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Chapter 8 Applications of Plane Stress (Pressure

vessels, Beams, and Combined Loadings)

8.1 Introduction

Plane stress conditions : buildings, machines, vehicles, and aircraft
In this chapter, the structures to be discussed are
pressure vessels
stress in beams : principle stresses, maximum shear stress
structures subjected to combined loadings

8.2 Spherical Pressure Vessels
pressure vessels are classified as shell
structures, it is subjected to internal pressure p
to determine the stresses in the wall, let us cut
through the sphere on a vertical diametral plane,
the resultant pressure force is
P = p (v r
2
)
where r is the inner radius of the sphere
the resultant of the tensile stresses o in the wall is
F = o (2 v r
m
t)
where t is the thickness of the wall and r
m
is its mean radius
r
m
= r +t / 2
equation of equilibrium in the horizontal direction

2
E F
horiz
= 0
o (2 v r
m
t) - p (v r
2
) = 0
the tensile stresses in the wall is
p r
2

o = CCC
2 r
m
t
for r >> t (r > 10 t), r
m
j r then
p r
o = CC
2 t

when we cut through the center of the sphere in any direction, we can
conclude that the sphere is subjected to uniform tensile stress o in all
directions, they are known as membrane stresses

Stresses at the outer surface

p r
o
1
= o
2
= CC o
3
= 0
2 t

o p r
then t
max
= C = CC
2 4 t
Stresses at the inner surface
p r
o
1
= o
2
= CC o
3
= - p
2 t

o + p p r p p r
then t
max
= CCC = CC + C = C (C + 1)
2 4 t 2 2 2t

Limitations of thin-shell theory
1. r > 10 t or more
2. internal pressure must exceed external pressure
3
3. only pressure loading is considered for stress calculation
4. stress concentrations are not considered in the formula derived

Example 8-1
d = 450 mm t = 7 mm
a. o
allow
=115 MPa, p
a
= ?
b. t
allow
=40 MPa p
b
= ?
c. c
allow
=0.0003 E =210 GPa
v = 0.28 p
c
= ?
d. T
failure
=1.5 MN/m n =2.5 p
d
= ?
e. p
allow
= ?

a. o = pr/2t
2 t o
allow
2 x 7 x 115
p
a
= CCCC = CCCCCC = 7.16 MPa
r 225
b. t = pr/4t
4 t t
allow
4 x 7 x 40
p
b
= CCCC = CCCCC = 4.98 MPa
r 225
c. c
x
= (o
x
- v o
y
) / E
for o
x
= o
y
= o = pr / 2t
o p r
then c
x
= C (1 - v) = CC (1 - v)
E 2t E

2t E c
allow
2 x 7 x 210 x 10
3
x 0.0003
thus p
c
=CCCC =CCCCCCCCCCC = 5.44 MPa
r (1 - v) 225 (1 - 0.28)

4
d. T
allow
= T
failure
/ n = 1.5/2.5 = 0.6 MN/m = 600 N/m

o
allow
= T
allow
/ t = 600 / 7 = 85.7 MPa

2 t o
allow
2 x 7 x 85.7
p
d
= CCCC = CCCCC = 5.3 MPa
r 225
e. p
allow
= min[p
a
, p
b
, p
c
and p
d
] = 4.9 MPa
for this p
allow
, the tensile stresses in the shell are
p r 4.9 x 225
o = CC = CCCC = 78.8 MPa
2 t 2 x 7

8.3 Cylindrical Pressure Vessels
consider a thin-walled circular tank
AB subjected to internal pressure
o
1
: circumferential stress or hoop stress
o
2
: longitudinal stress or axial stress
from the free body mpqn, we have
the equation of equilibrium as
o
1
(2 b t) - 2 p b r = 0
p r
then o
1
= CC
t
and the equation of equilibrium in longitudinal direction
o
2
( 2 v r t) - p v r
2
= 0
p r
then o
2
= CC
2 t
now, we have o
1
= 2 o
2

5

Stress at the outer surface
o
1
=pr / t o
2
=pr / 2t o
3
= 0
o
1
- o
2
p r
(t
max
)
z
= CCC = CC
2 4 t
o
1
p r o
2
p r
(t
max
)
x
= C = CC (t
max
)
y
= C = CC
2 2 t 2 4 t
o
1
p r
thus t
max
= C = CC
2 2 t

this stress occurs on a plane that has been rotated 451 about the x
axis
Stress at the inner surface
o
1
=pr / t o
2
=pr / 2t o
3
=- p

o
1
- o
3
p r p
(t
max
)
x
= CCC = CC + C
2 2 t 2

o
2
- o
3
p r p
(t
max
)
y
= CCC = CC + C
2 4 t 2

o
1
- o
2
p r
(t
max
)
z
= CCC = CC
2 4 t

Example 8-2
consider a cylindrical pressure vessel
r = 1.8 m t = 20 mm
weld angle c = 551
6
E = 200 GPa v = 0.30 p = 800 kPa
determine :
a. o
1
and o
2

b. the maximum in-plane and out-of-plane shear stress
c. c
1
and c
2

d. o
w
and t
w
in the welded seam

a. o
1
= p r / t = 800 x 1800 / 20 = 72 MPa
o
2
= p r / 2 t = 800 x 1800 / 2 x 20 = 36 MPa

b. o
1
- o
2
p r
(t
max
)
z
=CCC =CC = 18 MPa (in-plane shear)
2 4 t
o
1
p r
(t
max
)
x
= C = CC = 36 MPa (out-of-plane shear)
2 2 t

c. 1 1
c
1
= C (o
1
- v o
2
) c
2
= C (o
2
- v o
1
)
E E
o
1
= p r / t o
1
= p r / 2 t

o
1
72 (2 - 0.3)
then c
1
=CC (2 - v) =CCCCCC = 306 x 10
-6

2 E 2 x 200 x 10
3

o
2
36 (1 - 2 x 0.3)
c
2
= C (1 - 2 v) = CCCCCC = 72 x 10
-6

E 200 x 10
3


d. 0 = 90 - c = 351
o
x
=o
2
=pr / 2t =36 MPa
o
y
=o
1
=pr / t =72 MPa
t
xy
= 0
7
o
x
+o
y
o
x
- o
y

o
x1
= CCC + CCC cos 20 + t
xy
sin 20
2 2
o
x
- o
y

t
x1y1
= - CCC sin 20 + t
xy
cos 20
2
then
p r
o
x1
=CC (3 - cos 20) =47.8 MPa =o
w

4 t
p r
t
x1y1
=CC sin 20 =16.9 MPa =t
w

4 t
o
y1
= o
1
+ o
2
- o
x1
= 60.2 MPa

Mohr's circle

72 - 36
R = CCCC = 18 MPa
2
o
1
+o
2
27 +36
CCC = CCCC = 54 MPa
2 2
0 = 351 20 = 701
o
x1
= 54 - R cos 701 = 47.8 MPa
t
x1y1
= R sin 701 = 16.9 MPa

same results as earlier

Mohrs Circle :




8.4 Maximum Stresses in Beams

8.5 Combined Loadings