Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !

ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&

C ' A # ( ) * +
#*%,C%#L)S O- D%.%(AL
DA(A (*A,SM%SS%O,
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.1 -undamental building bloc/s o digital communication systems&
#CM$
DM$ L#C
-DM$ (DM$
CDMA
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.2 Line code examples0 1a2 on3o 1*425 1b2 polar 1*425 1c2 bipolar 1*425 1d2 on3o 1*425 1e2 polar 1,*42&
On3O 3 simplest
#olar 6 po7er3eicient
8ipolar$ pseudoternary$
alternate mar/
in"ersion 1AM%2
On3O *4
#olar ,*4
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.3 An on3o signal 1a2 is a sum o a random polar signal 1b2 and a cloc/ re9uency periodic signal 1c2&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Desirable line code properties
:
Small transmission band7idth
:
#o7er eicient
:
)rror detection and correction capability
:
Desirable po7er spectral density
:
)mbedded timing content
:
(ransparency 6 independent on length o
;<=s and ;0=s in se9uence
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.4 *andom pulse3amplitude3modulated signal and its generation rom a #AM impulse&
y(t )=

a
k
p(t k T
b
)
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#SD o Line Codes
:
Sum o pulses 1symbols2 6 #AM signal
:
#o7er Spectral Density 1#SD2 o y1t2
:
#SD o y1t2$ S
y
12$ can be obtained rom
-ourier (ransorm o p1t2 and #SD o x1t2
:
Let x1t2 be approximated by a se9uence o
pulses
y(t )=

a
k
p(tk T
b
)
S
y
( f )=P( f )
2
S
x
( f )
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 3.44 Autocorrelation unction and po7er spectral
density unction o a random binary pulse train&
R
g
(f)=lim
T -
1
T

T / 2
T /2
g(t ) g (t +f) dt
R
g
(f)=lim
N -
(
1
N T
b
)

N T
b
/2
N T
b
/ 2
g (t ) g(t +f) dt
R
g
(f)=lim
N -
(
1
N T
b
)
N
(
T
b
2
f
)
|
R
g
(f)=
1
2
(
1
2f
T
b
)
for 0f
T
b
2
S
g
( f )=
T
b
4
sinc
2
(
f T
b
2
)
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
*epresent impulse train as a train o pulses
h
k
=
a
k
c
where c -0
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.5 Deri"ation o #SD o a random #AM signal 7ith a "ery narro7 pulse o 7idth and height h
k
> a
k
/&
R
x
=lim
T -
1
T

T /2
T / 2
x (t ) x (t +f) dt
R
x
=
R
0
cT
b
(
1
f
c
)
for fc
where R
0
=lim
T -
T
b
T

k
a
k
2
N=
T
T
b
where T - and N -
R
0
=lim
N -
1
N

k
a
k
2
=

a
k
2
R
n
=lim
T -
T
b
T

k
a
k
a
k+n
=

a
k
a
k +n
R
x
(f)
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
-ind autocorrelation o x1t2
:
(o ind let in
:
As 7idth o each pulse approaches ?ero
the height approached ininity 6 area
remain inite
:
-ourier (ransorm 6 #SD 1e"en unction2
R
x
(f)
c -0
R
x
(f)
R
x
(f)=
1
T
b

n=

R
n
6(fnT
b
)
S
x
=
1
T
b

n=

R
n
e
j n 2 f T
b
=
1
T
b

R
0
+2

n=1

R
n
cos (n2 f T
b
)
|
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#SD o y1t2
:
#SD o x
:
#SD o y
S
x
=
1
T
b

R
0
+2

n=1

R
n
cos(n2 f T
b
)
|
S
y
( f )=P( f )
2
S
x
( f )
S
y
( f )=
P( f )
2
T
b

R
0
+2

n=1

R
n
cos (n2 f T
b
)
|
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#olar Signal
a
/
e9ually li/ely to @< or 3< >A a
/
2
> <
R
0
=lim
N -
1
N

k
a
k
2
= 1
a
/
a
/@n
is either @< or 3<
R
n
=0 n1
-rom generali?ed #SD
S
y
( f )=
P( f )
2
T
b
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#olar Signal 7ith (
b
B 2 pulse 7idth
p(t )=

