Understanding some common English errors and how to overcome them
Prof. David C.S. Li Department of English Hong Kong Institute of Education WEC Workshop 5 December 2009 In this workshop, I will discuss a number of English errors which are commonly found among intermediate Hong Kong Chinese users of English. These errors have one thing in common: they are most likely due to the users knowledge of their first language: (spoken) Cantonese and (written) Chinese. Four error types will be discussed in detail:
Error Error Types No. 2 6 9 too + Adj + to + VP
Examples He is too happy to see you.
Downloadable files
Teacher's Notes Student's Notes Teacher's Notes Student's Notes Teacher's Notes Student's Notes
Independent clause as Snoopy is leaving makes us all Subject very happy. Pseudo-tough movement I am difficult to learn English.
All of the errors are listed in the following website: [Link] This website contains detailed information about the nature of the errors as well as guidelines to help local teachers and learners to overcome those errors.
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Students Notes for WEC Workshop Understanding some common English errors and how to overcome them too + Adj + to + VP
1. Look at the following two sentences. They have the same structure. (i) Mary is too tired to walk. (ii) John is too busy to go to the party. 2. 3. Circle the verb to be and underline the words after the verb to be. The underlined words consist of two smaller units. Draw a line between the two units to separate them and write the two parts in the following table.
4. 5. 6.
What is the adjective __________________
used
to
express
Marys
feelings
in
sentence
(i)?
Mary is tired. Can she walk? ______________ Why cant Mary walk? If then i.e. A B = = She is too _________________
the adjective tired the verb walk NOT/CANNOT B
too A to B
too tired to walk NOT/CANNOT walk
too A to B NOT/CANNOT B
7. Now, look at sentence (ii). What is the adjective used to express Johns feelings?________________
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8. 9.
John is busy. Can he go to the party? ______________________ Why cant John go to the party? __________________________ i.e. too busy to go to the party NOT go to the party
10. Now look at sentence (iii). It has a similar structure as sentences (i) and (ii). (iii) Peter is too happy to see his girlfriend. 11. Underline the words after the verb to be. 12. Separate the underlined words into two units by drawing a line between them. 13. What is the adjective used to express Peters feelings? _________________
14. Peter is happy. Do you think he will see his girlfriend? ________________ 15. Does sentence (iii) have a similar meaning as sentences (i) and (ii)? ______________ 16. The too A to B structure is not appropriately used in sentence (iii). To correct sentence (iii), we can change the word too to very or so. i.e. (iv) Peter is very happy to see his girlfriend. (v) Peter is so happy to see his girlfriend. 17. Now determine whether the following sentences are acceptable and correct the unacceptable ones. e.g. a. John likes chocolates. Correction: _____________________________________________ b. John do not like chocolates. Correction: John does not like chocolates.________________________ a. Ann is too weak to take the suitcase.
Correction: ____________________________________________________________________________
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b. John is too excited to have a chance to go to Japan next week.
Correction: ____________________________________________________________________________
c. I am too happy to be the winner of the race.
Correction: ____________________________________________________________________________
d. Mary is too busy to talk to you.
Correction: ____________________________________________________________________________
e. Susan is too glad to receive your letter.
Correction: ____________________________________________________________________________
f. Peter is too eager to do the work.
Correction: ____________________________________________________________________________
g. Carmen is too young to get married.
Correction: ____________________________________________________________________________
18. How would you say the following sentences in English? a. .
____________________________________________________________________________
b. , .
____________________________________________________________________________
c. .
____________________________________________________________________________
d. .
____________________________________________________________________________
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Independent clause as Subject
1. How would you say the following sentence in English? (i) . ________________________________________________________________ 2. Would you say the following? (ii) Snoopy is leaving makes us very happy. (iii) Snoopy will leave makes us very happy. 3. 4. Are the above sentences correct? ________________
Why are the sentences wrong? Now let us look at sentence (ii) again. (ii) Snoopy is leaving makes us very happy.
5.
Look at the sentence again. What makes us very happy? _______________________ [ Snoopy is leaving ] makes us very happy.
6. 7.
Do you know the function of Snoopy is leaving in (ii)? Is it a Subject, Direct Object, or an Indirect Object? ________________________ Sentence (ii) is wrong because the Subject Snoopy is leaving is an independent clause, and
An independent clause CANNOT be the subject of a sentence.
