Chapter 9

Capital Budgeting Techniques

Solutions to Problems

Note to instructor: In most problems involving the internal rate of return calculation, a financial calculator
has been used.
P9-1.

LG 2: Payback Period
Basic
(a) $42,000 $7,000 = 6 years
(b) The company should accept the project, since 6 < 8.

P9-2.

LG 2: Payback Comparisons
Intermediate
(a) Machine 1: $14,000 $3,000 = 4 years, 8 months
Machine 2: $21,000 $4,000 = 5 years, 3 months
(b) Only Machine 1 has a payback faster than 5 years and is acceptable.
(c) The firm will accept the first machine because the payback period of 4 years, 8 months is less
than the 5-year maximum payback required by Nova Products.
(d) Machine 2 has returns which last 20 years while Machine 1 has only seven years of returns.
Payback cannot consider this difference; it ignores all cash inflows beyond the payback
period.

222

P9-3.

Part 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions

LG 2: Choosing Between Two Projects with Acceptable Payback Periods

Intermediate
(a)

Year

Project A
Cash
Investment
Inflows
Balance

Year

$100,000

Project B
Cash
Investment
Inflows
Balance
$100,000

$10,000

90,000

40,000

60,000

20,000

70,000

30,000

30,000

30,000

40,000

20,000

10,000

40,000

10,000

20,000

20,000

Both project A and project B have payback periods of exactly 4 years.

(b) Based on the minimum payback acceptance criteria of 4 years set by John Shell, both projects
should be accepted. However, since they are mutually exclusive projects, John should accept
project B.
(c) Project B is preferred over A because the larger cash flows are in the early years of the
project. The quicker cash inflows occur, the greater their value.
P9-4.

LG 3: NPV
Basic
PVn = PMT (PVIFA14%,20 yrs) NPV = PVn Initial investment
(a) PVn = $2,000 6.623
PVn = $13,246

NPV = $13,246 $10,000

NPV = $3,246
Calculator solution: $3,246.26
Accept

(b) PVn = $3,000 6.623

PVn = $19,869

NPV = $19,869 $25,000

NPV = $5,131
Calculator solution: $5,130.61
Reject

(c) PVn = $5,000 6.623

PVn = $33,115

NPV = $33,115 $30,000

NPV = $3,115
Calculator solution: $3,115.65
Accept

Chapter 9

P9-5.

LG 3: NPV for Varying Cost of Captial

Basic
PVn = PMT (PVIFAk%,8 yrs.)
(a)
10 %
PVn = $5,000 (5.335)
PVn = $26,675
NPV = PVn Initial investment
NPV = $26,675 $24,000
NPV = $2,675
Calculator solution: $2,674.63
Accept; positive NPV
(c)

14 %
PVn = $5,000 (4.639)
PVn = $23,195
NPV = PVn Initial investment
NPV = $23,195 $24,000
NPV = $805
Calculator solution: $805.68
Reject; negative NPV

P9-6.

Capital Budgeting Techniques

LG 3: NPVIndependent Projects
Intermediate
Project A
PVn = PMT (PVIFA14%,10 yrs.)
PVn = $4,000 (5.216)
PVn = $20,864
NPV = $20,864 $26,000
NPV = $5,136
Calculator solution: $5,135.54
Reject

(b)

12 %
PVn = $5,000 (4.968)
PVn = $24,840
NPV = PVn Initial investment
NPV = $24,840 $24,000
NPV = $840
Calculator solution: $838.19
Accept; positive NPV

223

224

Part 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions

Project BPV of Cash Inflows

Year
1
2
3
4
5
6

CF
$100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000

PVIF14%,n
0.877
0.769
0.675
0.592
0.519
0.456

PV
$87,700
92,280
94,500
94,720
93,420
91,200
$553,820

NPV = PV of cash inflows Initial investment = $553,820 $500,000

NPV = $53,820
Calculator solution: $53,887.93
Accept
Project CPV of Cash Inflows
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

