4

Mathematical Modelling of Air

Drying by Adiabatic Adsorption
Carlos Eduardo L. Nbrega
1
and Nisio Carvalho L. Brum
2

1
Centro Federal de Educao Tecnolgica, CEFET-Rio
2
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, COPPE/UFRJ
Brazil
1. Introduction
The careful control of ambient air moisture content is of concern in many industrial
processes, with diverse applications such as in metallurgical processes or pharmaceutical
production. In the air-conditioning field, the increasingly concern with sick building
syndrome also brings humidity control into a new perspective. Underestimated ventilation
rates might result in poor indoor air quality, with a high concentration of volatile organic
compounds, smoke, bacteria and other contaminants. Epidemiological studies indicate a
direct connection between inadequate levels of moisture and the incidence of allergies and
infectious respiratory diseases. A popular method of lowering the concentration of
contaminants is to increase the ventilation rates. In fact, the fresh air requirement per
occupant/hour imposed by the current air-quality standard has doubled over the last three
decades. Since the fresh air has to be brought to the thermal comfort condition, increased
ventilation rates imply increased thermal loads, which in turn will demand chillers with
increased cooling capacity. Accordingly, there is a trade-off between indoor air quality and
energy consumption, which is also of main concern of private and public sectors.
Figure (1.a) shows an evaporative cooling system. It essentially consists of a chamber
through which air is forced through a water shower. It is a sound system from air-quality,
energy consumption and ecological viewpoints. The air quality is provided by a continuous
air room change, with no air recirculation. Since the cooling effect is provided by
evaporation of water into air, the energy consumption is restricted to the pumping power,
which is usually low when compared to the energy needs of a compressor. Unlike vapor-
compression systems, which usually employ ozone-depleting refrigerants, evaporative
cooling systems exclusively employ water as the refrigerant.
Figure (1.b) shows that the evaporative cooling process is isenthalpic, which means that the
air stream enthalpy remains unaltered as it flows through the evaporative cooler.
Accordingly, the increase in the air stream humidity occurs at the expense of its own
sensible energy, and the air stream is cooled and humidified as it crosses the evaporative
cooler. Since the heat and mass transfer processes are mutually dependent, the air stream
humidity at the inlet of the evaporative cooler has to be significantly low, if an appreciable
cooling effect is to be achieved. Unfortunately this is not always the case, and this cooling
technique is not as effective as traditional vapour-compression systems, being restricted to
applications on low humidity areas (Khuen et al., 1998).
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Fig. 1. Evaporative cooling system
One possible way to overcome this restriction would be artificially dry the air stream before
it is admitted to the evaporative cooler, which can be accomplished by using a solid sorbent
air dryer. Adsorption is primarily used for component separation from a gaseous mixture,
and is widely employed in the chemical industry. The main advantage is that the adsorptive
material pore size can be designed for selective adsorption of a given component, allowing
even trace amounts to be removed (Chung and Lee, 2009). However, the removal of
moisture from air for comfort cooling has distinguished features from gas separation
usually practiced in the chemical industry.
Consider Figure (2.a), which shows an active desiccant rotor. It consists of a cylindrical
drum, fitted with a micro-channel mesh, usually made of aluminum or plastic. The structure
material is coated with silica-gel, which can be manufactured as a substrate. Silica-gel is a
form of silicon dioxide derived from sodium silicate and sulfuric acid, which has good
affinity to water vapor and an adsorbing capacity of as much as 40% of its own weight.
Regular density silica gel typically offers an adsorptive area 400m
2
per cm
3
, with an average
porous radius corresponds to 11. The present model relies on the existence of an air layer
in close contact with the solid, from which the adsorbed vapor molecules stem. The silica-
gel affinity to water can be explained by considering that the state of any solid particle is
considerably different, depending on its located on the core or on the solid surface. A
particle located in the interior of the solid is neutral equilibrium, uniformly surrounded by
other particles, and has minimum potential energy. Conversely, a particle on the surface is
subjected to a greater potential energy, which is a representation of the required work to
move the particle from the interior to the surface, agains the atractive molecules forces. The
nearby vapor molecular are attracted form the air layer to the adsoprtive surface, in an effort
to restore equilibrium (Masel, 1996). The desiccant wheel operates between two air streams,
the process air stream, which is the stream to be dehumidified, and the regeneration stream,
which is a high temperature air stream required to purge the humidity from the desiccant
felt. At the process stream side, the humidity migrates from the air to the desiccant coated
walls of the channel. Conversely, when the regeneration stream is forced through the micro-
channels, the desiccant coat returns the humidity back to the air stream, which is dumped
back to the atmosphere. Accordingly, the humidity at the outlet of the process stream can
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Mathematical Modelling of Air Drying by Adiabatic Adsorption