8. 9. How can we revise sentence (ii) to make it grammatical? Solution 1: Make the independent clause dependent by adding the word that to the beginning, i.e.
That + Snoopy is leaving That Snoopy is leaving
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10. The whole sentence now becomes (iv)
That Snoopy is leaving makes us very happy.
Rule of thumb:
Independent
Clause + Verb +
but
That + Independent Clause + Verb + ..
11. Now revise sentence (iii) to make it grammatical. (iii) Snoopy will leave makes us very happy. ________________________________________________________________ 12. Now, can you determine whether the following sentences are correct? Give a if you think so, and a if you dont think so. Correct the unacceptable ones. e.g. a. John likes chocolates.
Correction:
_____________________________________________ b. John do not like chocolates.
Correction:
John does not like chocolates.________________________ a. Snoopy has left makes us very happy.
Correction:
___________________________________________________________________________ b. That she was eager to quit embarrassed her boss.
Correction:
___________________________________________________________________________ c. He objected to your plan was totally unreasonable.
Correction:
____________________________________________________________________________
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d. I cant get better marks makes her disappointed.
Correction:
____________________________________________________________________________ e. David can read German is something everybody knows.
Correction:
____________________________________________________________________________ f. We read the passage aloud can help us improve our pronunciation.
Correction:
____________________________________________________________________________ g. You park your car here is illegal.
Correction:
____________________________________________________________________________ h. That she got A in her chemistry examination is very surprising.
Correction:
____________________________________________________________________________ 13. Now you have a better idea how to correct a sentence with an independent clause as subject. There is another way to do so. Take sentence (ii) again as an example. (ii) Snoopy is leaving makes us very happy. 14. Solution 2: Change the independent clause to a noun phrase The fact that The fact that Snoopy is leaving makes us very happy. 15. Now correct the erroneous sentences below by changing the independent clause into a noun phrase The fact that . a. Snoopy has left makes us very happy. ____________________________________________________________________________ b. He objected to your plan was totally unreasonable. ____________________________________________________________________________ c. I cant get better marks makes her disappointed. ____________________________________________________________________________
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d. We read the passage aloud can help us improve our pronunciation. ____________________________________________________________________________ e. You park your car here is illegal. ____________________________________________________________________________
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Supplementary Handout: What is an independent clause? 1. Look at each of the following clauses and decide whether it is a complete sentence. Write the sentences in the appropriate boxes provided below. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) he is rich although he is rich he is leaving as he is the tallest student in the class John is a diligent student because John is a diligent student# Mary does not love John although Mary does not love John until the rain stops we understand this grammar rule since it is raining outside that he is leaving he finished his work Incomplete sentences
Complete sentences
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2. 3. 4. 5.
Circle the conjunctions in the above clauses. Which clauses have a conjunction at the beginning? ______________________________ Which clauses do NOT have a conjunction at the beginning? ________________________ Complete sentences are sentences which can stand on their own. That is, they are independent clauses. What is the characteristic of an independent clause? An independent clause does NOT begin with a __________________________
A clause which begins with a conjunction is NOT an independent clause. An independent clause can stand on its own.
6.
Change the following independent clauses to dependent clauses: a. I dont love her. ____________________________________________________________________________ b. He failed the examination. ____________________________________________________________________________ c. John is taller than me. ____________________________________________________________________________ d. They understand this grammar rule. ____________________________________________________________________________
# Note: A clause introduced by because as in 1(f) is usually a dependent clause. But notice that it may behave like an independent clause when responding to a question. e.g. Father : Why do you like James so much? Daughter : Because he is very kind.
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Pseudo-tough movement
1. Are the following sentences correct? Give a if you think so, and a if you dont think so. An example has been done for you. Sentences Example: He study Form 5. Example: He studies Form 5. i. ii. I am difficult to learn English. Graduates are not easy to find a job.
or
iii. Boys are easier to get their parents permission to go camping. iv. You are impossible to stay here overnight. v. They are inconvenient to go out now. vi 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Hong Kong students are common to go to school late. Can you identify and circle the adjectives in these sentences? Lets look at sentence number (i): (i) I am difficult to learn English. Can you work out what is difficult? (a) _____________________________ is difficult. Now, can you work out for whom XXX is difficult? (b) for ___________. Okay, can you put (a) and (b) together and say what is difficult, and for whom? (c) for _____________________________ is difficult. (c) is correct; can you identify the subject? for me to learn English is difficult. But English sentences with long subjects are not preferred. They are usually avoided. How can this be improved? To improve (c), move the subject to the right, after the adjective, resulting in (d): i.e. (for me to learn English) __ (d) ________ is is difficult ____________________ difficult for me to learn English.
