BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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CHAPTER 6: INTEGRATION Antiderivatives Definition: Antiderivative

A function F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I if F ' ( x ) = f ( x ) for all x in I. Definition: Indefinite Integral, Integrand

The set of all antiderivatives of f is the indefinite integral of f with respect to x, denoted by f ( x )dx . The symbol is an integral sign. The function f is the integrand of the integral, and x is the variable of integration. Example: Attend lecture.

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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Trigonometric Identities are very useful in solving integration involving trigonometric function. Especially Half Angle Formulas. Try it!

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 6 Finding Indefinite Integrals Find the most general antiderivative or indefinite integrals. . !. #. $. %. &. '. (. ). ". . !. #. $. %. &. '. (. ).

( x +1 )dx ( 5 6 x )dx
t dt 2 t2 3 2 + 4t dt 3t
2

!". ! . !!. !#. !$. !%. !&. !'. !(. !). #". # . #!. ##. #$. #%. #&. #'.

5 sin t )dt (

7 sin 3 d
3 cos 5d ( 3 csc
2

x )dx

3 ( 2 x 5 x +7 )dx

( 1 x

3 x 5 )dx

1 x 2 dx 3 1 2 3 + 2 x dx 5 x

x
x
x (

sec 2 x 3 dx csc cot d 2 2 5 sec tan d

( 4 sec x tan x 2 sec

x )dx

1/ 3

dx
dx

2 (csc

x csc x cot x )dx

5/4

x + 3 x )dx

(sin 2 x csc x )dx ( 2 cos 2 x 3 sin 3 x )dx

x 2 dx + 2 x 2 8 y y 1 / 4 dy

1 + cos 4t dt 2 1 cos 6 t dt 2
2

' y
3

%* $

dy

( 1 + tan
2

)d

2 x( 1 x )dx x ( x +1 )dx
3

( 2 + tan )d cot xdx

t t+ t dt t2 4+ t t 3 dt

( 1 cot

x )dx

cos (tan + sec )d

2 cos t )dt (

csc sin d

csc

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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ANSWERS FOR PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 6

. !. #. $. %. &. '. (. ). ". . !. #. $. %. &. '. (. ).

!". ! . !!. !#. !$. !%. !&. !'. !(. !). #". # . #!. ##. #$. #%. #&. #'. #(.

5 cos t + C
21 cos

5x 3x 2 + C
t3 + t2 +C 4

+C

3 sin 5 + c 5

t3 + t4 + C 6 1 4 5 2 x x +7 x + C 2 2 1 3 1 6 x x x +C 3 2 3 1 x x +C x 3 3

3 cot x + c
tan x +c 3 1 csc + C 2 2 sec + C 5

x+

+ x! + C

4 sec x 2 tan x + C
1 1 cot x + csc x + C 2 2 1 cos 2 x + cot x + C 2

3 2/3 x +C 2 4 +C 4 x 2 3/ 2 3 4/ 3 x + x +C 3 4 1 3/ 2 x + 4 x1 / 2 + C 3 8 4 y2 y3/ 4 + C 3 y 4 + +C 7 y1/ 4 2 x2 + + C x

sin 2 x + cos 3 x + C
t sin 4t + +C 2 8 t sin 6 t +C 2 12

tan + C

+ tan + C
cot x x + C 2 x + cot x + C cos + + C

1 1 2 +C x 2x
2 +C t

2 t

2 2 3/ 2 + C 2 t 3t 2 sin t + C

tan + C

The +efinite Integral

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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,otation and Existence of the +efinite Integral The symbol for the number I in the definition of the definite integral is

f ( x )dx
a

which read as -the integral from a to b of f of x dee x. or sometimes as -the integral from a to b of f of x with respect to x..

Example: Attend lecture. The First Fundamental Theorem of /alculus Theorem: The First Fundamental Theorem of /alculus

If f is continuous at every point of [a b! and F is any antiderivative of f on [a b! then

f ( x )dx = F ( b ) F ( a )

Theorem:

The 0econd Fundamental Theorem of /alculus

If f is continuous on [a b! then F(x) "

differentiable on (a b) and its derivative is f(x)#

f ( t )dt is continuous on [a b! and

f ( t )dt = f ( x )

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 6 Evaluate the following integrals. . !. #. $. %. &. '. (. ). ". . !. #.

( 2 x + 5 )dx

$. %. &. '. (. ). !". ! . !!. !#. !$.