CF
$20,000
19,000
18,000
17,000
16,000
15,000
14,000
13,000
12,000
11,000

PVIF14%,n
0.877
0.769
0.675
0.592
0.519
0.456
0.400
0.351
0.308
0.270

PV
$17,540
14,611
12,150
10,064
8,304
6,840
5,600
4,563
3,696
2,970
$86,338

NPV = PV of cash inflows Initial investment = $86,338 $170,000

NPV = $83,662
Calculator solution: $83,668.24
Reject
Project D
PVn = PMT (PVIFA14%,8 yrs.)
PVn = $230,000 4.639
PVn = $1,066,970
NPV = PVn Initial investment
NPV = $1,066,970 $950,000
NPV = $116,970
Calculator solution: $116,938.70
Accept

Chapter 9

Capital Budgeting Techniques

225

Project EPV of Cash Inflows

Year
4
5
6
7
8
9

CF
$20,000
30,000
0
50,000
60,000
70,000

PVIF14%,n
0.592
0.519
0.400
0.351
0.308

PV
$11,840
15,570
0
20,000
21,060
21,560
$90,030

NPV = PV of cash inflows Initial investment

NPV = $90,030 $80,000
NPV = $10,030
Calculator solution: $9,963.62
Accept
P9-7.

LG 3: NPV
Challenge
(a) PVA = $385,000 (PVIFA9%,5)
PVA = $385,000 (3.890)
PVA = $1,497,650
Calculator solution: $1,497,515.74
The immediate payment of $1,500,000 is not preferred because it has a higher present value
than does the annuity.
PVA
$1,500,000
(b) PMT =
=
= $385,604
PVIFA 9%, 5
3.890
Calculator solution: $385,638.69
(c) PVAdue = $385,000 (PVIFA9%,4 + 1)
PVAdue = $385,000 (3.24 + 1)
PVAdue = $385,000 (4.24)
PVAdue = $1,632,400
Changing the annuity to a beginning-of-the-period annuity due would cause Simes
Innovations to prefer the $1,500,000 one-time payment since the PV of the annuity due is
greater than the lump sum.
(d) No, the cash flows from the project will not influence the decision on how to fund the project.
The investment and financing decisions are separate.

226

P9-8.

Part 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions

LG 3: NPV and Maximum Return

Challenge
PVn = PMT (PVIFAk%,n)
(a) PVn = $4,000 (PVIFA10%,4)
PVn = $4,000 (3.170)
PVn = $12,680
NPV = PVn Initial investment
NPV = $12,680 $13,000
NPV = $320
Calculator solution: $320.54
Reject this project due to its negative NPV.
(b) $13,000 = $4,000 (PVIFAk%,n)
$13,000 $4,000 = (PVIFAk%,4)
3.25 = PVIFA9%,4
Calculator solution: 8.86%
9% is the maximum required return that the firm could have for the project to be acceptable.
Since the firms required return is 10% the cost of capital is greater than the expected return
and the project is rejected.

P9-9.

LG 3: NPVMutually Exclusive Projects

Intermediate
PVn = PMT (PVIFAk%,n)
(a) & (b)
Press
A

PV of cash inflows; NPV

PVn = PMT (PVIFA15%,8 yrs.)
PVn = $18,000 4.487
PVn = $80,766

NPV = PVn Initial investment

NPV = $80,766 $85,000
NPV = $4,234
Calculator solution: $4,228.21
Reject

Chapter 9

Year
1
2
3
4
5
6

CF
$12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
25,000

PVIF15%,n
0.870
0.756
0.658
0.572
0.497
0.432

Capital Budgeting Techniques

PV
$10,440
10,584
10,528
10,296
9,940
10,800
$62,588

NPV = $62,588 $60,000

NPV = $2,588
Calculator solution: $2,584.33
Accept
C

Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

CF
$50,000
30,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000

PVIF15%,n
0.870
0.756
0.658
0.572
0.497
0.432
0.376
0.327

NPV = $145,070 $130,000

NPV = $15,070
Calculator solution: $15,043.88
Accept
(c) Rankingusing NPV as criterion
Rank
1
2
3

Press
C
B
A

NPV
$15,070
2,588
4,234

PV
$43,500
22,680
13,160
11,440
9,940
12,960
15,040
16,350
$145,070

227

228

Part 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions

P9-10. LG 2, 3: Payback and NPV

Intermediate
(a) Project
A
B
C

Payback Period
$40,000 $13,000 = 3.08 years
3 + ($10,000 $16,000) = 3.63 years
2 + ($5,000 $13,000) = 2.38 years

Project C, with the shortest payback period, is preferred.