71
become extremely low, enabling a much more significant temperature drop through the
evaporative cooler. Similarly to the evaporative cooling process, the heat and mass transfer
in the desiccant cooling process are also intimately connected: Consider the adsorption
process, in which the humidity is attracted to the desiccant felt from the air stream. As the
air is dehumidified, two factors contribute to increase its temperature, namely the heat of
adsorption, which is the heat released as the vapor molecules are adsorbed, and ordinary
heat transfer from the micro-channel walls, which have been exposed to the high
temperature regeneration stream during the previous period of time. Since each micro-
channel can be taken as an adiabatic cell, it can be concluded that the decrease in air
humidity must exactly match the increase in air sensible energy, with mutually dependent
effects as earlier described. Accordingly, the air crosses the desiccant rotor isenthalpically as
shown in Figure (2.b), in the opposite direction of the evaporative cooling, which has been
supported by numerical and experimental evidence (Nobrega and Brum, 2009a, 2009b).


Fig. 2. Active desiccant rotor
The purpose of the modeling is to simulate what the process air outlet state would be, for
given values of the inlet air state, length of the channel, period of revolution, desiccant
material, regeneration temperature and other design parameters.
2. Mathematical model
The mathematical modelling of desiccant wheels is of key importance for equipment
developers, so as to provide them with guidelines for improved design. It is also of
importance to HVAC engineers, in order to access if the thermal comfort condition can be
attained for a typical set of atmospheric conditions. The mathematical model relies on a
number of simplifying assumptions, aiming at keeping the model (and its solution) as
simple as possible, while retaining the physical meaning. An excellent review of the
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Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering Processes

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mathematical modelling of adsorptive dehumidification can be found in the literature (Ge et
al., 2008).
1. The micro-channels are perfectly insulated.
2. Heat and humidity transients within the air are negligible.
3. All thermo-physical properties for the fluid and the solid are considered constant.
4. The flow is hydro-dynamically and thermally developed.
5. The heat and mass transfer coefficients are assumed to be uniform along the micro-
channel
6. Temperature and concentration distributions in the direction normal to the flow are
taken to be uniform (lumped) within the channel and the solid.
7. The adsorption heat is modeled as a heat source within the solid material


Fig. 3. Schematic of the flow channel with desiccant coating
Assumption (1) relies on symmetry between the cells, which can be represented by
adiabatic surfaces. Assumption (6) is adopted in light of the small thickness of the
desiccant layer (Shen & Worek, 1992), (Sphaier & Worek, 2006). Consider Figure (4.a),
which represents a differential control volume which simultaneously encloses the
desiccant layer and the flow channel. The mass conservation principle applied to the
depicted control volume yields:

1
1
0
w
m Y Y W
m f
u T x L t
( c c c
+ + =
(
c c c

(1)
Consider Figure (4.b), which represents a differential control volume which solely encloses
the desiccant layer. The mass conservation principle applied to the depicted control volume
yields
( ) 2
w
w
h
m W
f h Y Y
d L t
c
=
c
(2)
Figure (5.a) represents a differential control volume which simultaneously encloses the
desiccant layer and the air stream. The energy conservation principle applied to the depicted
control volume yields
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Mathematical Modelling of Air Drying by Adiabatic Adsorption

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Fig. 4. Differential control volumes for mass balances