7.
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8. 9.
Then put the word It in the subject position, resulting in (e): (e) It is difficult for me to learn English. Now, lets try to correct another sentence, say, number (v): (v) They are inconvenient to go out now.
10. Can you work out what is inconvenient? (f) _____________________________ is inconvenient. 11. Now, can you work out for whom XXX is inconvenient? (g) for ___________. 12. Okay, can you put (f) & (g) together and say what is inconvenient, and for whom ? (h) for _____________________________ is inconvenient. 13. (h) is correct; can you identify the subject? for them to go out now can this be improved? To improve (h), move the subject to the right, after the adjective, resulting in (i): (i) ________ is inconvenient for them to go out now. is inconvenient.
14. But English sentences with long subjects are not preferred. They are usually avoided. How
15. Then put the word It in the subject position, resulting in (j): (j) It is inconvenient for them to go out now. 16. Now can you work out the correction of one more sentence, say, number (iv)? (iv) You are impossible to stay here overnight. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: what is ADJ ? ______________ for whom ? ______________ put Steps 1 & 2 together (what should the VERB be, is or are?) ______ move the subject to the right, after the VERB and ADJ. put It at the beginning of the sentence.
17. Now decide whether the sentences in the following text is grammatically correct. Rewrite only the wrong sentences. Make the corrections in the space provided. (a) I am a very lazy student, but I have been suffering from short-sightedness for two years. (b) Sometimes I am difficult to read without glasses. (c) I decided to go and buy a pair of glasses. (d) I called my friend, John. (e) However, John was inconvenient to go with me. (f) He said he was possible to go with me on Friday, but I was impossible to go on that day. (g) So, he asked me to call Nancy. (h) I am easy to find Nancy and she said she was willing to go with me.
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a. _________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________ c. _________________________________________________________ d. _________________________________________________________ e. _________________________________________________________ f. _________________________________________________________ g. _________________________________________________________ h. _________________________________________________________ 18. This usage problem frequently occurs with the following adjectives: easy, difficult, common, necessary, convenient, inconvenient, possible, probable, impossible, improbable, etc. 19. Read the information. Then make a sentence by using the given words. The first one has been done for you. a. Accidents are often caused by careless driving. (important/drivers/drive) It is important for drivers to drive carefully. b. We cant pass the examination if we dont work hard. (necessary/us/work hard) ______________________________________________ to pass the examination. c. She has no difficulty expressing herself in English. (easy/her/express) ___________________________________________________ herself in English. d. You can climb the mountain from this side. (possible/you/climb) ___________________________________________ the mountain from this side. 20. Translate the following Cantonese/Chinese sentences into English. a. . (inconvenient) _________________________________________________________ b. . (difficult) _________________________________________________________ c. . (necessary) _________________________________________________________
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d. ! (impossible) _________________________________________________________ e. . (unnecessary) _________________________________________________________ 21. Now, look at the following sentences. (vii) (viii) (ix) Mary is difficult to convince. John is easy to please. This exercise is easy to do. _____________
22. Are they correct?
23. Why are they correct? Although they look similar to the incorrect sentences (i) to (vi) above, they are actually different in structure. Sentences with verbs such as convince, please and do, etc. require an object to complete them, i.e. convince somebody, please somebody and do something. 24. What is the object of convince in (vii)? 25. What is the subject of sentence (vii)? 26. What is the object of please in (viii)? 27. What is the subject of sentence (viii)? 28. What is the object of do in (ix)? 29. What is the subject of sentence (ix)? __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
30. What is the relationship between the objects of these verbs and the subjects of the sentences? __________________________________________________________________ 31. A rule of thumb is
if
missing Object of Verb = Subject
then Subject + is (are) + ADJECTIVE + to + VERB e.g. Mary is difficult to convince. This exercise is easy to do.
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32. Now, can you determine whether the following sentences are correct or not? a. b. c. d. e. Maths is easy to learn. John is easy to learn Maths. John is easy to teach. This lesson is hard to understand. I am difficult to understand this lesson.
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