Day 4: Communication 1.

Generation of AM signal with carrier and plot its FFT Matlab code:
clc; close all; clear all; fm=100; fc=10000; fs=2*fc; t=0:(1/fs):(1/fm); m=2.*cos(2*pi*fm.*t); c=10.*cos(2*pi*fc.*t); func=ones(1,length(m))+(.5/2).*cos(2*pi*fm.*t) st=func.*cos(2*pi*fc.*t); plot(t,m); figure plot(t,c) figure plot(t,st)

2. Generation of AM signal without carrier and plot its FFT Matlab code:
clc; close all; clear all; fm=100; fc=10000; fs=fc*5; noc=100; ts=1/fs; t=0:ts:1/fm m=sin(2*pi*fm*t); c=sin(2*pi*fc*t); plot(t,m) figure plot(t,c); ds_mod=m.*c; plot(t,ds_mod);

3. Generate FM wave and plot fft Matlab code:

clc clear all close all fm=25 fc=400 b=10 t=0:0.0001:0.1; m=sin(2*pi*fm*t); figure plot(t,m) c=sin(2*pi*fc*t); figure plot(t,c) st=sin(2*pi*fc*t+(b.*sin(2*pi*fm*t))); plot(t,st)

4. Binary Phase shift keying (BPSK): Transmitter and its FFT Matlab code:
clc clear all close all %Modulation of the sine wave signal with the random bit stream %parameters

f=10e6; fs=10*f; data_rate=1e6; no_of_cycles=f/data_rate; ts=1/fs; t=0:ts:no_of_cycles*fs/f*ts; sig_0=sin(2*pi*f*t); sig_1=sin(2*pi*f*t+pi); len_sig_0=length(sig_0); sig_start=1; sig_end=sig_start+length(sig_0); for index=1:100 if (rand < 0.5) bit_stream(index)='0' BPSK_sig(sig_start:sig_end-1)=sig_0; else bit_stream(index)='1' BPSK_sig(sig_start:sig_end-1)=sig_1; end sig_start=sig_start+len_sig_0; sig_end=sig_end+len_sig_0; end %end of for loop plot(BPSK_sig) fft_sig=fftshift(fft(BPSK_sig)); mag_fft_sig=abs(fft_sig); db_mag_fft_sig=20*log10(mag_fft_sig); faxis=linspace(-1/2,1/2,length(fft_sig)); maxi=max(db_mag_fft_sig); norm_db_mag_fft_sig=db_mag_fft_sig-maxi; [junk,index1]=find(norm_db_mag_fft_sig<-40); norm_db_mag_fft_sig(index1)=-40; figure plot(faxis,norm_db_mag_fft_sig) %********************************************* %To generate filter using rectangular window %******************************************** W1=window(@rectwin,45) F1= fir1(44, .11*pi, W1) F_F1=fft(F1,512); F_FS1=fftshift(F_F1); AB1=abs(F_FS1); db_AB1=20*log10(AB1); faxis=linspace(-1,1,512); figure plot(faxis,db_AB1) filt_bpsk_sig=conv(F1,BPSK_sig);

fft_sig=fftshift(fft(filt_bpsk_sig)); mag_fft_sig=abs(fft_sig); db_mag_fft_sig=20*log10(mag_fft_sig); faxis=linspace(-1/2,1/2,length(fft_sig)); maxi=max(db_mag_fft_sig);

norm_db_mag_fft_sig=db_mag_fft_sig-maxi; [junk,index1]=find(norm_db_mag_fft_sig<-40); norm_db_mag_fft_sig(index1)=-40; figure plot(faxis,norm_db_mag_fft_sig) figure plot(filt_bpsk_sig) save filt_bpsk_sig filt_bpsk_sig bit_stream

5. ASK modulation 6. QPSK transmitter 7. Filtering using DSP filters, concept of channel 8. Binary Phase shift keying (BPSK): Receiver
clc clear all close all % Status of the Program % The Program is able to decode a BPSK bit stream successfuly evenafter % filtering. But the following issues still to need to be resolved % 1. Carrier Recovery, Here we have done it manually. We have to try % doing it using the fft command or any other technique % 2. Timing Recovery, Here we are doing it manually by observing the plot of the received signal % BPSK Receiver load filt_bpsk_sig fc=10e6; fs=10*fc; ts=1/fs; no_of_cycl=10; t=0:ts:ts*no_of_cycl*fs/fc; LO=sin(2*pi*fc*t); len_LO=length(LO); %for ind=1:len_LO:len cleaning_pt=25; % From observation of the received signal's plot x(1:cleaning_pt)=[]; len=len-cleaning_pt; remain=rem(len,len_LO) x(end-remain+1:end)=[]; x_mat=reshape(x,len_LO,[]); x_mat=x_mat'; LO_mat=repmat(LO,size(x_mat,1),1); prod_sigs=x_mat.*LO_mat; int_prod_sigs=sum(prod_sigs,2); x_coord=10*ones(1,length(int_prod_sigs)); stem(x_coord,int_prod_sigs); int_prod_sigs(int_prod_sigs>0)=1; int_prod_sigs(int_prod_sigs<0)=0; int_prod_sigs=int2str(int_prod_sigs);% Convert to character for comparing with bit stream decoded_bit_stream=int_prod_sigs'; % Just converting to column vector to comapare with bit_stream which is a column vector

