Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain
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4.1 Background
• 2-D transform can be applied to image
enhancement, restoration, encoding, and
description.
• Fourier transform (FT)
– Fourier’s idea – fig. 4.1.
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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
Example 4.1. Fourier spectra of two simple 1-D functions. (Fig. 4.2)
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
• The discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
– For 1-D transform: Let the sequence{f(0),f(1),...,f(N-1)} be n
real points, the discrete Fourier transform pair is given by
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
– For 2-D transform: in the two-variable case the
discrete Fourier transform pair is
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
Example 4.2. Centered spectrum of a simple 2-D functions. (Fig. 4.3)
Example 4.3. Fourier spectrum (Fig. 4.4)
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Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
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Filtering in the Frequency Domain
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Convolution Theorem
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Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain
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Image Enhancement in the
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4.3 Smoothing Frequency-Domain Filters
• Ideal lowpass filters (ILPF)
– Fig. 4.10
– Example 4.4. Image power as a function of distance
from the origin of the DFT. (Fig. 4.11) (Fig. 4.12)
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Ideal lowpass filters
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Ideal lowpass filters
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Ringing and blurring
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4.3 Smoothing Frequency-Domain Filters
• Butterworth lowpass filters (BLPF)
– Example 4.5. (Fig. 4.15) (Fig. 4.16)
• Gussian lowpass filters (GLPFs)
– Example 4.6. (Fig. 4.17) (Fig. 4.18) (Fig. 4.19)
• Additional Examples of Lowpass Filtering
– Fig. 4.20
– Fig. 4.21
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Frequency Domain
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Frequency Domain
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Gussian Lowpass filters
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Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain
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Character recognition
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Reducing the effect of scan lines
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4.4 Sharpening Frequency-Domain Filters
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4.4 Sharpening Frequency-Domain Filters
• Highpass Filtering
• Fig. 4.22
• Fig. 4.23
– Ideal highpass filters
• Fig. 4.24
– Butterworth highpass filters
• Fig. 4.25
– Gaussian highpass filters
• Fig. 4.26
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Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain
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Ideal highpass filters
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Butterworth highpass filters
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Gaussian highpass filters
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4.4 Sharpening Frequency-Domain Filters
• The Laplacian in the frequency domain
– Fig. 4.27
– Example 4.7: Laplacian (Fig. 4.28)
• Unsharp masking, High-boost filtering, and High-
frequency emphasis filtering
– Example 4.8: (Fig. 4.29)
– Example 4.9: (Fig. 4.30)
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Laplacian in the frequency domain
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High-boost filtering
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High-frequency emphasis filtering
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Homomorphic Filtering
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4.2 Introduction to the Fourier transform
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Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain
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Frequency Domain
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Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain
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Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain
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Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain
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