Math 3001 Due Fri Nov 25
Assignment #9
1. Prove Abels theorem:
Let
n=0
a
n
x
n
have radius of convergence R = 1, and let
n=0
a
n
be
convergent. Then
lim
x1
n=0
a
n
x
n
=
n=0
a
n
.
Proof. If
n=0
a
n
x
n
has radius of convergence R = 1, and
n=0
a
n
con-
verges then f(x) =
n=0
a
n
x
n
converges uniformly on [0, 1]. Thus, f(x)
is continuous on [0, 1]. Therefore,
lim
x1
f(x) = f(1) =
n=0
a
n
2. Use the statement obtained in Problem 1 and Cauchys theorem about
multiplication of two absolutely convergent series to show that
_
n=0
a
n
__
n=0
b
n
_
=
_
n=0
c
n
_
, c
n
= a
0
b
n
+a
1
b
n1
+ +a
n
b
0
,
if all there series converge (not necessarily absolutely).
P.S. This statement was published by Abel in 1826.
Proof. Let A(x) =
a
n
x
n
, B(x) =
b
n
x
n
, and C(x) =
c
n
x
n
.
Since
a
n
,
b
n
, and
c
n
are all convergent, the series A(x), B(x),
and C(x) are all absolutely convergent for |x| < 1. So, by Cauchys
Theorem, we have
A(x) B(x) = C(x) on (0, 1).
Hence, by Abels Theorem,
lim
x1
A(x) lim
x1
B(x) = lim
x1
C(x).
Therefore, we have
_
n=0
a
n
__
n=0
b
n
_
=
_
n=0
c
n
_
, c
n
= a
0
b
n
+a
1
b
n1
+ +a
n
b
0
,
3. A) For which values of x R the sequence
S
n
= |
n
k=1
cos(kx)|
is bounded?
Solution:
We use the fact that 2 cos a sin b = sin(a +b) sin(a b). So
2 sin(x/2)
n
k=1
cos(kx) =
n
k=1
_
sin
_
(k + 1/2)x
_
sin
_
(k 1/2)x
_
_
= sin
_
2n + 1
2
x
_
sin
_
x
2
_
(telescoping series)
= 2 cos
_
n + 1
2
x
_
sin
_
nx
2
_
,
since sin u sin v = 2 cos
_
u +v
2
_
sin
_
u v
2
_
Thus we have
k=1
cos(kx)
<
1
|sin(x/2)|
, where x = 2m, m Z
B) Let sequence {f
n
}
n=1
be monotone and lim
n
f
n
= 0. For which
values of x R the trigonometric series
n=1
f
n
cos(nx) converges?
Solution:
By Dirichlets Theorem, if f
n
is monotone and convergent to 0 and
n=1
a
n
< K for all N, then
n=1
a
n
f
n
converges. In 3a, we have shown
that |
cos(nx)| is bounded for x = 2m for any m Z. Thus,
n=1
f
n
cos(nx) converges for all x = 2m.
2
4. A) Explain why series
n=1
(1)
n
sin(nx)
n
converges uniformly on ( +, ) for any 0 < < .
Solution:
By Dirichlet-Abel-Hardy Theorem, we know that
n=1
sin(nx)
n
converges
uniformly on [, 2 ] since |
sin(nx)| < csc(x/2). Also, since
csc(x/2) is unbounded as x 0
+
or x 2
, we need > 0 for
uniformly bounded. Now if we change x x + then we get
sin(nx) sin(nx +n)
= sin(nx) cos(n) + sin(n) cos(nx)
= (1)
n
sin(nx)
Therefore, we have
n=1
sin(nx)
n
converges on (, 2)
x x +
n=1
(1)
n
sin(nx)
n
converges on (+, ).
This implies that
n=1
(1)
n
sin(nx)
n
converges on (+, ) as well.
B) Show that the series in (A) is the Fourier series for function F(x) = x/2
on (, ).
Solution:
The Fourier series of a function is given by
f(x) =
1
2
a
0
+
n=1
a
n
cos nx +
n=1
b
n
sin nx.
Since f(x) =
x
2
is an odd function we have a
0
= a
n
= 0. So we now
3
need to nd b
n
.
b
n
=
1
x sin(nx)
2
dx
=
1
2
_
x cos(nx)
n
+
1
n
_
cos(nx) dx
_
=
(1)
n+1
n
Therefore, we have
f(x) =
x
2
=
n=1
(1)
n
sin(nx)
n
C) Evaluate
n=1
(1)
n
sin(5n/4)
n
Solution:
Since x =
5
4
(, ) and sin x has a period of 2, we need to
evaluate the series at x =
3
4
=
5
4
2. Thus,
n=1
(1)
n
sin(5n/4)
n
=
n=1
(1)
n
sin(3n/4)
n
=
x
2
x =
3
4
=
3
8
5. Give an example of a function for which corresponded to it Fourier
series has only nite number of terms.
Solution:
Some examples: any constant function, sin(x), cos(x), etc.
6. EXTRA POINTS We have seen that the function dened as F(x) =
e
x
2
for x = 0 and F(x) = 0 for x = 0 is not equal to its Taylor series
centered at zero for all x = 0.
Consider now Taylor series centered at a = 0 for this function. Can
you use it to evaluate F(0)?
4