% Check whether the decoded bit stream is equal to the sent bit stream bit_stream==decoded_bit_stream

9. 8 psk transmitter
clc clear all close all %generation of a random bit stream and a sine wave carrier and its FSK %modulation %*************************************** %*************************************** %GENERATION OF THE CARRIERS %*************************************** %*************************************** %INITIALISATION f2=10e5; data_rate=1e5; no_of_cycles=f2/data_rate/3; fs=10*f2; ts=1/fs; t=0:ts:fs/f2*no_of_cycles*ts; %================================================ % GENERATION OF THE CARRIERS FOR THE BIT DURATION %================================================ two_pi=2*pi; s0=sin(2*pi*f2*t); plot(s0) s1=sin(2*pi*f2*t+two_pi/8); % plot(sig_1) s2=sin(2*pi*f2*t+2*two_pi/8); % plot(sig_2) s3=sin(2*pi*f2*t+3*two_pi/8); % plot(sig_3) s4=sin(2*pi*f2*t+4*two_pi/8); % plot(sig_4) s5=sin(2*pi*f2*t+5*two_pi/8); % plot(sig_5) s6=sin(2*pi*f2*t+6*two_pi/8); % plot(sig_6) s7=sin(2*pi*f2*t+7*two_pi/8); % plot(sig_7) Tb=length(t); %*************************************** % 8 PSK %*************************************** sigstart=1; sigend=Tb; mod_sig=0; for no_of_bits=1:1:1000 symb=[]; for random_no_stream =1:1:3 if rand > 0.5 bit='1';

symb=[symb bit]; else bit='0'; symb=[symb bit]; end % end of if loop end %end of 1st for loop for bit to symbol mapping switch symb case '000' signal=s0; case '001' signal=s1; case '010' signal=s2; case '011' signal=s3; case '100' signal=s4; case '101' signal=s5; case '110' signal=s6; case '111' signal=s7; end mod_sig(sigstart:sigend)=signal; sigstart=sigend+1; sigend=sigend+Tb; end %end of 2nd for loop for bit generation

% fft_sig=fftshift(fft(mod_sig)); % mag_fft_sig=abs(fft_sig); % db_mag_fft_sig=10*log10(mag_fft_sig); % faxis=linspace(-fs/2,fs/2,length(fft_sig)); % maxi=max(db_mag_fft_sig); % norm_db_mag_fft_sig=db_mag_fft_sig-maxi; % plot(faxis,norm_db_mag_fft_sig) save psk_8 mod_sig s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7

10. 8 psk receiver

clc clear all close all %psk receiver% load psk_8 f2=10e5; data_rate=1e5; no_of_cycles=f2/data_rate/3; fs=10*f2; ts=1/fs; t=0:ts:fs/f2*no_of_cycles*ts; x=mod_sig; len=length(x);

%================================================ % GENERATION OF THE CARRIERS FOR THE BIT DURATION %================================================ LO=sin(2*pi*f2*t); LO_Q=sin(2*pi*f2*t+pi/2); len_LO=length(LO); cleaning_pt=0; % From observation of the received signal's plot x(1:cleaning_pt)=[]; len=len-cleaning_pt; remain=rem(len,len_LO) x(end-remain+1:end)=[]; x_mat=reshape(x,len_LO,[]); x_mat=x_mat'; I_mat=repmat(LO,size(x_mat,1),1); Q_mat=repmat(LO_Q,size(x_mat,1),1); prod_sigs=x_mat.*I_mat; int_prod_sigs_I=sum(prod_sigs,2); prod_sigs=x_mat.*Q_mat; int_prod_sigs_Q=sum(prod_sigs,2); plot(int_prod_sigs_I,int_prod_sigs_Q,'*')