(
t
T
b
/ 2
)
=

(
2t
T
b
)
P( f )=
T
b
2
sinc
(
f T
b
2
)
S
y
( f )=
P( f )
2
T
b
=
T
b
4
sinc
2
(
f T
b
2
)
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Essential bandwidth 6
irst non3dc null re9uency$
2*
b
> 2B(
8
'? 7here *
b
is
the pulses per sec&
Figure 7.6 #o7er spectral density o a polar signal&
S
y
( f )=
P( f )
2
T
b
=
T
b
4
sinc
2
(
f T
b
2
)
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#olar Signaling
Disadvantages
:
#ulse 7idth (
b
B2 is C times theoretical band7idth
:
#ulse 7idth (b 6 essential band7idth is *
b
:
,o error detection
:
,on?ero #SD at >0 6 rules out ac coupling
Advantages
:
Most eicient or po7er re9uirement
:
)mbedded cloc/ signal
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#ulse Shaping or DC ,ull
:
Select p1t2 such that #12 > 0 at dc
:
-or >0
:
Area under p1t2 is ?ero D dc null
P( f )=

p(t ) e
j 2 f t
dt
P(0)=

p(t ) dt
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.7 Split3phase 1Manchester or t7inned3binary2 signal& 1a2 8asic pulse p(t) or Manchester signaling&
1b2 (ransmitted 7a"eorm or binary data se9uence using Manchester signaling&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Manchester 1Split #hase )ncoding2 Line Code
3 Can reco"er cloc/ signal e"en in long stream o <Es or 0Es
3 4ero DC component
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
On3O Signaling
:
A ;<= D p1t2 on and a ;0= D p1t2 is o
:
:
-or *
n
consider a
/
a
/@n
6
(hen <F<$ <F0$ 0F<$ 0F0 all e9ual li/ely
:
Spectrum
:
R
0
=lim
N -
1
N

N
2
(1)
2
+
N
2
(0)
2
|
=
1
2
R
n
=lim
N -
1
N

N
4
(1)+
3 N
4
(0)
|
=
1
4
S
x
( f )=
1
4T
b

1+

n=

e
jn2 pifT
b
|
=
1
4T
b

1+
1
T
b

n=

6
(
f
n
T
b
)
|
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
On3O Signaling
:
)xample or a hal37idth rectangular pulse
S
y
( f )=
T
b
16
sinc
2
(
f T
b
2
)

1+
1
T
b

n=

6
(
f
n
T
b
)
|
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.8 #o7er spectral density 1#SD2 o an on3o signal&
%mpulses result rom discrete
part&
Continuous cur"e same shape
as polar but G magnitude
S
y
( f )=
T
b
16
sinc
2
(
f T
b
2
)

1+
1
T
b

n=

(
f
n
T
b
)
|
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
8ipolar 1AM%2 Signaling
:
!sed in #CM or telephone net7or/s
:
A ;0= D no pulse5 a ;<= D p1t2 or 3p1t2
alternates&
:
Autocorrelation
R
0
=lim
N -
1
N

N
2
(!1)
2
+
N
2
(0)
2
|
=
1
2
R
1
=lim
N -
1
N

N
4
(1)+
3 N
4
(0)
|
=
1
4
R
n
=0 n>1
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
8ipolar Signaling
:
#SD
:
-or a hal37idth pulse
S
y
( f ) =
P( f )
2
2T
b

1cos 2 f T
b
|
=
P( f )
2
T
b
sin
2
( f T
b
)
S
y
( f ) =
T
b
4
sinc
2
(
f T
b
2
)
sin
2
( f T
b
)
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
8ipolar Signaling
:
Ad"antages
6
Spectrum has a dc null
6
8and7idth not excessi"e 1*
b
><B(
b
or
hal37idth pulse2
6
)rror3detection capability
:
Disad"antages
6
(7ice as much po7er as on3o signal
6
Long stream o ;0= possible D cloc/ dropout
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.9 #SD o bipolar$ polar$ and split3phase signals normali?ed or e9ual po7ers&
'al37idth rectangular pulses are used&
1Manchester2
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
'igh3Density 8ipolar Signaling
:
'D8, 6 7here , is <$ 2$ H$ or I
6
*eplace se9uence o ,@< ;0Es=
6
,>H most common
6
*eplace 7ith 000J or 800J 7here 8>< and J
alternates in sign
6
!se 800J ollo7ing se9uence o e"en number
o ones and 000J or an odd number o ones
6
*etains error detection
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.10 1a2 'D8H signal and 1b2 its #SD&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#ulse Shaping
:
S
y
12 depends on line code and #12
6
S
y
12 most signiicantly aected by pulse
shape since it contains K#12K
2

