ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES 1.
Introduction
A structure of any type is classified as statically indeterminate when the number of unknown reaction or internal forces exceeds the number of equilibrium equations available for its analysis. What is statically DETERMINATE structure? (Fig.1)
Fig.1 Fig.2
No. of unknown = 3 No. of equilibrium equations = 3 3 = 3 thus statically determinate
No. of unknown = 4 No. of equilibrium equations = 3 43 thus statically Indeterminate
Fig.3 No. of unknown = 6 No. of equilibrium equations = 5 6 5 thus statically Indeterminate
[Link] we study indeterminate structure ?
Most of the structures designed today are statically indeterminate Reinforced concrete buildings are considered in most cases as statically indeterminate structures since the columns & beams are poured as continuous member through the joints & over the supports More stable compare to determinate structure or in another word safer. In many cases more economical than determinate.
Contrast
Determinate Structure
P
PL3 /48EI Considerable compared to indeterminate structure P PL/4
Indeterminate Structure
DEFLECTION
PL3 /192EI Generally smaller than determinate structure P
STRESS
PL/8
High moment caused thicker member & more material needed P TEMPERATURE
Less moment, smaller cross section& less material needed P
No effect & no stress would be Developed in the beam
Serious effect and stress would be developed in the beam
Methods of Analyses
FORCEDISPLACEMENT
The force displacement requirement depend upon the way the material responds, which assumed linear-elastic response
EQUILIBRIUM
COMPATIBILITY
Compatibility is satisfied when the various segments of the structure fit together without intentional breaks or overlaps
Equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces hold the structure at rest
Methods of Analysis
Two different Methods are available
Force method
known as consistent deformation, unit load method,
flexibility method, or the superposition equations method. The primary unknowns in this way of analysis are forces
Displacement method
Known as stiffness matrix method The primary unknowns are displacements
Force method of analysis
The deflection or slope at any point on a structure as a result of a number of forces, including the reactions, is equal to the algebraic sum of the deflections or slopes at this particular point as a result of these loads acting individually General Procedure Indeterminate to the first degree 1 Compatibility equation is needed Choosing one of the support reaction as a redundant The structure become statically determinate & stable
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Downward displacement B at B calculated (load action) BB upward deflection per unit force at B Compatibility equation 0 = B + ByBB Reaction By known Now the structure is statically determinate
General Procedure
Indeterminate to the first degree 1 Compatibility equation is needed Choosing MA at A as a redundant The structure become statically determinate & stable
Rotation A at A caused by load P is determined AA rotation caused by unit couple moment applied at A Compatibility equation 0 = A + MA AA Moment MA known Now the structure is statically determinate
General Procedure
Indeterminate to the 2nd degree 2 Compatibility equations needed Redundant reaction B & C Displacement B &C caused by load P1 & P2 are determined
BB & BC Deflection per unit force at B are determined CC & CB Deflection per unit force at C are determined Compatibility equations 0 =B + ByBB + CyBC 0 =C + ByCB + CyCC Reactions at B & C are known Statically determinate structure
Maxwells Theorem
The displacement of a point B on a structure due to a unit load acting at a point A is equal to the displacement of point A when the unit load is acting at point B is:
fBC=fCB
The rotation of a point B on a structure due to a unit moment acting at a point A is equal to the rotation of point A when the unit moment is acting at point B the is BC=CB
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Procedure for Analysis
Determine the degree of statically indeterminacy Identify the redundants, whether its a force or a moment, that would be treated as unknown in order to form the structure statically determinate & stable Calculate the displacements of the determinate structure at the points where the redundants have been removed Calculate the displacements at these same points in the determinate structure due to the unit force or moment of each redundants individually Workout the compatibility equation at each point where there is a redundant & solve for the unknown redundants Knowing the value of the redundants, use equilibrium to determine the remaining reactions
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Example Determine the reaction at B Indeterminate to the 1st degree thus one additional equation needed Lets take B as a redundant Determine the deflection at point B in the absence of support B. Using the momentarea method 300kNm B = 1/EI[300x6/2{(x6)+6}] B = 9000 kNm3/EI Determine the deflection caused by A the unit load at point B
50kN
B C
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0= 9000 /EI + BY 576 /EI BY =15.6kN BB =1/EI[12x12/2xx12] BB = 576m3 /EI Compatibility equation 0=B +BY BB
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The reaction at B is known now so the structure is statically determinate & equilibrium equations can be applied to get the rest of the unknowns
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60kN 90kN
A
D 60kN
C
E 90kN E C C CC
B 60kN B A
90kN
B 81.67
68.33
205
230
B 1.34 A D 0.44
245 2.67 1.67 B C E
A C
1.0
0.56
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Compatibility Equation
20kN 8kN / m A 3 B 2.5 2.5 C
B =B1 =RB BB
RB = B / BB
C
20kN 8kN / m A B B
B1 =RB BB
B RB
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