1 1
1
1
0
w w
m H H H
m
u T x L t
( c c c
+ + =
(
c c c

(3)
Consider Figure (5.b), which represents a differential control volume which solely encloses
the airstream. The mass conservation principle applied to the depicted control volume
yields:
( ) ( )
1 1 1
1
1
1
2 2
w h w
H H H
m h Y Y h T T
u T x Y
( c c c
+ = +
(
c c c

(4)
In which the first term on the right hand side stands for the heat transfer between the
sorbent and the air, whereas the second term represents the heat released during the
adsorption. Defining the following non-dimensional parameters,

*
1
1
2
h h
h d x
x
H
m
T
=
c
c

(5)

*
2
h h
w wr
h d xt
t
m C
= (6)
After extensive algebra, Equations (1)-(4) can be rewritten as
( )
*
w
Y
Y Y
x
c
=
c
(7)
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Fig. 5. Differential control volumes for energy balances
( )
2
*
w
W
Y Y
t
c
=
c
(8)
( )
1
*
w
T
T T
x
c
=
c
(9)
( ) ( )
1
*
w
w w
T
T T Y Y
t
c
= +
c
(10)
With

2
1
1
wr
C
H
f
T
=
c
c
(11)

2
1
1
Q
H
T
=
c
c
(12)
Equation (12) represents the heat of adsoprtion, released as the vapor molecule is adsorbed
within the silica-gel. The adsorption heat is comprised of the condensation heat plus the
wettability heat, which accounts for reducing the degrees of movement freedom of a gas
molecule from three to two, as it is captured by a surface. The current modeling allows
different approaches to to the adsoprtion heat, as both analytical and experimentally
obtained expressions for Q could be easily fitted to Eq. (12). For regular density siilica-gel,
the following expression was experimentally obtained (Peasaran & Mills, 1987),
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Mathematical Modelling of Air Drying by Adiabatic Adsorption

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12400 3500 , 0.05
1400 2950 , 0.05
Q W W
Q W W
= + s (
(
= + >

kJ/kg (13)
It shows that the heat release is not constant during the adsorption process, exhibiting a
small reduction as the adsorption develops. This could be explained by observing that the
first adsorbed molecules are attracted to the most energetically unbalanced sites. As the
moisture uptake continues, the remaining spots to be occupied require less bonding
energies, approaching ordinary latent heat as the solid becomes saturated. From the
mathematical point of view, the problem is still undetermined, since there are five
unknowns (T
1
, T
w
, Y, Y
w
and W) and only four equations, (7) to (10). The missing equation
is the adsorption isotherm, which is characteristic of each adsorptive material. For regular
density silica-gel, the following expression was experimentally obtained,

2
3 4
0.0078 0.0579 24.16554
124.78 204.2264
w
W W
W W
| = +
+
(14)
Equations (15) and (16) are auxiliary equations, which relates the partial pressure of the air
layer with the absolute humidity,

3816.44
exp 23.196
46.13
ws
w
P
T
| |
=
|

\
(15)

0.62188 0.62188
w w
w
atm
atm w
w
ws
p
Y
p
p p
p
|
= =

|
(16)
The periodic nature of the problem implies an iterative procedure. Both initial distributions
of temperature and humidity within the solid are guessed, and equations (7) to (10), assume
the form of tridiagonal matrices, as a result of the discretization using the finite-volume
technique, with a fully implicit scheme to represent the transient terms (Patankar, 1980).. By
the end of the cycle, both calculated temperature and moisture fields are compared to the
initially guessed. If there is a difference in any nodal point bigger than the convergence
criteria established for temperature and moisture content,

( , 0) ( )( , 0)
. .
( , 0)
w w
temp
w
T x T guess x
Crit Conv
T x

=
(17)

( , 0) ( )( , 0)
. .
( , 0)
mass
W x W guess x
Crit Conv
W x

= (18)
the procedure is repeated, using the calculated fields as new guesses for the initial
distributions. Figure (6) shows a simplified fluxogram for the numerical solution. Figures (7)
and (8) show mass and temperature distributions along the desiccant felt, at selected
angular positions. The curves relative to 0 and 2 are indistinguishable, as the periodic
behaviour was attained. The average hot outlet enthalpy during a cycle is defined as

*
0
1
h
p
ho ho
h
H H dt
P
=
}
(19)
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Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering Processes

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Since the wheel is to store neither energy nor mass after a complete cycle,

i i o o
m H m H
- -
=

(20)

* *
0 0
1 1
h c
p p
h hi c ci h ho c co
h c
m H m H m H dt m H dt
p p
+ = +
} }

(21)
the normalized difference between the two sides of equation (21) is defined as the Heat
Balance Error (HBE), which was found to be of the order of 0.1% for all simulations carried.