:
%ntersymbol %ntererence 1%S%2
6
8and3limited pulses cannot also be
time3limited 6 corollary also true
6
Consecuti"e pulses o"erlap causing distortion
and inhibiting detection at recei"er
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
,y9uistEs -irst Criterion or 4ero
%S%
:
Select pulse shape that is non?ero at its
center and ?ero at Ln(
b
p(t )=

1 t =0
0 t =!nT
b
(
T
b
=
1
R
b
)
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.11 (he minimum band7idth pulse that satisies ,y9uistEs irst criterion and its spectrum&
p1t2 #12
8>*
b
B2
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Sinc #ulse Disad"antages
:
,ot reali?able$ non3causal
:
Does not go to ?ero as t becomes large
:
Decays too slo7ly at rate <Bt
:
Solution 6 ind a pulse p1t2 that
6
Satisies p1t2>< at t>0 and 0 at t>Ln(
b
6
Decays aster than <Bt
6
,y9uist sho7ed this re9uires a pulse 7ith
band7idth /*
b
B2$ 7ith < M / M 2&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
,y9uist Criterion #ulse
Let p(t ) = P( f ) where the Bandwidth is R
b
/ 2, R
b
|
and satisfies
p(t )=

1 t =0
0 t =!nT
b
(
T
b
=
1
R
b
)
Sample p(t ) at origin and every T
b
seconds
Then all samples, ecept the one at the origin, are !ero
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Spectrum o Sampled #ulses
:
Sample p1t2 e"ery (
b
seconds
:
Spectrum o sampled signal is 1*
b
><B(
b

times2 the spectrum o p1t2
:
(hus sum o spectra is a constant (
b

p(t ) = p(t )6
T
b
(t ) =
1
T
b

n=

p(t ) e
j n 2 R
b
t

P( f ) =
1
T
b

n=

P( f nR
b
) =1
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.12 Deri"ation o the ?ero %S% ,y9uist criterion pulse&

p(t ) = p(t )6
T
b
(t ) =6(t )

P( f ) =
1
T
b

n=

P( f nR
b
) =1

n=

P( f nR
b
) =T
b
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#ulse Selection
:
O"er the range 0 N N *
b
:
Let x > 6 *
b
B2
:
-rom the conOugate symmetry property$
.132>.
F
12 i g1t2 is a real "alued unction
P( f )+P( f R
b
)=T
b
0f R
b
P( x+0"# R
b
)+P( x0"# R
b
)=T
b
x0"#R
b
P(
R
b
2
+x)+P
$
(
R
b
2
x)=T
b
x0"# R
b
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#ulse Selection
:
Select #12 to be real3"alued and positi"e

P
(
R
b
2
+x
)

P
(
R
b
2
x
)

= T
b
x0"# R
b
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.13 Jestigial 1raised3cosine2 spectrum&
P( R
b
/ 2)=0"#P(0)
Odd symmetry about *
b
B2$ re9uiring
8and7idth is *
b
B2 @
x
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
*oll3o -actor
:
8and7idth o #12 > 0&P *
b
@
x
$ 7here
x
is
the excess band7idth abo"e *
b
B2&
:
*oll3o actor 10 M r M <2
:
8and7idth o #12
r =
ecess %andwidth
theoretical minim&m %andwidth
=
f
x
0"# R
b
= 2f
x
T
b
B
T
=
R
b
2
+
r R
b
2
=
(1+r ) R
b
2
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Jestigial Spectrum #12
:
#12 has same characteristics as JS8
:
Jestigial spectrum satisies ,y9uist irst
criterion pulse$ p1t2>< at t>0 and p1t2>0 at
t>Ln(
b
:
8and7idth o #12 restricted to Q*
b
B2$ *
b
R
:
Must not "iolate #aley3Siener criterion to
be reali?able

lnH ( f )
1+( 2 f )
2
df
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#ractical Jestigial *oll3O -ilter
:
Satisies ,y9uistEs irst criterion and ;realizable
:
-or r><$
x
>*
b
B2
P( f ) =

1, f
R
b
2
f
x
1
2
1sin
(
f R
b
/ 2
2 f
x
)
|
,

f
R
b
2

f
x
0, f >
R
b
2
+ f
x

P( f ) =
1
2
(
1+cos f T
b
)
(
f
2 R
b
)
= cos
2
(
f T
b
2
)