(b) Project
A
PVn = $13,000 3.274
PVn = $42,562
PV = $42,562 $40,000
NPV = $2,562
Calculator solution: $2,565.82
B
Year
1
2
3
4
5

CF
$7,000
10,000
13,000
16,000
19,000

PVIF16%,n
0.862
0.743
0.641
0.552
0.476

PV
$6,034
7,430
8,333
8,832
9,044
$39,673

NPV = $39,673 $40,000

NPV = $327
Calculator solution: $322.53
C
Year
1
2
3
4
5

CF
$19,000
16,000
13,000
10,000
7,000

PVIF16%,n
0.862
0.743
0.641
0.552
0.476

PV
$16,378
11,888
8,333
5,520
3,332
$45,451

NPV = $45,451 $40,000

NPV = $5,451
Calculator solution: $5,454.17
Project C is preferred using the NPV as a decision criterion.
(c) At a cost of 16%, Project C has the highest NPV. Because of Project Cs cash flow
characteristics, high early-year cash inflows, it has the lowest payback period and the highest
NPV.

Chapter 9

Capital Budgeting Techniques

229

P9-11. LG 4: Internal Rate of Return

Intermediate
IRR is found by solving:
n
CFt
$0 =
Initial Investment
t
t =1 (1 + IRR)

It can be computed to the nearest whole percent by the estimation method as shown for Project A
below or by using a financial calculator. (Subsequent IRR problems have been solved with a
financial calculator and rounded to the nearest whole percent.)
Project A
Average Annuity = ($20,000 + $25,000 + 30,000 + $35,000 + $40,000) 5
Average Annuity = $150,000 5
Average Annuity = $30,000
PVIFAk%,5yrs. = $90,000 $30,000 = 3.000
PVIFA19%,5 yrs. = 3.0576
PVlFA20%,5 yrs. = 2.991
However, try 17% and 18% since cash flows are greater in later years.

Yeart
1
2
3
4
5

CFt
(1)
$20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000

PVIF17%,t
(2)
0.855
0.731
0.624
0.534
0.456

Initial investment
NPV

PV@17%
[(1) (2)]
(3)
$17,100
18,275
18,720
18,690
18,240
$91,025
90,000
$1,025

PVIF18%,t
(4)
0.847
0.718
0.609
0.516
0.437

PV@18%
[(1) (4)]
(5)
$16,940
17,950
18,270
18,060
17,480
$88,700
90,000
$1,300

NPV at 17% is closer to $0, so IRR is 17%. If the firms cost of capital is below 17%, the project
would be acceptable.
Calculator solution: 17.43%
Project B
PVn = PMT (PVIFAk%,4 yrs.)
$490,000 = $150,000 (PVIFAk%,4 yrs.)
$490,000 $150,000 = (PVIFAk%,4 yrs.)
3.27 = PVIFAk%,4
8% < IRR < 9%
Calculator solution: IRR = 8.62%

The firms maximum cost of capital for project acceptability would be 8% (8.62%).

230

Part 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions

Project C
PVn = PMT (PVIFAk%,5 yrs.)
$20,000 = $7,500 (PVIFAk%,5 yrs.)
$20,000 $7,500 = (PVIFAk%,5 yrs.)
2.67 = PVIFAk%,5 yrs.
25% < IRR < 26%
Calculator solution: IRR = 25.41%

The firms maximum cost of capital for project acceptability would be 25% (25.41%).
Project D
$120,000 $100,000
$80,000
$60,000
$0 =
+
+
+
$240,000
1
2
3
(1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR)4

IRR = 21%; Calculator solution: IRR = 21.16%

P9-12. LG 4: IRRMutually Exclusive Projects
Intermediate
(a) and (b)
Project X
$0 =

$100,000
$120,000 $150,000 $190,000 $250,000
+
+
+
+
$500,000
(1 + IRR)1
(1 + IRR)2 (1 + IRR)3 (1 + IRR)4 (1 + IRR)5

IRR = 16%; since IRR > cost of capital, accept.