/3

4 sec % tan %d%

x 5 dx 2 4 x3 dx 3 x $ 4

$ /2

1 + cos 2t dt 2

/3

/3

1 cos 2t dt 2

2 1

( x 3 2 x + 3 )dx

/2

/2

( 8 y 2 + sin y )dy

( x 2 + x )dx x 3 / 2 dx x 6 / 5 dx

/ 4

/3
1

2 4 sec t + 2 dt t

$ 32 1

( & + 1 ) 2 d&
( t + 1 )( t 2 + 4 )dt

2 dx x2

%7 1 5 d% 2 2 %

sin dx

( 1 + cos x )dx 2 sec 2 xdx csc 2 xdx csc cot d

1 1 4 d' 3 1/ 2 ' ' 2 2 s + s 1 s 2 ds

/3

1 % %

d%

5 / 6 /6

!%. !&.

x dx

3 / 4 /4

1 (cos x + cos x )dx 2

ANSWERS FOR PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 6 . !. #. $. %. 6 133/4 8 12 1 $. %. &. '. (. 4

4
3 4

2 3 3
4 3 3

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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&. '. (. ). ". . !. #.

1$ 5

5/2 1 2

2 3 2 3

). !". ! . !!. !#. !$. !%. !&.

)8/3
1$ 3

)3/4 )5/6
2 4 8 +1

3 16 1

Indefinite Integrals and the 0ubstitution 1ule If % is any differentiable function, then
n % d% =

% n +1 +C n +1

2 n 1 n rational3.

Theorem

The 0ubstitution 1ule

If % " *(x) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval I and f is continuous on I, then

f ( *( x ))*
Example: Attend lecture.

'

( x )dx = f ( % )d%

PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 6 Evaluating Integrals Evaluate the following integrals. . !. #. $.

sin 3 xdx x sin( 2 x

!%.
)dx

!&. !'. !(.

sec tan

!
2

2# x + !3 dx
x sec 2 xdx

sec 2t tan 2tdt

x x cos dx 3 3 7 x 2 x tan 2 sec 2 dx

sin

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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%. &. '. (. ). ". . !. #. $. %. &. '. (. ). !". ! . !!. !#. !$.

5 28( 7 x 2 ) dx

!). #". # . #!. ##. #$. #%. #&. #'.

3 2& & 18 1 d&

( x 1 ) dx
4 2

&5 d& & 7 1$

( & 2 d& 1 &

1/ 2

sin( x 3 / 2 + 1 )dx

4 2 2 3 12( y + 4 y + 1 ) ( y + 2 y )dy

1/ 3

sin( x 4 / 3 8 )dx

x sin 2 ( x 3 / 2 1 )dx

' + tan ' + d' sec 2 2

1
2

1 cos 2 dx x
2

csc

2 cot 2d

dx 5x +8
3 2 s ds
3

' ' cot d' 2 2 sin( 2t + 1 ) cos 2 ( 2t + 1 ) dt 6 cos t ( 2 + sin t )3 dt

csc

#(.

cot y csc 2 ydy

( 2 x +1 )

dx

1 ds 5s + 4 3dx ( 2 x )2

#). $".

sec + 1 1 1 dt t 2 cos t 1 t cos( t + 3 )dt

sec + tan +

d+

1 2 d
3

$ . $!.

8
3 y

2 1d
7 3 y 2 dy

cos

1
2

sin

1 1 cos d

sin 2

4 ydy

3 2 2 $#. ( s + 2 s 5 s + 5 )( 3 s + 4 s 5 )ds 4 2 3 $$. ( 2 + 8 2 )( + 2 )d

2 y 2 +1 1

x ( 1 + x )2

dx

$%. $&. $'. $(.

( 1 + t 4 ) 3 dt

(1+

x )3 x

dx

x 1 dx x5
x 2 +1dx
5

cos( 3 + + 4 )d+ sin( 8 + 5 )d+

x 3 x

x 3 +1dx

Evaluate the following integrals. .

( tan ! x sec ! x dx 2! + tan # x 3 !

#.

2 !r 3 cos #2!r 3 ! + & #2!r 3 ! + &

dr

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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!.