(
f
2 R
b
)
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.14 #ulses satisying ,y9uistEs irst criterion0 solid cur"e$ ideal f
x
> 0 (r > 0)5 light dashed cur"e$
f
x
> R
b
/C (r > 0&P)5 hea"y dashed cur"e$ f
x
> R
b
/2 (r > <)&
r>0
r><
Jestigial #ulse
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
*aisedB-ull3Cosine *oll3O
:
-or r><$
x
>*
b
B2
:
%n"erse -ourier (ransorm
:
Characteristics
6
8and7idth *
b
6
Decays as <B t
H
6
#12 is closely reali?able and nearly linear phase
P( f ) =
1
2
(
1+cos f T
b
)
(
f
2 R
b
)
= cos
2
(
f T
b
2
)

(
f
2 R
b
)
p(t ) = R
b
cos R
b
t
14 R
b
2
t
2
sinc(R
b
t )
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
'estigal spectr&m at receiver
P( f ) = H
c
( f ) P
i
( f )
P
i
( f ) H
c
( f ) P( f )
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
)xample +&<
(etermine p&lse transmission rate in terms of %andwidth B
T
and the roll)off factor r
R
b
=
2
1+r
B
T
since 0r1 p&lse transmission rate varies from 2B
T
to B
T
* smaller r - higher signaling rate, %&t p(t ) decays slowly
+or r =1 R
b
=B
T
theoretical ma rate
B&t p&lse decays faster 1/ t
3
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Controlled %S%
:
,y9uist criterion pulse band7idth A min
:
*educe by 7iden pulse
6
Causes %S%
6
8inary pulse 1t7o symbols2 manageable
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.15 Communication using controlled %S% or ,y9uist second criterion pulses&
p( nT
b
)=

1 n=0,1
0 all other n

Duobinary #ulse
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Duobinary #ulse rom sinc
,*TL*B code
t =linspace(#,#) ;
y=sinc(t )+sinc(t 1) ;
plot (t , y)
-n ,*TL*B
sinc(t ) =
sin(t )
t
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Controlled %S% Signaling
%normation Se9uence < < 0 < < 0 0 0 < 0 < < <
< 2 0 0 2 0 32 32 0 0 0 2 2
Detected se9uence < < 0 < < 0 0 0 < 0 < < <
Samples y1/(
b
2
#olar Line Coding
< 6 positi"e pulse
0 6 negati"e pulse
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Duobinary #ulse
:
*estrict band7idth to *
b
B2
p(t ) = sinc (R
b
t ) + sinc( R
b
(t T
b
))| =
sin( R
b
t )
R
b
t (1R
b
t )
P( f ) =
2
R
b
cos
(
f
R
b
)

(
f
R
b
)
e
j f / R
b
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.16 1a2 (he minimum band7idth pulse that satisies
the duobinary pulse criterion and 1b2 its spectrum&
p(t ) =
sin( R
b
t )
R
b
t (1R
b
t )
, decays 1/t
2
P( f ) =
2
R
b
cos
(
f
R
b
)

(
f
R
b
)
e
j f / R
b
Bandwidth . R
b
/ 2
Transmits p&lses at R
b
%its/sec
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
*elationship bet7een 4ero3%S%
and Duobinary
:
Construct duobinary p
b
1t2 7ith controlled
%S% rom p
a
1t2 7hich satisied the irst
,y9uist criterion 1?ero %S%2

p
a
(t ) =

1 t =0
0 t =!nT
b

p
b
(t ) =

1 n=1,2
0 all other n

p
b
(t ) = p
a
(t ) + p
a
(t T
b
)
P
b
( f ) = P
a
( f )1 + e
j 2 f T
b
|
P
b
( f )=P
a
( f )
.
2(1+cos(2 f T
b
)) =2P
a
( f )cos( f T
b
)
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Modiied Duobinary
:
-orce null at dc
:
.enerated rom any pulse p
a
1t2
p
c
( nT
b
) =

1 n =1
1 n =1
0 all other n

p
c
(t ) = p
a
(t +T
b
)p
a
(t T
b
)
P
c
( f ) = 201
a
( f )sin(2 f T
b
)
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Duobinary and Modiied Spectra
(&o%inary
P
b
( f )=2P
a
( f )cos ( f T
b
)
,odified (&o%inary
P
c
( f )=2P
a
( f )sin( 2 f T
b
)
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Duobinary Signal )ncoding and
Detection
:
Create a polar line code rom binary
se9uence
:
Controlled %S% Duobinary signal
:
*eco"er %
/
re9uires y
/
and y
/3<
susceptible
to noise 6 error propagation&
a
k
= 2
k
1 where a
k
=!1