Calculator solution: 15.67%
Project Y

$0 =

$140,000
$120,000
$95,000
$70,000
$50,000
+
+
+
+
$325,000
1
2
3
4
(1 + IRR)
(1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR)5

IRR = 17%; since IRR > cost of capital, accept.

Calculator solution: 17.29%
(c) Project Y, with the higher IRR, is preferred, although both are acceptable.
P9-13. LG 4: IRR, Investment Life, and Cash Inflows
Challenge
(a) PVn = PMT (PVIFAk%,n)
$61,450 = $10,000 (PVIFA k%,10 yrs.)
$61,450 $10,000 = PVIFAk%,10 yrs.
6.145 = PVIFAk%,10 yrs.
k = IRR = 10% (calculator solution: 10.0%)
The IRR < cost of capital; reject the project.

Chapter 9

Capital Budgeting Techniques

231

(b) PVn = PMT (PVIFA%,n)

$61,450 = $10,000 (PVIFA15%,n)
$61,450 $10,000 = PVIFA15%,n
6.145 = PVIFA15%,n
18 yrs. < n < 19 yrs.
Calculator solution: 18.23 years
The project would have to run a little over 8 more years to make the project acceptable with
the 15% cost of capital.
(c) PVn = PMT (PVIFA15%,10)
$61,450 = PMT (5.019)
$61,450 5.019 = PMT
$12,243.48 = PMT
Calculator solution: $12,244.04
P9-14. LG 3, 4: NPV and IRR
Intermediate
(a) PVn = PMT (PVIFA10%,7 yrs.)
PVn = $4,000 (4.868)
PVn = $19,472
NPV = PVn Initial investment
NPV = $19,472 $18,250
NPV = $1,222
Calculator solution: $1,223.68
(b) PVn = PMT (PVIFAk%,n)
$18,250 = $4,000 (PVIFAk%,7yrs.)
$18,250 $4,000 = (PVIFAk%,7 yrs.)
4.563 = PVIFAk%,7 yrs.
IRR = 12%
Calculator solution: 12.01%
(c) The project should be accepted since the NPV > 0 and the IRR > the cost of capital.

232

Part 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions

P9-15. LG 3, 4: NPV, with Rankings

Intermediate
(a) NPVA = $20,000(PVIFA15%,3) $50,000
NPVA = $20,000(2.283) $50,000
NPVA = $45,660 $50,000 = $4,340
Calculator solution: $4,335.50
Reject
NPVB = $35,000(PVIF15%,1) + $50,000(PVIFA15%,2)(PVIF15%,1) $100,000
NPVB = $35,000(0.870) + $50,000(1.626)(0.870) $100,000
NPVB = $30,450 + $70,731 $100,000 = $1,181
Calculator solution: $1,117.78
Accept
NPVC = $20,000(PVIF15%,1) + $40,000(PVIF15%,2) + $60,000(PVIF15%,3) $80,000
NPVC = $20,000(0.870) + $40,000(0.756) + $60,000(0.658) $80,000
NPVC = $17,400 + $30,240 + 39,480 $80,000 = $7,120
Calculator solution: $7,088.02
Accept
NPVD = $100,000(PVIF15%,1) + $80,000(PVIF15%,2) + $60,000(PVIF15%,3)
$180,000
NPVD = $100,000(0.870) + $80,000(0.756) + $60,000(0.658) $180,000
NPVD = $87,000 + $60,480 + 39,480 $180,000 = $6,960
Calculator solution: $6,898.99
Accept
(b)
Rank
1
2
3

Press
C
D
B

NPV
$7,120
6,960
1,181

(c) Using the calculator the IRRs of the projects are:

Project
A
B
C
D

IRR
9.70%
15.63%
19.44%
17.51%

Since the lowest IRR is 9.7% all of the projects would be acceptable if the cost of capital was
approximately 10%.
NOTE: Since project A was the only reject project from the 4 projects, all that was needed to
find the minimum acceptable cost of capital was to find the IRR of A.

