as soon as an occupant enters.
Daylight factor
Daylight factor
The daylight factor is defined as :
DF = Ei x 100(%)
Eo
Where,
Ei = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors working plane
Eo = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an
unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky
The proportion of interior
horizontal illuminance (usually
taken on a work plane) to
exterior horizontal illuminance
under an unobstructed sky.
Range is usually
0 - 100%,
but for most rooms
is usually 1 - 10%.
Daylight factor
Design
CONSIDERATIONS
There are three possible paths along which light
can reach a point inside a room through glazed
windows,
DF = SC + ERC + IRC
Sky component (SC) -the portion of daylight directly
attributable to the sky
(Near the windows the SC would be greater than at the back of the
room)
Externally reflected component (ERC)- the portion of daylight
which has been reflected from external surfaces
Internally reflected component (IRC)-The portion of day light
which has been reflected from internal surfaces
(depends on the room surface reflectance)
Daylight factor
Environmental factors
Daylight design is closely related to a number of environmental factors
because the use of glass windows to let in light also allows the penetration
of solar heat and noise and increases the rate of heat gain or loss of the
building fabric.
By the proper choice of window orientation and suitable sun shading device
or constructions, the solar heat gain can be greatly reduced.
Solution-
Double glazed window- reduce noise problem and reduce significantly the
heat gain or loss through the window.
Proper design of windows or roof lights to provide a visually comfortable and
efficient environment for the type of tasks and activities to be performed.
Obstructions
Any obstruction (buildings opposite the window, trees, etc.) decreases the
illuminance in rooms.
Obstructions can significantly reduce the daylight penetration.
This may be improved by increasing the height and width of the window.
The minimum distances between adjacent building and the window as
laid down in the building regulations should be complied with.
Uniformity of lighting
Uniformity is essentially dependent on:
(a) the dimensions of the room, the windows and all the obstructions to
light,
(b) the reflectances of the surfaces enclosing the room, the obstructions to
light and the room furnishings, as well as the type of glazing.
Uniform distribution of the luminance in the room should be the
objective.
Shadow intensity and direction of incident light
For the perception of the solidity and surface texture of objects a
reasonable shadow intensity is required.
Adequate shadow intensity is generally provided by the lateral incidence
of daylight into rooms with side windows.
Working positions should be arranged so that hand and body shadows do
not fall on the working surface
Permanent supplementary artificial lighting of
the interior (PSALI )
By considering windows solely as admitters of daylight it may seem that
the achievement of a certain minimum DF is the main design criterion.
Electric lighting is used during daylight hours and it may be the case that
in trying to achieve a minimum DF-2%,
Window - too large causing more serious glare and heating /cooling
problems.
It may be preferable to design to a lower DF and integrate the daylight
with the electric light.
PSALI is based on three principles:
(a) Utilisation of daylight as far as practicable,
(b) Use of electric lighting to supplement the daylight in the interior parts of
the room,
(c) Installation of the electric lighting in such a way that the daylight character
of the room is retained
PSALI Scheme
Strategies for daylighting design
Use the form of building to
maximize daylight areas ( long
rectangle or atrium)
Open plan or glass partition to
allow light penetration to interior
light deeper into building
Use light colors on exterior to
reflect more light into openings;
and use light colors on interior to,
to diffuse light and reduce glare
Place windows on high walls
Use louvers or light shelves to
reflect light deep into bldg
Filter daylight to reduce glare
Use moveable shades for
flexibility
Use sky light with shading devices
Use translucent walls and roofs of
large are and low transmittance
Use smallest window possible to
collect the require amount of
light
Window
Windows both sides
Lightshelf
WINDOW TYPES & LIGHT DISTRIBUTION
Lightwell
WINDOW TYPES & LIGHT DISTRIBUTION
LIGHT SHELVES
case
STUDY
UV can under no
circumstance hit artwork.
If it does, the gallery is a
failure!
Menil Gallery:
Houston, Texas
Renzo Piano Architect
Innovative Schemes
Light pipe
Heliostats
Helostats
Emitters
Auxilliary lighting
Mirror system
Reflective sills and scoops
Moveable / fixed louvre
Roof lighting and mirror systems
Prismatic systems
Sunlight directing system
Sunlight excluding prism
Lens system
Holographic diffracting systems
Light shelves