k
= 0, 1
y (kT
b
) = b
k
= a
k
+a
k 1
= 0,!2
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.17 )9ui"alent duobinary signaling&
a
k
=2-
k
1 b
k
=a
k
+a
k1
y( kT
b
) = b
k
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Dierential Coding B #recoding
:
#re"ent error propagation
:
(hen
p
k
=
k
p
k1
!od"lo 2addition
a
k
=2p
k
1
y( kT
b
) =b
k
= a
k
+a
k1
=2( p
k
+ p
k1
)2
=2( p
k1

k
+ p
k1
1)
=

2(1
k
) , p
k1
=1
2(
k
1) , p
k1
=0

0,
k
=1
!2,
k
=0

Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.18 Dierential encodedB#recoded duobinary signaling&
p
k
=
k
p
k1
a
k
=2p
k
1
b
k
= a
k
+a
k 1
y( kT
b
) =

0,
k
=1
!2,
k
=0

Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#recoding to #re"ent )rror
#ropagation
Carlson$ A8 and #8 Crilly& Communication Systems An Introduction to Sinals and !oise in "lectrical
Communications$ P
th
ed&$ Mc.ra7 'ill$ 20<0&
%
/
p
/
%
/
p
/3<
p
/
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Duobinary 7ith #recoding
(ime / 0 < 2 H C P T + U 9 <0 << <2 <H
< < 0 < < 0 0 0 < 0 < < <
0 < 0 0 < 0 0 0 0 < < 0 < 0
3< < 3< 3< < 3< 3< 3< 3< < < 3< < 3<
0 0 32 0 0 32 32 32 0 2 0 0 0
< < 0 < < 0 0 0 < 0 < < <
%
/
p
/
a
/
b
/

k
p
k
=
k
p
k1
a
k
=2p
k
1
b
k
= a
k
+a
k 1

k
=
2b
k

2
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.19 #ulse generation by trans"ersal ilter&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
)ncryption B Scrambler
:
#re"ent unauthori?ed access to data
:
!se #seudo3random binary se9uence
1#*8S2$ also called pseudo3noise 1#,2
6
.enerated 7ith , bit shit register and
6
VO* 1modulo 2 adder2 eedbac/
6
Maximum se9uence length > 2
,
3<
6
Obtaining max length 1ML2 dependent on
position and number o taps QMacSilliams$ Sloane&
#seudo3*andom Se9uences and Arrays$ #roc& %)))$ TC0<+<P3<+29$ <9+TR
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
ML Se9uence #roperties
:
,umber o ;<=s is one more than number
o ;0=s
:
A run o a single type o digit 6 one3hal
runs o length <$ one39uarter o length 2$
one3eighth length H$ etc&
:
Autocorrelation similar to random noise
:
)xcept or all ;0=s all other 2
,
possible
states exist&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#, )ncryption B Decryption
:
-eedbac/ at delays H and P
:
Add to both sides and
recogni?ing that a se9uence added to
itsel modulo 2 is a se9uence o 0s&
T = S #
3
T #
#
T
( #
3
#
#
)T
S =1 ( #
3
#
#
)|T
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.20 1a2 Scrambler& 1b2 Descrambler&
T = S ( #
3
#
#
) T R =1 ( #
3
#
#
)|T
)ncryption
Decryption
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
-rame Synchroni?ation
:
Digital recei"er must /no7 7hen the
message begins as 7ell as the #,
structure&
:
8inary transmission begins 7ith preix o
se"eral ,3bit sync 7ords ollo7ed by a
code 7ord&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
)xample +&20 )ncryption
S (
< < 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 < 0 0 0 0
< < 0 < 0 0 0
0 < < 0 < 0 0
< < < < 0 < 0
0 0 < < < 0 <
< 0 0 < < < 0
0 0 0 0 < < <
0 < 0 0 0 < <
0 < < 0 0 0 <
0 0 < < 0 0 0
0 < 0 < < 0 0
< 0 < 0 < < 0
< 0 0 < 0 < <
< < 0 0 < 0 <
D
<
D
2
D
H
D
C
D
P
T = S( #
3
#
#
) T
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
)xample +&20 Decryption
( * S
< 0 0 0 0 0 < <
0 < 0 0 0 0 0 0
< 0 < 0 0 0 < <
< < 0 < 0 0 0 0
< < < 0 < 0 < <
0 < < < 0 < 0 0
0 0 < < < 0 < <
0 0 0 < < < 0 0
< 0 0 0 < < 0 0
< < 0 0 0 < 0 0
0 < < 0 0 0 0 0
< 0 < < 0 0 0 0
0 < 0 < < 0 < <
0 0 < 0 < < < <
< 0 0 < 0 < < <
D
<
D
2
D
H
D
C
D
P
T( #
3
#
#
)T = R
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#roblem +&C3<
S (
< < 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 < 0 0 0 0
< < 0 < 0 0 0
< 0 < 0 < 0 0
< < 0 < 0 < 0
0 0 < 0 < 0 <
0 0 0 < 0 < 0
0 0 0 0 < 0 <
< < 0 0 0 < 0
< 0 < 0 0 0 <
0 0 0 < 0 0 0
< 0 0 0 < 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 < 0
0 < 0 0 0 0 <
< < < 0 0 0 0
D
<
D
2
D
H
D
C
D
P
S#
3
T#
#
T = T
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.21 *egenerati"e repeater&
Digital *ecei"ers and *egenerati"e *epeaters
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
)9uali?er
:
)9uali?er compensates or channel
distortion&
:
Channel distortion or dispersion D %S%
:
)9uali?ers to compensate or dispersion
can enhance noise
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.22 4ero3orcing e9uali?er analysis&
p
0
(t )=

