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FACTS For Dynamic Compensation In Power Transmission
M.M. Babu Narayanan CTA, PRDC
Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.; Bangalore. Ph No: Conference +91-80- 23192159/68/23192209; E-mail prdc@[Link]; International on VSC Technolgy for:HVDC & FACTS [Link];
Devices
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Need for Voltage & reactive power support
Static & Dynamic reactive power support needed to:
Supply reactive power requirements of customer demand Supply reactive power losses in T&D systems
Provide adequate system voltage control International Conference on VSC Technolgy for HVDC & FACTS Devices
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Why Dynamic Voltage & reactive power support ?
Necessary to avoid voltage instability & widespread system collapse in the event of certain contingencies Essential during power system disturbances like faults
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Voltage & reactive power support
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Reactive power control FACTS devices
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Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) are the name given to the application of power electronics devices to control the power flows and other quantities in power systems.
As per IEEE definition
FACTS Controllers: A power electronic based system & other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission parameters.
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FACTS Concepts
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Application of FACTS Technology
To increase the power transfer capability of transmission networks To provide direct control of power flow over designated transmission routes.
Dynamic voltage control to: Limit over-voltages over long, lightly loaded lines Prevent voltage depressions or even collapses in heavily loaded or faulty systems.
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FACTS opportunities
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Classification of FACTS devices
FACTS
Thyristor Based
VSC Based
TCPAR TCSC
STATCOM
SSSC
SPS
UPFC
IPFC
SVC
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Static Var Compensator (SVC)
SVC: A thyristor controlled, variable reactance, shunt FACTS device which can generate /absorb reactive power at a bus to control specific parameters of power system
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SVCs are available since 1970
First SVC demonstration was in Nebraska and commercialized by GE in 1974
More than 800 SVCs installed worldwide both in Utilities and in Industries
2 Nos. SVC, 140 MVAR (each) at Kanpur since 1992
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SVC Configurations
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SVC
Power transfer has doubled - with large SVC Power transfer increases substantially with realistic SVC International Conference on VSC Technolgy for HVDC & FACTS Devices12
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SVC
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SVC
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Transient stability enhancement by SVC
The object is to achieve one or more of the following effects:
Reduction in the disturbing influence by minimizing the fault severity and duration. Increase of synchronizing forces.
Reduction of accelerating torque through control of prime-mover mechanical power.
Reduction of accelerating torque by applying artificial load.
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Transient stability enhancement by SVC
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Bus Voltage Regulation by SVC
Power systems with low SC fault MVA levels / long transmission lines (weak systems) Buses where voltage variations are significantly effected under light and peak load conditions International Conference on VSC Technolgy for HVDC & FACTS Devices17
CENTRAL POWERRESEARCH INSTITUTE Voltage improving effect of SVC
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CASE STUDY: POWER TRANSFER STUDIES USING SVC SINGLE MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM
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+150/150 MVAR
RTDS simulation of SMIB system
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(a) Without SVC
(b) With SVC
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SVC at Kanpur; 2Nos., 140 MVAR each
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CENTRAL POWERRESEARCH INSTITUTE Shunt FACTS controllers - STATCOM
It is superior than SVC
Reduction in outdoor area requirement as it reduces voluminous capacitor/ Reactors.
Improvesd performance at low voltage
Reduces need of filters.
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Active & Reactive Power control in STATCOM
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Active & Reactive Power control in STATCOM
Active power is primarily determined by angle
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Active Power exchange with STATCOM
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Case study
Operating strategy: MSCs to yield the major reactive power support during slow varying conditions in the system. This leaves STATCOM to rapidly respond to disturbances in the grid requiring fast voltage support
Courtesy: ABBConference on VSC Technolgy for HVDC & FACTS Devices27 International
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Cascading faults hit the 138 kV grid. One such case of 5 cycle fault with STATCOM response shown below: STATCOM control system first disables the MSCs following disturbance & drives VSC to its maximum capacitive output. Maximum capacitive output achieved in about 1 cycle. After fault clearing, VSC current ramped down to its initial pre-fault value in a controlled manner. STATCOM ready to support the grid for any other disturbances
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Series FACTS Controllers -TCSC
Shunt capacitors must typically be connected at the mid point of line whereas no such requirement exists for series compensation
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Impact of series compensation on power transmission capability
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Applications of variable series compensation -TCSC
Power flow control Enhancing transient stability Damping of power swings Sub-synchronous resonance damping
Fixed value of C made controllable by varying inductive reactance through firing angle control
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Operation of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)
A variable inductor connected in shunt with fixed capacitor
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Damping effects of TCSC
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Case study :1
Power oscillation damping
Raipur Rourkela 400 kV TCSC ( 2 nos.)
Capacitor reactance: Fixed: 54.7 (40%) Variable: 6.83 (5%)
Rated capacitive reactive power : Fixed: 394 Mvar variable: 71 Mvar
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Purpose of TCSC at Raipur
Grid stabilization for large power transfers on the 412 Km inter- regional Raipur- Rourkela 400kV D/C tieline Damping out low frequency inter-area oscillations (typically in the range below 1Hz) by Power Oscillation (POD) controllers of TCSC
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Power oscillation damping with & without POD control in Raipur TCSC International Conference on VSC Technolgy for HVDC & FACTS Devices
Case study: 2 TCSC OF KANPUR-BALLABHGARH LINE
Control the power flow over the 400kV KanpurBallabhgarh line Providing positive damping support to the Northern Regional Power system.
NREB system exhibits two critical low frequency modes of frequency around 0.70Hz - Eastern UP, Rajasthan TCSC controller at Ballabhgarh influences the low frequency mode of eastern-up machines
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400 kV TCSC SCHEME FOR KANPUR-BALLABHGARH LINE
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CENTRAL POWERRESEARCH INSTITUTE Major parameters of Kanpur-Ballabhgarh line & TCSC
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CENTRAL POWERRESEARCH INSTITUTE REDUCED NREB SYSTEM REPRESENTATION
MANDLA DADRI4 G.T MRDNG4
G.T BLBGR2 BLBGR4
690MVAR
FROM RIHND4
PANKI4 50MVAR PANKI2
BLBGN2
SPLTBLG
50MVAR G.T UNCHR2
FRDBDG
80MVAR
KNPRN4 G.T
BHIWADI4 RIHND4 80MVAR JAPPN4 AGRA4 50MVAR 50MVAR 50MVAR 50MVAR 50MVAR 50MVAR 80MVAR 80MVAR TO DADRI 460MVAR
80MVAR
80MVAR 63MVAR
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Reduced NREB system representation
14 infinite sources behind a series impedance. 22nos of 400kV lines. 11nos of 220kV lines. 10nos of fictitious line were modeled as series impedance between buses. One HVDC bipolar link (Rihand - Dadri) rated total capacity 1500 MW. One SVC at Kanpur rated at 280 MVAR. TCSC (27% fixed 8%-20% variable) on the Kanpur Ballabhgarh Line.
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Outage of HVDC line with current based controller
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Satisfactory Damping Created disturbance in the Steady state
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Outage of HVDC line with voltage based controller
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Better Damping Created disturbance in the Steady state
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Outage of PankiMuradnagar Line
Without Damping Controller
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Outage of PankiMuradnagar Line
With Damping Controller
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Conclusions
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