Chapter 9

Capital Budgeting Techniques

P9-16. LG 2, 3, 4: All Techniques, Conflicting Rankings

Intermediate
(a)

Year
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

Project A
Cash
Investment
Inflows
Balance
$150,000
$45,000
105,000
45,000
60,000
45,000
15,000
45,000
+30,000
45,000
45,000

PaybackA =

Year
0
1
2
3
4

Project B
Cash
Investment
Inflows
Balance

$75,000
60,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000

$150,000
75,000
15,000
+15,000
0

$150,000
= 3.33 years = 3 years 4 months
$45,000

PaybackB = 2 years +

$15,000
years = 2.5 years = 2 years 6 months
$30,000

(b) NPVA = $45,000(PVIFA0%,6) $150,000

NPVA = $45,000(6) $150,000
NPVA = $270,000 $150,000 = $120,000
Calculator solution: $120,000
NPVB = $75,000(PVIF0%,1) + $60,000(PVIF0%,2) + $30,000(PVIFA0%,4)(PVIF0%,2)
$150,000
NPVB = $75,000 + $60,000 + $30,000(4) $150,000
NPVB = $75,000 + $60,000 + $120,000 $150,000 = $105,000
Calculator solution: $105,000
(c) NPVA = $45,000(PVIFA9%,6) $150,000
NPVA = $45,000(4.486) $150,000
NPVA = $201,870 $150,000 = $51,870
Calculator solution: $51,886.34
NPVB = $75,000(PVIF9%,1) + $60,000(PVIF9%,2) + $30,000(PVIFA9%,4)(PVIF9%,2)
$150,000
NPVB = $75,000(0.917) + $60,000(0.842) + $30,000(3.24)(0.842) $150,000
NPVB = $68,775 + $50,520 + $81,842 $150,000 = $51,137
Calculator solution: $51,112.36
(d) Using a financial calculator:
IRRA = 19.91%
IRRB = 22.71%

233

234

Part 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions

(e)

Project
A
B

Payback
2
1

Rank
NPV
1
2

IRR
2
1

The project that should be selected is A. The conflict between NPV and IRR is due partially
to the reinvestment rate assumption. The assumed reinvestment rate of project B is 22.71%,
the projects IRR. The reinvestment rate assumption of A is 9%, the firms cost of capital. On
a practical level project B will probably be selected due to managements preference for
making decisions based on percentage returns, and their desire to receive a return of cash
quickly.
P9-17. LG 2, 3, 4: Payback, NPV, and IRR
Intermediate
(a) Payback period
3 + ($20,000 $35,000) = 3.57 years
(b) PV of cash inflows
Year
1
2
3
4
5

CF
$20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000

PVIF16%,n
0.893
0.797
0.712
0.636
0.567

PV
$17,860
19,925
21,360
22,260
22,680
$104,085

NPV = PV of cash inflows Initial investment

NPV = $104,085 $95,000
NPV = $9,085
Calculator solution: $9,080.61
(c) $0 =

$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$40,000
+
+
+
+
$95,000
1
2
3
4
(1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR)5

IRR = 15%
Calculator solution: 15.36%
(d) NPV = $9,085; since NPV > 0; accept
IRR = 15%; since IRR > 12% cost of capital; accept
The project should be implemented since it meets the decision criteria for both NPV and IRR.

Chapter 9

Capital Budgeting Techniques

235

P9-18. LG 3, 4, 5: NPV, IRR, and NPV Profiles

Challenge
(a) and (b)
Project A
PV of cash inflows:
Year
1
2
3
4
5

CF
$25,000
35,000
45,000
50,000
55,000

PVIF12%,n
0.893
0.797
0.712
0.636
0.567

PV
$22,325
27,895
32,040
31,800
31,185
$145,245

NPV = PV of cash inflows Initial investment

NPV = $145,245 $130,000
NPV = $15,245
Calculator solution: $15,237.71
Based on the NPV the project is acceptable since the NPV is greater than zero.
$0 =

$25,000
$35,000
$45,000
$50,000
$55,000
+
+
+
+
$130,000
1
2
3
4
(1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR)
(1 + IRR)5

IRR = 16%
Calculator solution: 16.06%
Based on the IRR the project is acceptable since the IRR of 16% is greater than the 12% cost
of capital.
Project B
PV of cash inflows:
Year
1
2
3
4
5