n=N
N
c
n
p
r
(t nT
b
)
p
0
( kT
b
)=

n=N
N
c
n
p
r
( kT
b
nT
b
)
p
0
k |=

n=N
N
c
n
p
r
kn|
k=0,!1,!2, .
2y3&ist4s first criterion
p
0
k |=0 for k=0
p
0
0|=1
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&

0
1
0

0
|
=

p
r
0| p
r
1| p
r
22+1| p
r
22|
p
r
1| p
r
0| p
r
22+2| p
r
22+1|

p
r
221| p
r
222| p
r
0| p
r
1|
p
r
22| p
r
221| p
r
1| p
r
0|
|

c
N
c
N +1

c
1
c
0
c
1

c
N1
c
N
|
4ero3-orcing )9uali?er
p
0
= P
r
c
c = P
r
1
p
0
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Minimum Mean S9uare )rror
)9uali?er
$S% =
1
25+1

k =&
&
( p
0
k |6 k |)
2
6 k | =

1 k=0
0 k=0

c = P
r
+
p
0
where P
r
+
is the $oorePenrose pse"doin'erse
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.23 (iming extraction&
i!ing E"tra#ti$n % &$lar 'ine ($de
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.24 )rror probability in threshold detection&
hresh$ld Err$r Dete#ti$n
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
)ye Diagrams
:
Applied to recei"ed signals
:
Oscilloscope 7ith time base set to (
b
or
integer multiple o (
b
:
Obser"e %S%$ timing$ noise immunity
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.25 (he eye diagram&
#olar
,*4
*4
,*4
rom 1a2
inite 8S
channel
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
%normation Contained in )ye
Diagram
:
Maximum opening point 6 noise margin&
:
Sensiti"ity to timing Oitter 6 slope indication
o noise margin reduction&
:
Le"el3crossing 1timing2 Oitter 6 7idth o eye
corners pro"ides inormation on timing
Oitter or cloc/ inormation&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.26 *eading an eye diagram&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.27 )ye diagrams o a polar signaling system using a raised cosine pulse 7ith
roll3o actor 0&P0 1a2 o"er 2 symbol periods 2#
b
7ith a time shit #
b
/25 1b2 7ithout time
shit&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#AM0 M3ary 8aseband Signaling
:
All line codes discussed so ar transmit
binary data&
:
%ncrease data transmission rate re9uires a
larger band7idth&
:
Another 7ay 6 increase the number o bits
per symbol
:
)xample 6 C3ary symbol Q<0$ <<$ 0<$ 00R
transmit one symbol each period&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.28 C3Ary #AM signaling0 1a2 our *4 symbols5 1b2 baseband transmission5 1c2 the C3ary *4 eye diagram&
%normation transmitted by an M3ary symbol

$
=log
2
$ bits
(ransmitted po7er increased
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#SD o Wuaternary Signal
:
C3ary line code
:
% all C symbols are e9ually li/ely
a
k
=

