Chapter 3 Endocrine responses to R.T.

Hormones chemical messengers that are synthesized, stored and released by the endocrine glands. Endocrine glands release hormones after neural stimulation or by chemical signal received by receptors. The hormones are released into the blood, binding with binding proteins which caries hormones to a hormone specific receptor. Binding proteins help transport the hormone to its receptor, help fight the degradation and extend the hormones life. Most hormones are not active until released by their binding protein. Most hormones play multiple roles in the body and the most important are : maintenance of internal environment, regulation of reproduction, energy production, growth and development. Muscle remodeling involves the disruption of muscle fibers, an inflammatory respons, hormonal interaction and synthesis of new protein. The most predominant R.T. adaptation of skeletal muscle is an increase in contractile protein actin and myosin and transition of muscle fiber (type 2x>>>type2ax>>>type2a etc.) Are adaptations involve the synthesis of no contractile proteins , which help integrity and orientation of the new contractile proteins. Stimulation of proteins synthesis starts out at the level of the gene which allows changes to be made in both quality and quantity of proteins. The increase in protein synthesis and decrease in protein degeneration are the first sign of new muscle growth. Type 1 muscle fibers rely more on decrease in protein degradation and type 2 muscle fibers rely more on increase protein synthesis. Anabolic hormones promote tissue building Catabolic hormones promote tissue degradation Role of receptors Every cell from muscle, bone and nerves have receptor that mediate the hormonal signal. A released hormone can only bind with a specific receptor, which ensure that the a specific hormone doesnt effect all cell of the human body (the lock and key theory). In case of cross-reactivity a given receptor only partially interacts with a specific receptor. Receptor also have allosteric binding sites in which other substances than hormones can interact with the receptor and enhance or decrease the hormonal response. Receptor can be inside of the cell, outside of the cell or partially inside or partially outside of the cell. When adaptations are no longer possible the receptor can become nonresponsive to the signal of the hormone (the process is called downregulation) Steroid hormones vs Polypeptide hormones Steroid hormones are hormones that are fat soluble (made from fat ex. testosteron ), they passively diffuse across the muscle fiber, binds with its receptor to form s hormone receptor complex (HRC). The HRC complex arrives at the level of the gene and stars coding the DNA for protein synthesis. Polyptide hormones (made from proteins) are not fat soluble and made up from amino acids. Ex growth hormone, insulin. The are not fat soluble and rely on secondary messengers (JACK-STAT)to transmit their signal to the muscle DNA.

Heavy R.T. and hormonal increases With the performance of heavy resistance training an increase in anabolic hormone production has been observed, which increases the change of the hormone to interact with the receptors and make changes in protein synthesis. Hormones are secreted during and after the performance of HEAVY R.T. The significant amount of force that is produced during heavy R.T. result in the activation of high threshold motor units. Among the many changes that result from heavy R.T. is an increase ability of the muscles to import nutriment and increase the number of anabolic receptors. As few as one or two sessions are needed to increase the numbers in anabolic receptors. The inflammatory process is the first sign of increase in protein synthesis. The remodeling process fallows and result in an increase in actin and myosin. The remodeling process takes place in an environment that is specific to the exercises intensity and volume. If the stress is to great then catabolic hormone production will increase and result will be an increase in cortisol interactions with their specific receptor which will promote muscle tissue degeneration. Its important to understand that only the muscle fibers that are activated during the performance of the exercises will be subjected to adaptations. If a R.T. program fallows the same exercises all the time the only does specific muscles will be subjected to adaptations. This could leave some muscles unaffected and result in disfunctionalitis between agonist and antagonist which will increase the risk of injury. Studies have shown that the exercises intensity, volume, frequency, and length of rest period influences the hormonal response. Factors that change hormonal concetrations in the blood Many factors influence hormonal concentrations in the blood Fluid volume shift during intense R.T. body fluids tend to shift from the blood to the muscle cells. This can result in an increase in hormonal concentrations in the blood without increases of hormonal production. Tissue clearance rate the amount of time it takes a hormone to clear a particular organ. The longer the hormone is inside the blood the longer the time it is exposed to degradation. Hormonal degradation the hormone degrades and the result is lower levels of hormones. Venous pulling of blood with heavy R.T. the blood return to the hart is delayed so the numbers of hormones in the blood stream is higher without an increase in hormone production

PRIMARY ANABOLIC HORMONES TESTOSTERON primary androgen (male) hormone that interacts with muscle tissue. It affects both male and females but the magnitude of response is different. Testosterone levels are accepted as a physiological marker of the anabolic status. It has both direct in indirect affect on the humane body Interaction with other hormones

Interaction with neurons that increase the amount of neurotransmitters Influences structural protein changes Increase protein synthesis Increase muscle mass

Fallowing stimulation. Testosterone is secreted from the testes in men and ovaries and adrenal glands in women, enters the blood stream and binds with its binding protein and taken to its androgen receptor. The testosterone-receptor complex the arrives at the gene DNA and cause an increase in protein synthesis. Heavy R.T. and high intensity A.E. have been found to produce an increase in testosterone production. Of the 2 stimuli, hypertrophy occurs only with R.T. Testosterone increases fallowing high intensity A.E. has been found to occurs in response to an increase in cortisol production, an is seen as a defense mechanism, as a response to the protein degradation process that occurs with an increase in cortisol production. Because preadolescents and adolescents have smaller testosterone production a specific R.T. must be fallowed in order to result in an increase in testosterone production : Large muscle exercise Heavy R.T. (85%-95%) Multiple sets, multiple exercise, moderate to high volume Short rest interval (30sec.-1min.) 2 years of R.T. experience