% stem(int_prod_sigs); % figure % % hist(int_prod_sigs) % int_prod_sigs(int_prod_sigs>0)=1; % int_prod_sigs(int_prod_sigs<0)=0; % int_prod_sigs=int2str(int_prod_sigs);% Convert to character for comparing with bit stream % decoded_bit_stream=int_prod_sigs'; % Just converting to column vector to comapare with bit_stream which is a column vector % % Check whether the decoded bit stream is equal to the sent bit stream % bit_stream==decoded_bit_stream 11. 64 QAM transmitter clc clear all close all %generation of QAM %% %INITIALISATION f2=10e6; data_rate=1e6; no_of_cycles=f2/data_rate; fs=10*f2; ts=1/fs; t=0:ts:fs/f2*no_of_cycles*ts; %================================================

% GENERATION OF THE CARRIERS FOR THE BIT DURATION %================================================ sin_y=sin(2*pi*f2*t); cos_x=cos(2*pi*f2*t); sigstart=1; Tb=length(sin_y); sigend=Tb; mod_sig=0; %% for no_of_bits=1:1:1000 %% x_symb=[]; y_symb=[]; for x_random_no_stream =1:1:3 if rand > 0.5 bit='1'; x_symb=[x_symb bit]; else bit='0'; x_symb=[x_symb bit]; end % end of if loop %%

if rand > 0.5 bit='1'; y_symb=[y_symb bit]; else bit='0'; y_symb=[y_symb bit]; end % end of if loop end %end of 1st for loop for bit to symbol mapping %% x_amp=bin2dec(x_symb) y_amp=bin2dec(y_symb) signal=x_amp*cos_x-y_amp*sin_y; mod_sig(sigstart:sigend)=signal; sigstart=sigend+1; sigend=sigend+Tb; end %end of 2nd for loop for bit generation plot(mod_sig) fft_sig=fftshift(fft(mod_sig)); mag_fft_sig=abs(fft_sig); db_mag_fft_sig=10*log10(mag_fft_sig); faxis=linspace(-fs/2,fs/2,length(fft_sig)); maxi=max(db_mag_fft_sig); norm_db_mag_fft_sig=db_mag_fft_sig-maxi; figure plot(faxis,norm_db_mag_fft_sig)

save QAM_sig mod_sig cos_x sin_y 12. 64 QAM receiver clc clear all close all %psk receiver% load QAM_sig f=10e6; fs=10*f; data_rate=1e6; no_of_cycles=f/data_rate; ts=1/fs; t=0:ts:no_of_cycles*fs/f*ts; x=mod_sig; len=length(x); %================================================ % GENERATION OF THE CARRIERS FOR THE BIT DURATION %================================================ LO_I=cos(2*pi*f*t); LO_Q=sin(2*pi*f*t); len_LO=length(LO_I); cleaning_pt=0; % From observation of the received signal's plot x(1:cleaning_pt)=[]; len=len-cleaning_pt; remain=rem(len,len_LO) x(end-remain+1:end)=[]; x_mat=reshape(x,len_LO,[]); x_mat=x_mat'; I_mat=repmat(LO_I,size(x_mat,1),1); Q_mat=repmat(LO_Q,size(x_mat,1),1); prod_sigs=x_mat.*I_mat; int_prod_sigs_I=sum(prod_sigs,2); prod_sigs=x_mat.*Q_mat; int_prod_sigs_Q=sum(prod_sigs,2); plot(int_prod_sigs_I,int_prod_sigs_Q,'*') figure hist(int_prod_sigs_I) figure hist(int_prod_sigs_Q) % figure % stem(int_prod_sigs); % % % % % % % % % % int_prod_sigs(int_prod_sigs>0)=1; % int_prod_sigs(int_prod_sigs<0)=0; % int_prod_sigs=int2str(int_prod_sigs);% Convert to character for comparing with bit stream % decoded_bit_stream=int_prod_sigs'; % Just converting to column vector to comapare with bit_stream which is a column vector

% % Check whether the decoded bit stream is equal to the sent bit stream % bit_stream==decoded_bit_stream

13. DSBSC transmitter and Receiver

% Generate a dsbsc signal and store on hdd clc clear all close all fm=3e3;fc=10e3; fs=10*fc; ts=1/fs;no_of_cycles=100; t=0:ts:fs/fc*no_of_cycles*ts; m=sin(2*pi*fm*t); phi=0.8; c=cos(2*pi*fc*t+phi); rsc=m.*c; save rsc_file rsc % To generate the carrier with known frequency but unknown phase using a % squaring loop clear all; close all; clc load rsc_file plot(rsc); fc=10e3; fs=10*fc; f_digital=4*fc/fs; b = fir1(48,[f_digital-0.01*f_digital f_digital+0.01*f_digital]); figure db_plot_fft(b,1); % [mi,im]=min(abs(f-fc)) ; % phaseBPF=angle(IR(im)) ; q=rsc.^2; db_plot_fft(q,1); rp=filter(b,1,q); rp=rp./max(abs(rp)); rp(1:175)=[];% Just a random phase shift db_plot_fft(rp,fs) figure plot(rp) save rp_file rp