CF
$40,000
35,000
30,000
10,000
5,000

NPV = $94,170 $85,000

NPV = $9,170
Calculator solution: $9,161.79

PVIF12%,n
0.893
0.797
0.712
0.636
0.567

PV
$35,720
27,895
21,360
6,360
2,835
$94,170

236

Part 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions

Based on the NPV the project is acceptable since the NPV is greater than zero.
$40,000
$35,000
$30,000
$10,000
$5,000
$0 =
+
+
+
+
$85,000
1
2
3
4
(1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR)
(1 + IRR)5
IRR = 18%
Calculator solution: 17.75%
Based on the IRR the project is acceptable since the IRR of 16% is greater than the 12% cost
of capital.
(c)
Net Present Value Profile
90000
80000
70000
60000

Net Present
Value ($)

50000
40000

NPV - A

30000

NPV - B

20000
10000
0
0

10

15

20

Discount Rate (%)

Data for NPV Profiles
NPV
Discount Rate
A
B
0%
$80,000
$35,000
12%
$15,245

15%

$9,170
16%
0

18%

(d) The net present value profile indicates that there are conflicting rankings at a discount rate
lower than the intersection point of the two profiles (approximately 15%). The conflict in
rankings is caused by the relative cash flow pattern of the two projects. At discount rates
above approximately 15%, Project B is preferable; below approximately 15%, Project A is
better.
(e) Project A has an increasing cash flow from year 1 through year 5, whereas Project B has a
decreasing cash flow from year 1 through year 5. Cash flows moving in opposite directions
often cause conflicting rankings.

Chapter 9

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237

P9-19. LG 2, 3, 4, 5, 6: All TechniquesMutually Exclusive Investment Decision

Challenge

Cash inflows (years 15)

(a) Payback*
(b) NPV*
(c) IRR*
*

A
$20,000
3 years
$10,340
20%

Project
B
$31,500
3.2 years
$10,786
17%

C
$32,500
3.4 years
$4,303
15%

Supporting calculations shown below:

(a) Payback Period: Project A: $60,000 $20,000 = 3 years

Project B: $100,000 $31,500 = 3.2 years
Project C: $110,000 $32,500 = 3.4 years
(b) NPV
Project A
PVn = PMT (PVIFA13%,5 yrs.)
PVn = $20,000 3.517
PVn = 70,340
NPV = $70,340 $60,000
NPV = $10,340
Calculator solution: $10,344.63
Project B
PVn = $31,500.00 3.517
PVn = $110,785.50

(c) IRR
Project, A
NPV at 19% = $1,152.70
NPV at 20% = $187.76
Since NPV is closer to zero at 20%, IRR = 20%
Calculator solution: 19.86%

Project B
NPV at 17% = $779.40
NPV at 18% = $1,494.11

NPV = $110,785.50 $100,000

NPV = $10,785.50
Calculator solution: $10,792.78

Since NPV is closer to zero at 17%, IRR = 17%

Calculator solution: 17.34%

Project C
PVn = $32,500.00 3.517
PVn = $114,302.50

Project C
NPV at 14% = $1,575.13
NPV at 15% = $1,054.96

NPV = $114,302.50 $110,000

NPV = $4,302.50
Calculator solution: $4,310.02

Since NPV is closer to zero at 15%, IRR = 15%

Calculator solution: 14.59%

238

Part 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions

(d)
Comparative Net Present Value Profiles

70000

60000

50000

NPV - A

40000

Net Present
Value ($)

NPV - B
NPV - C

30000

20000

10000

0
0

10

15

20

25

Discount Rate (%)

Data for NPV Profiles
NPV
Discount Rate

0%

$40,000

$57,500

$52,500

13%

$10,340

10,786

4,303

15%

17%

20%

The difference in the magnitude of the cash flow for each project causes the NPV to compare
favorably or unfavorably, depending on the discount rate.
(e) Even though A ranks higher in Payback and IRR, financial theorists would argue that B is
superior since it has the highest NPV. Adopting B adds $445.50 more to the value of the firm
than does A.