+sin ! 2 x 3 sin2 x 3 cos2 x 3dx

$.

sin cos #

ANSWERS FOR PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 6 Evaluating Integrals . !. #. $. %. &. '. (. ). ". . !. #. $. %. &. '.
cos #x + / # ! $ cos ! x ! + /

!%. !&. !'.

tan2#x + !3 + /

tan # x + /

sec ! t + /
#

! t cos + / # !

!(. !). #". # . #!. ##. #$. #%. #&. #'. #(. #). $". $ .

x sin & + / ! # x tan ( + / $ !

2' x !3

+C

2x $ 3 # + /
*!

&2 r # 3

+/

2 y $ + $y ! + 3 # + /

2 x # * ! 3 sin2 ! x # * ! !3 + / & ! sin + / !x $ x # $ cot ! ! + /

! cos2 x # * ! + 3 + / # # cos2 x $ * # (3 + / $ sec v + + / ! v ! csc +/ !

! %x + ( + / % 2# !s3 # * ! + / # 2!x + 3 $ + / ( ! %s + $ + / % # +/ !x ! 2 ! 3 % * $ + / %

#2 ! + sin t 3 ! + /

! 2cot # y3 #

*!

+/

! sec 4 + /

sin + / t
! sin2 t + #3 + /

sin ! + / !

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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(. ). !". ! . !!. !#. !$.

#2! 3 $ * # + /

$!. $#. $$.

! +/ sin

2' #y ! 3 # * ! + / #
! ! y ! + +/

! +/ + x

2s # + !s ! %s + %3 ! +/ ! 2 $ ! ! + ( !3 ! +/ (
& 2 + t $ 3$ + /
#* !

$%. $&. $'. $(.

! #

2 + x 3$ + / sin2#4 + $3 + /

! # x

+/

cos2(4 %3 + / (

2x ! + 3 % * ! 2x ! + 3 # * ! + / % # ! # ! 2x + 3 % * ! 2x # + 3 # * ! + / % #

Evaluate the following integrals. . !.

& +/ ! + tan # x
2 + sin ! 2 x 33 # * ! + /

#. $.

&

sin #2!r 3 ! + & + /

Integration by 5arts

f ( x )*( x )dx ' ' f ( x )* ( x )dx = f ( x )* ( x ) f ( x )*( x )dx

%d' = %' 'd%

x sin 2 dx
d cos 2 t cos tdt

. !. #.

( x

5 x )e x dx
&

( & + & + 1 )e 5 x x e dx
2

d&

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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$. %. &. '. (. ). ".

x
2

sin xdx

$. %. &. '. (. ). !".

e 4 t dt
2

x ,n xdx 1 e 3 x ,n xdx 1
2

x sec xdx 2 4 x sec 2 xdx 3 x x e dx 4 - e d-

$ sin 2d /2 3 $ x cos 2 xdx

/2

ANSWERS FOR PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 6

. !. #. $. %. &. '. (. ). ".

2 x cos(

x x ) + 4 sin( ) + c 2 2 1 sin + 2 cos + c

. !. #.

( x 2 7 x + 7 )e x + c ( & 2 & + 2 )e & + c

t 2 sin t + 2t cos t 2 sin t + c x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + c

( x 5 5 x 4 + 2$ x 3 6$ x 2 +12$ x 12$ )e x + c

$. %. &. '. (. ).

,n 4

3 4 4 3e + 1 16

x tan x +,n cos x +c 2 x tan 2 x ,n sec 2 x +c

( x 3 3 x 2 + 6 x 6 )e x + c ( - 4 4 - 3 12 - 2 24 - 24 )e - + c

t2 t 1 4t + )e + c 4 8 32 2 4 8 3( 4 2 ) 16 1 ( e sin e cos ) + c 2 1 y ( e sin y e y cos y ) + c 2 e2x ( 3 sin 3 x + 2 cos 3 x ) + c 13 e 2 x !". (sin 2 x + cos 2 x ) + c 4 (

Integration of 1ational Functions by 5artial Fractions 6eneral +escription of the 7ethod 0uccess in writing a rational function things:
f(x) as a sum of partial fractions depends on two *( x )

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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8 8

./e de*&ee of f(x) 0%st be ,ess t/an t/e de*&ee of *(x). That is, the fraction must be proper. If it isn9t, divide f(x) by *(x) and wor: with the remainder term. 1e 0%st 2no3 t/e facto&s of *(x). In theory, any polynomial with real coefficients can be written as a product of real linear factors and real ;uadratic factors. In practice, the factors may be hard to find.
f(x) when the factors of *( x )

<ere is how we find the partial fractions of a proper fraction * are :nown. 7ethod of 5artial Fractions 2 .
f(x) 5roper3 *( x )

=et x 4 & be a linear factor of *(x). 0uppose that ( x & ) 0 is the highest power of x 4 & that divides *(x). Then, to this factor, assign the sum of the 0 partial fractions:
50 51 52 + + ... + 2 x& (x&) ( x & )0 +o this for each distinct linear factor of *(x).