3 !essage bits 00
1 !essage bits 01
+1 !essage bits 10
+3 !essage bits 11

R
0
=lim
N -
1
N

k
a
k
2
=lim
N -
1
N

N
4
((3)
2
+(1)
2
+(1)
2
+(3)
2
)
|
= #
R
n
=lim
N -
1
N

k
a
k
a
k+n
=0 for n>0 6see tet7
S
y
( f )=
#
T
s
P( f )
2
#power of binary polar signal
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.29 )ye diagrams o a C3ary #AM signaling system using a raised3cosine pulse
7ith roll3o actor 0&P0 1a2 o"er t7o symbol periods 2#
b
7ith time oset #
b
/25 1b2 7ithout
time oset&
,o %S% seen at optimum sampling points
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Digital Carrier Systems
:
8aseband signal suitable or transmission
o"er 7ire o coaxial cables but not
7ireless&
:
8aseband signal modulate carrier
re9uency signal or 7ireless transmission&
:
-orms o carrier modulation
6
Amplitude modulation
6
Angle modulation
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.30 1a2 (he carrier cos $
c
t& 1b2 (he modulating signal m(t)& 1c2 ASX0 the modulated signal m(t) cos $
c
t&
Amplitude Shit Xeying 1ASX25 On3O Xeying 1OOX2
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.31 1a2 (he modulating signal m(t)& 1b2 #SX0 the modulated signal m(t) cos $
c
t& 1c2 -SX0 the modulated signal&
#hase Shit Xeying 1#SX2 and -re9uency Shit Xeying 1-SX2
#SX
-SX
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#SD o Digital Carrier
Modulation
:
8inary carrier modulation or ASX$ #SX
and -SX e9uation
:
#SD o is
:
Shere is the -ourier (ransorm o
the truncated signal
(t )=!(t )cos u
c
t
(t )
S

( f )=lim
T -
4
T
( f )
2
T
4
T
( f )

T
(t ) = (t ) "(t +T / 2)"(t T / 2)|
= !(t ) "(t +T / 2)"(t T / 2)| cos u
c
t
= !
T
(t )cosu
c
t
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#SD o Digital Carrier
:
(hereore
S

( f ) = lim
T -
1
4T

$
T
( f +f
c
)
2
+$
T
( f f
c
)
2
|
=
1
4

S
$
( f +f
c
)+S
$
( f f
c
)
|
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.32 #SD o 1a2 ASX$ 1b2 #SX$ and 1c2 -SX&
ASX 6 on3o 1re9& shited2
#SX 6 polar 1re9& shited2
-SX 6 sum o t7o ASX
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Analog and Digital Connections
:
ASX is AM 7ith Y > <
:
-SX is -M 7ith limited number o
re9uencies
:
#SX similar to #M
,)ary 1S5 with a constant phase shift 0
k
in the time domain

PS&
(t ) = (cos(u
c
t +0
k
) kT
b
t ( k+1) T
b

PS&
(t ) = (cos 0
k
cos u
c
t (sin 0
k
sin u
c
t

PS&
(t ) =a
k
cos u
c
t b
k
sin u
c
t 8*,
+or Binary 1S5 with 0
k
=0,

PS&
(t ) =!(cos u
c
t digital (SB)S9
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Demodulation
:
Coherent 6 re9uires carrier signal1s2
6
#SX0 ;<= > A cos Z
c
t5 ;0= > 3 A cos Z
c
t
:
,on3coherent 6 en"elope detector$
detector not as elaborate as coherent
6
ASX [ -SX0 non3coherent or coherent
:
ASX 6 en"elope detector ade9uate i S,*
suiciently high&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.33 1a2 ,oncoherent detection o -SX& 1b2 Coherent detection o -SX&
-SX ,oncoherent and Coherent Detectors
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.34 Coherent binary #SX detector 1similar to a DS83SC demodulator2&
8#SX Detection 6 Coherent Demodulator
8inary #SX similar to DS83SC
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Dierential #SX
:
,on3coherent demodulation
:
Detect relati"e phase bet7een \
/
and \
/3<
:
)ncode
6
;0= as same pulseBphase as pre"ious
6
;<= negati"e o pre"ious pulseBphase
6
#ulses0
:
Demodulation
6
% ;0= current and pre"ious pulse ha"e same
phase
(cos(u
c
t +0
k
) =!(cos u
c
t
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Dierential )ncoding and
Detection o 8inary D#SX
(ime / 0 < 2 H C P T + U 9 <0
< 0 < 0 0 < < < 0 0
0 < < 0 0 0 < 0 < < <
3< < < 3< 3< 3< < 3< < < <
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Detected bit < 0 < 0 0 < < < 0 0
%
/
9
/
Line code a
/
]
/
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
]
/
3]
/3<
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
M3ary Digital Carrier Modulation
:
M3ary signaling 6 increase transmission
data rate 7hile conser"ing band7idth
:
M3ary ASX
:
#o7er increases proportional to M
2
:
Demodulation "ia en"elope or coherent
detection
(t )=0, (cos u
c
t , 2*cos u
c
t ,.,( $1) (cosu
c
t ,
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
M3ary -SX and Orthogonal
Signaling
:
M3-SX use
:
!niorm separation bet7een re9uencies
:
And
:
% is too small results in detection errors
:
% is too large band7idth is
unnecessarily large
(cos 2 f
i
t for i=1, ., $
f
!
= f
1
+( !1)6 f for !=1, 2, ., $
A f =
f
$
f
1
2
=
1
2
( $1) 6 f
6 f 6 f
6 f
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Orthogonality Condition or _
:
-ind or orthogonality bet7een
re9uencies
6 f