* *
0 0
1 1
( )
h c
p p
h hi c ci h ho c co
h c
h hi c ci
m H m H m H dt m H dt
p p
HBE
m H m H
+ +
=
+
} }


(22)


Fig. 6. Fluxogram of the numerical solution
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Mathematical Modelling of Air Drying by Adiabatic Adsorption

77
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
non-dimensional position, (x*)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
S
o
l
i
d
H
u
m
i
d
i
t
y
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
W
(
x
*
)
t
0, 2t

Fig. 7. Mass distributions at selected angular positions, P*40.0, NTU=16.0, T
reg
=100C.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
non-dimensional position, x*
20
40
60
80
100
T
W
(
x
*
)
,

C
0, 2t
3t/2
t/2
t

Fig. 8. Temperature distributions at selected angular positions P*40.0, NTU=16.0, T
reg
=100C.
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Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering Processes

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3. Results
Since the active desiccant dehumidification is an isenthalpic process, it is not possible to
establish a definition for the efficiency based on enthalpy. Accordingly, it is usual do define
a dehumidification effectiveness as
ci co
dw
ci
Y Y
Y

c =

0 2 4 6 8 10
non-dimensional position, x*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
c
d
w
T
reg
= 60

C
T
reg
= 80

C
T
reg
= 100

C
T
reg
= 120

C

Fig. 9. Effectiveness-NTU chart, P*=10.0
The non-dimensional position defined by Eq. (5) has a remarkable similarity to the NTU
parameter, commonly found in heat exchanger analysis. Accordingly, Figure (9) shows the
influence of the micro-channel lentgh over the dehumidification effectiveness. It can be seen
that the regeneration temperature has a significant influence over the moisture removal.
Figure (9) shows the existence of an optimum micro-channel length, which can be explained
by observing that the regeneration stream is admitted at x* = 0. Accordingly, the closer the
position is to the end of the channel (x* =10.0), the lower will be the temperature, allowing
for some of the moisture to be re-sorbed by the desiccant felt (Zhang et al., 2003). Figure (10)
shows that, for higher non-dimesional periods of revolution P*, the optimum length is
higher, due to the longer exposure to to regeneration stream and consequential higher
average temperatures along the desiccant felt. Figure (11) shows the influence of the non-
dimensional period of revolution over the effectiveness as a function of the regeneration
temperature. It can be seen that for a moderate value for the non-dimensional period (P* =
10.0), the effectiveness is oblivious to an increase in regeneration temperature, due to an
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Mathematical Modelling of Air Drying by Adiabatic Adsorption

79
0 2 4 6 8 10
Non-dimensional position, x*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
c
d
w
T
reg
= 60

C
T
reg
= 80

C
T
reg
= 100

C
T
reg
= 120

C

Fig. 10. Effectiveness-NTU chart, P*=80.0

40 60 80 100 120
Regeneration Temperature, T
hi
(

C)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
c
d
w
P* = 10.0
P* = 40.0
P* = 80.0

Fig. 11. Influence of P*, NTU=10.0, T
hi
= 100C
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Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering Processes