Chapter 9

Capital Budgeting Techniques

P9-20. LG 2, 3, 4, 5, 6: All Techniques with NPV ProfileMutually Exclusive Projects

Challenge
(a) Project A
Payback period
Year 1 + Year 2 + Year 3 = $60,000
Year 4
= $20,000
Initial investment
= $80,000
Payback = 3 years + ($20,000 30,000)
Payback = 3.67 years
Project B
Payback period
$50,000 $15,000 = 3.33 years
(b) Project A
PV of cash inflows
Year
1
2
3
4
5

CF
$15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000

PVIF13%,n
0.885
0.783
0.693
0.613
0.543

PV
$13,275
15,660
17,325
18,390
19,005
$83,655

NPV = PV of cash inflows Initial investment

NPV = $83,655 $80,000
NPV = $3,655
Calculator solution: $3,659.68
Project B
NPV = PV of cash inflows Initial investment
PVn = PMT (PVIFA13%,n)
PVn = $15,000 3.517
PVn = $52,755
NPV = $52,755 $50,000
NPV = $2,755
Calculator solution: $2,758.47
(c) Project A
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$0 =
+
+
+
+
$80,000
1
2
3
4
(1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR) (1 + IRR)5
IRR = 15%
Calculator solution: 14.61%

239

240

Part 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions

Project B
$0 = $15,000 (PVIFA k%,5) $50,000
IRR = 15%
Calculator solution: 15.24%

(d)
Net Present Value Profile
50000
45000
40000

Net Present
Value ($)

35000
30000
NPV - A
25000

NPV - B

20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0

10

12

14

16

Discount Rate (%)

Data for NPV Profiles
NPV
Discount Rate
A
B
0%
$45,000
$25,000
13%
$3,655
2,755
14.6%
0

15.2%

Intersectionapproximately 14%
If cost of capital is above 14%, conflicting rankings occur.
The calculator solution is 13.87%.
(e) Both projects are acceptable. Both have positive NPVs and equivalent IRRs that are greater
than the cost of capital. Although Project B has a slightly higher IRR, the rates are very close.
Since Project A has a higher NPV, and also has the shortest payback, accept Project A.

Chapter 9

Capital Budgeting Techniques

241

P9-21. LG 2, 3, 4: IntegrativeComplete Investment Decision

Challenge
(a) Initial investment:
Installed cost of new press =
Cost of new press
After-tax proceeds from sale of old asset
Proceeds from sale of existing press
+ Taxes on sale of existing press *
Total after-tax proceeds from sale
Initial investment

$2,200,000
(1,200,000)
480,000
(720,000)
$1,480,000

Book value = $0
$1,200,000 $0 = $1,200,000 income from sale of existing press
$1,200,000 income from sale (0.40) = $480,000

(b)

Year Revenues
1 $1,600,000
2
1,600,000
3
1,600,000
4
1,600,000
5
1,600,000
6
0

Calculation of Operating Cash Flows

Net Profits
Expenses Depreciation Before Taxes Taxes
$800,000
$440,000
$360,000
$144,000
800,000
704,000
96,000
38,400
800,000
418,000
382,000
152,800
800,000
264,000
536,000
214,400
800,000
264,000
536,000
214,400
0
110,000
110,000
44,000

(c) Payback period = 2 years + ($62,400 $647,200) = 2.1 years

Net Profits
After Taxes
$216,000
57,600
229,200
321,600
321,600
66,000

Cash
Flow
$656,000
761,600
647,200
585,600
585,600
44,000

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Part 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions

(d) PV of cash inflows:

Year
1
2
3
4
5
6

CF
$656,000
761,000
647,200
585,600
585,600
44,000

PVIF11%,n
0.901
0.812
0.731
0.659
0.593
0.535

PV
$591,056
618,419
473,103
385,910
347,261
23,540
$2,439,289

NPV = PV of cash inflows Initial investment

NPV = $2,439,289 $1,480,000
NPV = $959,289
Calculator solution: $959,152
$656,000 $761,600 $647,200 $585,600 $585,600
$44,000
$0 =
+
+
+
+
+
$1,480,000
1
2
3
4
5
(1 + IRR) (1 + IRR)
(1 + IRR) (1 + IRR)
(1 + IRR) (1 + IRR)6
IRR = 35%
Calculator solution: 35.04%
(e) The NPV is a positive $959,289 and the IRR of 35% is well above the cost of capital of 11%.
Based on both decision criteria, the project should be accepted.
P9-22. LG 3, 4, 5: IntegrativeInvestment Decision
Challenge
(a) Initial investment:
Installed cost of new asset =
Cost of the new machine
+ Installation costs
Total cost of new machine
After-tax proceeds from sale of old asset =
Proceeds from sale of existing machine
Tax on sale of existing machine*
Total after-tax proceeds from sale