0
T
b
(cos(2 f
!
t ) (cos(2 f
n
t )dt =
=
(
2
2

0
T
b
cos 2( f
!
+ f
n
)t + cos 2( f
!
f
n
)t | dt
=
(
2
2
T
b
sin 2( f
!
+ f
n
)T
b
2( f
!
+ f
n
)T
b
+
(
2
2
T
b
sin 2 ( f
!
f
n
)T
b
2( f
!
f
n
)T
b
since ( f
!
+ f
n
)T
b
is large first term is effectively 0
orthogonality = sin 2(!n) fT
b
| =0 for !=n
f =
1
2T
b
:!
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
-SX _ Orthogonality
,&t&al orthogonality condition ) !ini!"!shift )S&
f =
1
2T
b
:!
;epresent as orthogonal %asis f&nction

i
(t ) =

2
T
b
cos 2
(
f
1
+
i 1
2T
b
)
t i =1, 2,., $
where

0
T
b

!
(t )
n
(t ) dt =

1 !=n
0 !=n

<ach +S5 sym%ol can %e written as

(cos 2 f
!
t = (

T
b
2

!
(t ) !=1, 2,., $
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.36 8inary -SX symbols in the t7o3dimensional orthogonal signal space&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
-SX Demodulation and 8and7idth
(emod&lation of ,)ary +S5 similar to %inary +S5 demod&lation
) 2oncoherent ) %andpass filters
) 9oherent ) regenerate the , %ase%and fre3&encies
Bandwidth
for a minim&m shift +S5, A f =( $1)/(4T
b
)
9arson4s r&le= 2(A f +B) =( $3)/( 2T
b
)
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#hase Shit Xeying 1#SX2
:
#SX 6 encodes signal in carrierEs phase
6
-inite number o phases$ one symbolBphase
6
)ach symbol encodes a binary number
:
M#SX general representation
:
Shere is the baseband pulse shape
:
8#SX 6 binary #SX$ M>2
:
W#SX 6 9uaternary #SX$ M>C

PS&
(t )=p
T
b
(t ) cos( 2 f
c
t +
2!
$
) for !=0, 1, ., $1
p
T
b
(t )
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.37 %3ary #SX symbols in the orthogonal signal space0 1a2 % > 25 1b2 % > C5 1c2 % > U&
<0 <<
0<
00
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#SX !sed in Sireless ,et7or/s
:
Sireless LA,$ 8luetooth and 4ig8ee
:
%))) U02&<<b 6 7ireless LA, standard
6
D8#SX 6 <MbitBs
6
DW#SX 6 2MbitBs
:
%))) U02&<<g 6 T$ 9$ <2$ <U$ 2C$ HT [
PTMbitBs
6
O-DM 1orthogonal re9uency di"ision
multiplexing2 7ith 8#SX at each re9uency or
T [ 9MbitBs modes&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
#SX Symbol )rror *ate "s S,*
#roa/is$ `&.& and Salehi$ M& 1200P2$ &undamentals of Communication Systems' #rentice 'all$
!pper Saddle *i"er$ ,&`&
-igure <0&<T #robability o a symbol error or
#SX signals&
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
M3ary WAM Systems
:
M3ary amplitude3phase /eying 1A#X2 6
symbols coded by amplitude and phase
:
!seul or channels 7ith limited band7idth
:
Lo7er error rates than other M3ary /eyed
modulated encoding at same symbol rate&
:
Modulate t7o signal 7ith carrier at same
re9uency in phase 9uadrature
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
M3ary WAM
:
Modulation e9uation
:
Shere
p
i
(t ) = a
i
p(t )cos u
c
t + b
i
p(t )sinu
c
t
= r
i
p(t )cos(u
c
t 0
i
)
i=1, ., $
r
i
=
.
a
i
2
+b
i
2
and 0 = tan
1
b
i
a
i
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxord !ni"ersity #ress$ %nc&
Figure 7.38 1a2 WAM or 9uadrature multiplexing and 1b2 <T3point WAM (% > <T)&