Name:_____________________( ) Class:__________ Date:__________

Cells

At the end of the chapter, students should be able to:

1. Identify organelles of typical plant and animal cells from diagrams,

photomicrographs and as seen under the light microscope using prepared slides and
fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique :
a. Chloroplasts
b. Cell membrane
c. Cell wall
d. Cytoplasm
e. Cell Vacuole (Large, sap-filled in plant cells, small, temporary in animal cells)
f. Nucleus
2. Identify the following organelles from diagrams and electronmicrographs
-mitochondria
-ribosome
3. State the functions of the organelles identified above.
4. Compare the visible differences in the structure of an animal cell and a plant cell
5. State in simple terms, the relationships between cell function and cell structure for
the following :
- Absorption (root hair cell)
- Conduction and support (xylem vessel)
- Transport of oxygen (red blood cell)
6. Differentiate cell, tissue, organ and organ system

      
Cells: the Building Blocks of Life

 Cell is the building block in living things

 The cell contains information that is used as instructions for ________________,

___________________ and _________________.

 The cell is the ________________ unit of life; the ________________________ of

life takes place within the cell.

Parts of a Cell

 A cell consists of living matter.

o It contains __________________, ________________ and
_____________________.

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Nucleus

 Consists of
o _______________________ that contain hereditary material DNA.
 The DNA carry codes containing information controlling all cell
activities

o _______________________, a spherical structure that forms ribosomes.

 Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.

o ________________________, surrounds the nucleus and controls

substances moving in and out of nucleus.

 Functions of nucleus:

o Controls activities in cell, e.g. chemical reactions

in the cell

o Responsible for cell reproduction and continued

survival of cell, passing genetic information (DNA)
from one generation to another.

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Cytoplasm

 Consists of semi-fluid medium called cytosol surrounding the

nucleus.

 Function:

o It is the place where most life processes, eg,

____________________ occur in the cell.

o __________________, small structures that carry out particular functions

each, are found in the cytoplasm.

Plasma Membrane

 Surrounds the cytoplasm.

 Function:

o It is a ___________________________ -- it only allows certain substances to

move in and out of the cell.

o Transfers chemical messages from outside the cell to the inside.

o Keeps the contents of cell inside.

Mitochondria

 Found in the cytoplasm.

 Function:

o Releases ____________________ from food

during cellular respiration.

o Energy released in the form of molecules

called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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Ribosome

 Can be found attached to membranes of structures

(organelles) like extended nuclear membrane or in
small groups suspended in the cytoplasm.

 Function:

o Makes _________________.

Vacuole

 A large, central vacuole in a plant cell is a ___________________ space enclosed

by a membrane that pushes the cytoplasm to the edge of the cell.

 Animal cells may contain many small, _____________________ vacuoles.

 Function:

o In plant cells:

 Contains cell sap that consist of dissolved sugars, salts and amino
acids

o In animal cells

 Stores sugars

 Transport substances from one part of the cell to another

 Contain digestive enzymes to digest bacteria coming into the cell

 Help cell get rid of excess water.

Cell Wall

 Only found in plant cells. Forms the outermost layer of the plant cell.

 Functions:

o Protect cell from harmful external substances, eg, pressure from surrounding
cells

o Maintain the shape of the cell

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 o Prevent cell from bursting when there is too much water

Chloroplasts

 Found in plant cells

 Contains green pigment called __________________, that’s why plant cells are
green.

 Function:

o For photosynthesis (making sugars/food from carbon dioxide, water and light
energy)

Comparison between Plant and Animal Cells

Similarities

 Both have a _____________________________ surrounding the cell

 Both have ___________________

 Both have ________________ each

 Both contain ____________________ and __________________

Differences

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell Wall

Chloroplasts

Vacuole

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 Specialised Cells, Tissues and Organs

 Most cells, after growing and dividing, become __________________

o They do one particular job

o Have specific shapes

o Undergo ___________________ in their cytoplasm to help them carry out

their functions.

 The structures of these specialized cells are _____________ to

perform its particular function.

Xylem Vessels (Look at Chapter 8)

 Function of the xylem

o Transport water and

dissolved mineral salts up
from the roots

Structural feature Adaptation of structure to function

Xylem vessels made up of long cells Adjacent cells joined end to end allows a
joined end to end. End walls between continuous flow of water with
adjacent cells are ___________ resistance up the plant.
_____________________ and there is no
other structures.

There is ________________, a tough To prevent stem from ________________

substance, on its wall. when water is pulled up the plant.

Provides _________________________
to the plant.

Root Hair Cell

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 Function:

o To absorb water and mineral salts

Structural feature Adaptation of structure to function

Many root hair cells. Tiny, Long and narrow shape of root hair
______________ and narrow extensions ________________ surface area to
of cells of root surface. volume ratio for faster absorption of water
and mineral salts from soil.

Red Blood Cells (Look at Chapter 7)

 Red blood cells contain a red pigment called _____________________ that binds to
oxygen.

o This enables red blood cells to ___________________ oxygen.

Structural Feature Adaptation of structure to function

_____________________ shape (thinner Biconcave shape increases surface area

center) for diffusion of oxygen into and out of cell
faster.

Does not have _________________ Enable cytoplasm of red blood cell to

contain more haemoglobin to carry more
oxygen

Cells, Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems

 Cells which carry out the same specific activity is grouped together -- ____________

 Examples:

 muscle cells make up muscle tissues. The tissue contact or relax to enable
movement
 nerve tissue detect changes and pass messages within the body
 epithelial tissue lines inner and outer surfaces in the body
 connective tissue support and join other cells or structures in the body

 A group of tissue working together -- ________________.

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 Example: all the tissues in the stomach work together, making up the stomach
(organ)

 A group of organs working together -- _________________.

Example: the mouth, stomach and intestines are organs in the digestive system.

 Summary:

Orgenelles makes up cells which makes up tissues which makes up organs which
make up organ systems which make up organisms.