80
insufficient exposure to the hot source. Accordingly, larger values for P* will benefit from
increased regeneration temperatures. Figure (12), however, shows that the dehumidification
effectiveness will decrease after it reaches a maximum value, since for an infinite value for
P* there would be no rotation and the heat and mass transport would completely cease.
Figure (13) shows the humidity distribution within the desiccant felt at the onset and at the
end of the adsorptive process, for different regeneration temperatures. The area enclosed by
these curves is a measure of the dehumidifying capacity of the equipment. It can be seen
that the higher temperature enables a thorough drying of the material, resulting in a
enhaced dehumidification capacity. Interesting to observe that different shapes for the
moisture distribution arise, depending on the case. For the mild regeneration temperature,
the moisture uptake is almost uniform aling x*, resulting in a smooth curve. Conversely, for
the higher temperature, the moisture uptake is much more significant at the second half of
the total length, as compared to the first half, resulting in an curve with exponential
characteristic.
Figure (14) shows the humidity distribution within the desiccant felt at the onset and at the
end of the adsorptive process, for different non-dimensional periods of revolution. It can be
seen that for P* =10.0, the exposure to the regeneration stream is insufficient, resulting in a
diminished dehumidification capacity, as the curves of minimum and maximum moisture
content are undistinguishable. For a increased value of P*, represented by the dashed lines,
the dehumidification capacity is enhanced, as illustrated by the greater enclosed area.


0 200 400 600 800 1000
non-dimensional period P*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
c
d
w
T
reg
= 60

C
T
reg
= 100

C

Fig. 12. Influence of P*, NTU=10.0.
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Mathematical Modelling of Air Drying by Adiabatic Adsorption

81
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Non-Dimensional Position, X*
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
S
o
l
i
d
H
u
m
i
d
i
t
y
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
W
(
x
*
)
T
hi
= 50

C
T
hi
= 90

C

Fig. 13. Influence of T
hi
on the Humidity Distribution, NTU=16.0, P* = 40.0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Non-Dimensional Position, x*
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
S
o
l
i
d
H
u
m
i
d
i
t
y
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
W
(
x
*
)
P* = 10.0
P* = 40.0

Fig. 14. Influence of P* on the Humidity Distribution, NTU=10.0, T
hi
= 100C
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Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering Processes

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Bearing in mind that the outside air atmospheric conditions can present a significant
variation throughout the day, it is usefull to define a dynamic control for the desiccant rotor
operation. For instance, supposing a steady increase of 30% in outside air relative humidity,
how much would be the required increase in P*, so as to obtain a constant humidity at the
process air stream outlet? Figure (15) shows the results for different increasing values for
the regeneration temperature. It can be seen that for T = 60C, an increase in 10% of the
process air stream inlet will require the period of revolution to double, being unable to
respond to a further increase of the relative humidity. Conversely, a higher regeneration
temperature such as T = 100C will only require a small increase in the period P*, being able
to respond to a relative humidity of process air stream inlet as high as 90%.

60 70 80 90
Process Air Stream Inlet Relative Hum. (%)
8
12
16
20
24
P
*
T
hi
= 100

C
T
hi
= 80

C
T
hi
= 60

C

Fig. 15. Required increase in P*=10.0
4. Conclusion
A mathematical model for the heat and mass transfer on a hygroscopic material was
developed, and resulting set of partial differential equations was solved using the finite-
volume technique. The results showed that the process air stream outlet condition is
strongly influenced by the regeneration temperature, as well as of the non-dimensional
period of revolution. It was also shown that an increase on the outside air humidity can be
easily handled by increasing the non-dimensional period of revolution, as long as a
temperature of regeneration of at least 100C is provided. The results for the humidity
distribution along the desiccant felt show that the moisture removal capacity of silica-gel is
limited, which opens an opportunity for the application of more selective materials.
However, it shouldnt be disregarded that a greater affinity to water vapour also implies a
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Mathematical Modelling of Air Drying by Adiabatic Adsorption

83
greater amount of energy to remove the water vapour during the desorptive period. This
could be of vital importance for the economic feasibility of this technology, unless an
inexpensive thermal source is available.
5. Nomenclature
a constant
c constant
C
wr
wall specific heat (kJ/Kg K)
d constant
d
h
hydraulic diameter (m)
f desiccant mass fraction
h heat transfer coefficient (KW/m
2
)
h
y
convective mass transfer coefficient (kg/m
2
s)
H enthalpy of air (kJ/kg)
L length of the wheel (m)
1
m air mass flow rate (kg/s)
m
w
mass of the wall (kg)
P period of revolution
P
atm
atmospheric Pressure (Pa)
P
ws
saturation pressure (Pa)
Q heat of adsorption (kJ/kg)
t time (s)
T temperature (C)
u air flow velocity (m/s)
Y air absolute humidity (kg/kg air)
Y
L
adsorbed air layer absolute humidity (kg/kg air)
W desiccant humidity content (kg of moisture/kg of desiccant)
x coordinate (m)
Greek letters