14. Pam4level
function [pulse_seq,bitstream]=pam_4level(sentence) % clc % clear all % close all % % pam % % Generate a message signal % sentence='This is iitguwahati'; dec_sentence=real(sentence); bin_sentence=dec2base(dec_sentence,2,8) bin_sentence=bin_sentence'; % The : operator works columnwise

bitstream=bin_sentence(:); bitstream=bitstream'; pulse_seq=[]; for ind=1:2:length(bitstream)-1 dibit=bitstream([ind,ind+1]); switch(dibit) case '00' pulseq=-3; case '01' pulseq=-1; case '10' pulseq=1; case '11' pulseq=3; end pulse_seq=[pulse_seq,pulseq]; end % plot(pulse_seq)

15. Baseband pulse transmission

clc clear all close all % Program to realize a DFT filter bank using filter command % Let us first try a baseband pulse shaping sentence='This is IIT Guwahati'; pulse_seq=pam_4level(sentence); header_seq=pam_4level('ABC'); pulse_seq=[header_seq,pulse_seq]; M=100; N=length(pulse_seq); pulse_seq_upconverted=zeros(1,M*N); pulse_seq_upconverted(1:M:end)=pulse_seq; figure,plot(pulse_seq_upconverted);title('pulse_seq_upconverted') pulse_shape=hamming(M); pulse_shape=pulse_shape'; pulse_modulated_signal=filter(pulse_shape,1,pulse_seq_upconverted); plot(pulse_modulated_signal); save pulsed_sig pulse_modulated_signal pulse_shape figure; plot(pulse_shape);title('Pulse shape');

Correlation
function [dp]=sumit_correlation(header,data); shift_header=1; len_header=length(header); len_data=length(data);

end_correlator=shift_header+len_header-1; while end_correlator<len_data; extracted_data=data(shift_header:end_correlator); dp(shift_header)=header*extracted_data'; shift_header=shift_header+1; end_correlator=shift_header+len_header-1; end

16. Baseband pulse receiver

%******************************************** %% Recevier %******************************************** recd_sig=pulse_modulated_signal; matched_filter=fliplr(pulse_shape); % It is not known at this point where the header starts. Hence the header pulse seq is % to be correlated to the directly received signal. (The matched filtered % signal is of no use until we know the sampling instances) %*** Find the location of header***************** % Generate a local header local_header=pam_4level('ABC'); % Convert this local header to a pulse seq local_header_upconverted=zeros(1,M*length(local_header)); local_header_upconverted(1:M:end)=local_header; pulse_shape=hamming(M); pulse_shape=pulse_shape'; local_header_pulse_seq=filter(pulse_shape,1,local_header_upconverted); % Correlate this pulse seq to the directly received signal correlated_sig=sumit_correlation(local_header_pulse_seq,recd_sig); [junk,ind]=max(correlated_sig) % Now we have the header location in ind figure;plot(correlated_sig);title('Correlated Signal for header location') % Extract the header from the signal recd_header_sig=recd_sig(ind:ind+length(local_header_pulse_seq)); recd_sig_wo_header=recd_sig(length(recd_header_sig)+1:end); % correlate signal with pulse_shape: A type of matched filtering matched_filtered_sig=sumit_correlation(matched_filter,recd_sig_wo_heade r); % Downsample the signal % this is equivalent to sampling the signal at proper instance recd_downsampled_sig=matched_filtered_sig(1:M:end); figure;stem(recd_downsampled_sig);title('Received and downsampled alphabets'); grid on %********************************************** %*********************************************** %*********************************************** %*****Derive a average gain coefficient using the header********

% len_header=length(recd_header_sig); % Extract the header seq from the received sig matched_filtered_recd_header_seq=sumit_correlation(pulse_shape,recd_hea der_sig); % Downconvert to extract the header seq recd_header_seq=matched_filtered_recd_header_seq(1:M:end); figure;stem(recd_header_seq);title('Received header sequence');grid on; hold on;stem(local_header,'r') % power_pulse_shape=sum((pulse_shape).^2)/length(pulse_shape); % recd_headerseq_norm=recd_headerseq/(power_pulse_shape*M); plot(a)