!.

=et x 2 + -x + 6 be a ;uadratic factor of *(x). 0uppose that ( x 2 + -x + 6 )n is the highest power of this factor that divides *(x). Then, to this factor, assign the sum of the n partial fractions:
71 x + C1
2

x + -x + 6 ( x + -x + 6 )

72 x + C 2
2 2

+ ... +

7n x + C n ( x + -x + 6 )n
2

+o this for each distinct ;uadratic factor of g2x3 that cannot be factored into linear factors with real coefficients. #. /lear the resulting e;uation of fractions and arrange the terms in decreasing powers of x. $. E;uate the coefficients of corresponding powers of x and solve the resulting e;uations for the undetermined coefficients. 0et the original fraction
f(x) e;ual to the sum of all these partial fractions. *( x )

Example: Attend lecture. PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 6

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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,onrepeated =inear Factors Express the integrands as a sum of partial fractions and evaluate the integrals. . !. #. $.

1 x2 x2 + 2x
dx

dx

%. &. '. (.

4 y 2 2 y 3 1 / 2 y 2 + y dy
1

ydy

y +4

x 2 + 5 x 6 dx x 2 7 x + 12 dx
2x + 1

x +4

t 3 + t 2 2t 2 x 3 8 x dx
x +3

dt

1epeated =inear Factors Express the integrands as a sum of partial fractions and evaluate the integrals. . !.
x 3 dx $ x 2 + 2 x + 1 $ x 3 dx 1 x 2 2 x + 1
1

#. $.

( x 2 1 )2
x 2 dx ( x 1 )( x 2 + 2 x + 1 )

dx

Irreducible >uadratic Factors Express the integrands as a sum of partial fractions and evaluate the integrals. . #.

$ ( x + 1 )( x 2 + 1 )

y2 + 2 y +1 ( y 2 + 1 )2

dx

!. $.

3t 2 + t + 4 1 t 3 + t dt 8x2 +8x + 2 ( 4 x 2 + 1 )2 dx
3

Improper Fractions In the following ;uestions, perform long division on the integrand, write the proper fraction as a sum of partial fractions, and then evaluate the integral. . !.
2x3 2x2 + 1 x 2 x dx x4 x 2 1 dx

$. %.

16 x 3 4 x 2 4 x + 1 dx

y 4 + y 2 1 dy y3 + y

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

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#.

( x 3 3x + 1 x 3 x 2 dx

&.

y 3 y 2 + y 1 dy

2y4

ANSWERS FOR PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 6 ,onrepeated =inear Factors . !. #.

%.

,n 15 2

&. '.
1 2

,n

27 4

1 ,n ( x + 6 ) 2 ( x 1 )5 + c 7
,n ( x 4 )( +c ( x 3 )7

,n t +

1 1 ,n t + 2 + ,n t 1 + c 6 3

$.

(.

1 ( x 2 )5 ( x + 2 ) ,n +c 16 x6

1epeated =inear Factors . !.

#. $.

1 x +1 x ,n +c 4 x 1 2( x 2 1 )
,n ( x 1 )( x + 1 )3 4 + 1 +c 2( x + 1 )

Irreducible >uadratic Factors .

!.

,n(

( )+ 12 2

. #.
tan 1 y 1 +c y +1
2

$.

tan 1 2 x

1 4x + 1
2

+c

Improper Fractions

BMM 104: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I x 1 +c x

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. !. #.

x 2 + ,n

$.

2 x 2 + 4 x + 3 ,n 2 x 1 ( 2 x 1 ) 1 + c

x3 1 x 1 + x + ,n +c 3 2 x +1

( x + 2 ,n x +

1 + 7 ,n x 1 + c x

y2 1 ,n y + ,n( 1 + y 2 ) + c 2 2 1 2 &. y + 2 y + ,n y 1 ,n( y 2 + 1 ) tan 1 y + c 2

%.