A large increase in testosterone have been found after the performance of this type of training sessions, from the prevalence of blood samples immediately after the session. In men testosterone values are highest during the morning making increase during that time of day seems optimal. Diurnal variations affect testosterone production, with the highest values accruing in the morning. Women dont seem affected by diurnal variations of testosterone, and have much lower concentration than men. (15-20 time less). Most studies have dot been able to show increase testosterone production with R.T. in women. Its seems that testosterone production is affected by the training experience and type of the training program. As the muscle cell reaches its upper limits, testosterone production are even harder increase. Research has showed increases in testosterone production elite olimpiclifters with the performance of adequate R.T.. Growth hormone One of the most potent anabolic hormones, important for the normal development of a child and having important effects on the human body : Decrease glucose utilization Decrease glycogen synthesis Increase glucose availability

Increase amino acids Increase protein synthesis Increase utilization of fat as fuel Increase lipolysis (fat breakdown) Increase collagen synthesis Stimulate cartilage growth Increase retention on nitrogen, sodium, phosphorus Enhance immune cell function

The GW also regulates the production of IGF, a hormone that mediates some of the response of GW. GW has diurnal variations, and the highest values occur during the night sleep, when its release in burst like episodes. Studies have showed that administration of synthetic GW does produce an increase in muscle hypertrophy , but the quality of the muscle is lower that it would be if GW has administrated and R.T. has performed. Because of its many function GW administration may have different response, and the magnitude is usually unknown. It seam that important signal for release of GW are increases in lactate and hydrogen production. Its also responsive to breath holding, and hypoxia. Not all R.T. program result in an increase in GW production. A specific R.T. program must be designed to result in an increase in GW : Heavy R.T. session (10RM) High volume (over 3 sets) Short rest intervals (under 1 min.)

GW and women during the menstrual cycle, women have higher concentrations of GW than men due. Natural increases in GW combine with high volume, heavy session, short rest interval produced a large increase in GW. Also women tend to have higher concentration of GW after the performance of A.E. then men due. The most significant anabolic response difference seems to be the lower testosterone production and higher GW production in women from men. Insulin like growth Factors (IGF) Some of the effects of GW are mediated through some small polypeptide hormones called IGF (1 and 2). The liver secrets IGF fallowing stimulation from the GW in a process that takes 8 - 30h. It is released in the blood stream and acts as any other polypeptide hormone, binds to its binding protein and is released an the receptor. Etc.. IGF release is not only dependent upon stimulation of the liver from GW, it is stimulated to be release by other hormones as wheel like testosterone, insulin and from other sources like fat cells and muscle cells. IGH is release autcorine and paracrine by the fat and muscle cells when damage occurs to these cells as a response to heavy R.T. One of the most important jobs of IGF is protein anabolism. Its response to R.T. training seems to be determined by the IGF concentrations in the blood stream. IGF has one of the most long lifespans of all hormones and can stay in the blood stream for up to 72h bind with its binding protein. If IGF levels are high then it will be nonresponse to R.T., but if IGF levels are low it will become responsive to R.T.

Adrenal hormones cortisol and catecholamines CORTISOL is seen as a catabolic hormone, because it promotes amino acids degradation, but is the most important hormone for glycogen metabolism and level. When glycogen levels are low are sources (amino acids) must the be catabolized to produce energy. The most important role of cortisol is to convert amino acids to glycogen, which result that it is has an important degeneration role in protein synthesis. It has greater catabolic effect on type 2 muscle fibers. In a situation of immobilization cortisol has a nitrogen wasting effect that result in a net loss of contractile protein (muscle atrophy) which result in a net loss of muscle force. The hormones that are opposite to cortisol are testosterone and insulin. Depending of the training stress, endocrine system will adapt and will result in an increase in anabolic or catabolic hormones. Cortisol has been found to increase in response with R.T. especially if R.T. result in an increase in lactate and hydrogen levels. Some consider cortisol an important factor in muscle growth, because before noncontracile and contractile proteins can the synthesized, damage and inflammatory response must occur, and that role is reserved to cortisol, so a small increase in cortisol level is need to help the recovery process. A large increase in cortisol may negatively effect testosterone response and lead to muscle damage. The testosterone-cortisol ration has been founs to be an important marker of overtraining. Increases in cortisol levels over 800nmol/L is considerate a mrker of overtraining. Catecholamines (epinephire, dopamine, noreepinehrine) are important in regulating strength and power production . Their most important roles are Increase force production via central nervous system stimulation Increase muscle contraction rate Increase blood pressure Increase energy availability Increase blood flow Signal the release of other hormones such as testosterone.

High intensity, high volume and short rest intervals R.T. session have been found to result in an increase in catecholamines production. With the performance of R.T. the body has is able to produce more epinephirene.