$1,200,000
150,000
$1,350,000
(185,000)
(79,600)

+ Increase in net working capital

Initial investment
*

Book value = $384,000

$185,000 $384,000 = $199,000 loss from sale of existing press
$199,000 loss from sale (0.40) = $79,600

(264,600)
25,000
$1,110,400

Chapter 9

Capital Budgeting Techniques

Calculation of Operating Cash Flows

New Machine
Reduction in
Net Profits
Net Profits
Year Operating Costs Depreciation Before Taxes Taxes
After Taxes
1
$350,000
$270,000
$80,000
$32,000
$48,000
2
350,000
432,000
82,000
32,800
49,200
3
350,000
256,500
93,500
37,400
56,100
4
350,000
162,000
188,000
75,200
112,800
5
350,000
162,000
188,000
75,200
112,800
6
0
67,500
67,500
27,000
40,500
Existing Machine
Net Profits
Before Taxes
Taxes
$152,000
$60,800
96,000
38,400
96,000
38,400
40,000
16,000
0
0
0
0

Net Profits
After Taxes
$91,200
57,600
57,600
24,000
0
0

Depreciation
$152,000
96,000
96,000
40,000
0
0

Year

Incremental Operating Cash Flows

New Machine
Existing Machine Incremental Cash Flow

$318,000

$60,800

$257,200

382,800

38,400

344,400

312,600

38,400

274,200

274,800

16,000

258,800

274,800

274,800

27,000

27,000

Terminal cash flow:

After-tax proceeds from sale of new asset =
Proceeds from sale of new asset
Tax on sale of new asset *
Total proceeds-sale of new asset
After-tax proceeds from sale of old asset
+ Change in net working capital
Terminal cash flow
*

$200,000
(53,000)

Book value of new machine at the end of year 5 is $67,500

200,000 $67,500 = $132,500 income from sale of old machine
132,500 0.40 = $53,000 tax liability

Cash
Flow
$318,000
382,800
312,600
274,800
274,800
27,000

Cash
Flow
$60,800
38,400
38,400
16,000
0
0

Year
1
2
3
4
5
6

$147,000
0
25,000
$172,000

243

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Part 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions

(b)
Year

CF

PVIF9%,n

PV

$257,200

0.917

$235,852

344,400

0.842

289,985

274,200

0.772

211,682

258,800

0.708

183,230

274,800

0.650

178,620

172,000

0.650

111,800

Terminal value

$1,211,169
NPV = PV of cash inflows Initial investment
NPV = $1,211,169 $1,110,400
NPV = $100,769
Calculator solution: $100,900
$257,200 $344,400 $274,200 $258,800 $446,800
(c) $0 =
+
+
+
+
$1,110,400
(1 + IRR)1 (1 + IRR)2 (1 + IRR)3 (1 + IRR)4 (1 + IRR)5
IRR = 12.2%
Calculator solution: 12.24%
(d) Since the NPV > 0 and the IRR > cost of capital, the new machine should be purchased.
(e) 12.24%. The criterion is that the IRR must equal or exceed the cost of capital; therefore,
12.24% is the lowest acceptable IRR.
P9-23. LG 1, 6: Ethics Problem
Intermediate
Expenses are almost sure to increase for Gap. The stock price would almost surely decline in the
immediate future, as cash expenses rise relative to cash revenues. In the long run, Gap may be
able to attract and retain better employees (as does Chick-fil-A, interestingly enough, by being
closed on Sundays), new human rights and environmentally conscious customers, and new
investor demand from the burgeoning socially responsible investing mutual funds. This long-run
effect is not assured, and we are again reminded that its not merely shareholder wealth
maximization were afterbut maximizing shareholder wealth subject to ethical constraints.