1
auxiliary parameter

2
auxiliary parameter
|
w
relative humidity of air layer
c effectiveness
Subscripts
ci cold inlet
co cold outlet
hi hot inlet
ho hot outlet
sat saturation
w desiccant channel wall
1 air
Superscript
* non-dimensional
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Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering Processes

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6. References
Chung, J.D.; Lee, D.Y., Effect of Desiccant Isotherm on the Performance of Desiccant
Wheel, International Journal of Refrigeration, 2009; (32), pp. 720-726.
Close, D.J., 1983. Characteristic Potentials for Heat and Mass Transfer Processes.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1983, 26(7), pp.1098-1102.
Ge, T.S.; Li, Y.; Wang, R.Z., Dai, Y.J.., A Review of the Mathematical Models for Predicting
Rotary Desiccant Wheel, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2008, (12), pp.
1485-1528.
Kuehn, R.I., (1996) Principles of Adsorption and Reating Surfaces, New York NY: J. Wiley &
Sons, Unites States
Masel, T.H., Ramsey, J.W., Threlkeld, J.L., (1998) Thermal Environmental Engineering, 3
rd

Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Unites States
Niu, J.L.; Zhang, L.Z., (2002)Effects of Wall Thickness on Heat and Moisture Transfer in
Desiccant Wheels for Air Dehumidification and Enthalpy Recovery, International
Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2002, (29), pp. 255-268.
Nobrega, C.E.L.; Brum, N.C.L., Influence of Isotherm Shape over Desiccant Cooling Cycle
Performance, Heat Transfer Engineering, 2009, 30 (4), pp.302-308.
Nobrega, C.E.L.; Brum, N.C.L., Modeling and Simulation of Heat and Enthalpy Recovery
Wheels, Energy, 2009, (34): 2063-2068.
Patankar, S., Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, (1980) Boston, Ma: Hemisphere
Publishing Co, United States.
Pesaran, A.A., Mills, A.F., Moisture Transport in silica Gel Packed Beds-Part I , International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1987; (30): 1051-1060.
Shen, C.M..; Worek, W.M., 1992. The Effect of Wall Conduction on the Performance of
Regenerative Heat Exchangers, Energy, 1992, (17),pp.1199-1213.
Sphaier, C.M.; Worek, W.M., (2006), The Effect of Axial Diffusion on Enthalpy Wheels,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2006, (49), pp. 1412-1419.
Zhang, X.J., Dai, Y.J., Wang, R.Z.; A Simulation Study of Heat and Mass Transfer in a
Honeycomb Structure Rotary Desiccant Dehumidifier, Applied Thermal
Engineering, 2003, (23),pp. 989-1003.
[Link]
Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering Processes
Edited by Dr. Jozef Marko
ISBN 978-953-307-619-5
Hard cover, 306 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 04, November, 2011
Published in print edition November, 2011
InTech Europe
University Campus STeP Ri
Slavka Krautzeka 83/A
51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Phone: +385 (51) 770 447
Fax: +385 (51) 686 166
[Link]
InTech China
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This book offers several solutions or approaches in solving mass transfer problems for different practical
chemical engineering applications: measurements of the diffusion coefficients, estimation of the mass transfer
coefficients, mass transfer limitation in separation processes like drying, extractions, absorption, membrane
processes, mass transfer in the microbial fuel cell design, and problems of the mass transfer coupled with the
heterogeneous combustion. I believe this book can provide its readers with interesting ideas and inspirations
or direct solutions of their particular problems.
How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Carlos Eduardo L. Nobrega and Nisio Carvalho L. Brum (2011). Mathematical Modelling of Air Drying by
Adiabatic Adsorption, Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering Processes, Dr. Jozef Marko (Ed.), ISBN: 978-
953-307-619-5, InTech, Available from: [Link]
engineering-processes/mathematical-modelling-of-air-drying-by-adiabatic-adsorption