Chapter 9 Performance enhancement substances Anabolic Hormones are the synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone.

. Elevation in testosterone levels stimulates protein synthesis, resulting in increased muscle size, body mass and strength. Testosterone is also known as an androgen (male ) hormone, and promotes some of the secondary male sex characteristics : baldness, increase body hair, sperm production, libido, aggressiveness. In male secretion of testosterone occurs in the testes and in females in occurs at the adrenal glands and ovaries (much smaller amounts). Buy its self testosterone is of very poor ergogenic aid. Synthetic manipulation of testosterone was needed to make extend its half life and prevent degeneration of testosterone to help promote its anabolic effects. Athletes typically use anabolic hormones in a stack-ing regime, in which they administers other drugs simultaneously. Both oral and injectable compounds are used. Most users take the drug in a cyclic manner, meaning that they use the drug for several weeks, and alternate their use with a of period. Some use the drugs in a pyramid fashion, steadily increasing the dosage towards the end of the cycle and the reducing the dosage in order to avoid its side effects. The usual regim last as long as 5-10 weeks, fallowed with a dosage that is about 5 to 30 times higher the normal recommended replacement dosages . Injectable steroids are more potent then oral administrated steroids. The are usually administrated by deep gluteal injections. The benefits associated with steroid use is increase in muscle mass, strength and athletic performance. Even when anabolic steroids are used by relational athletes, testosterone has been found to produce large increases in muscle mass and strength. Some stupid over thinkers postulate that the increase in muscle mass in owed primarily to an increase in water retention. An increase in water retention is expected with an increase in muscle mass because muscle in aprox. 70% water. This actually explains why gains in muscle mass are not sustained after cessation of steroid use. Other effects of anabolic steroid use in an increase in the testosterone/cortisol ration meaning that testosterone actually decreases the catabolic effects associated with cortisol. This is also a marker for Anabolic steroid use. Psychological effects associated with anabolic steroid use is increase in aggression, arousal and irritability. Adverse effects - cardiovascular : elevated blood pressure, decrease myocardial functioning, Endocrine decrease sperm count, testicular atrophy, impotence, menstrual irregularities Dermatological acne, baldness Hepatic lever damage Musculoskeletal premature epiphyseal plate closure, increase risk of tendon tear Psychological mania, depression, aggression, mood swings

Prohormones testosterone precursors, have been used because the thinking is that it will produce the same results as administration of testosterone. Actually prohormones have been found to produce no anabolic effects, but actually result in increased side effects. Human Chronic Gonodotropin (HGC) anabolic steroid obtained from the placenta of pregnant women. When injected into men, it results in an increase in testosterone production. Increases of 4 times normal levels of testosterone have been found with administration of HCG. Insulin a very potent anabolic hormone, because it increases the uptake of glucose and amino acids. Because its a peptide hormone it cannot be detected into urine. A major side effect of insulin is hypoglycemia . Human growth hormone a polypeptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Its an anabolic steroid because it result in an increase in amino acid, stimulation of bone and muscle mass growth, and stimulates the release of fatty acids from the fat cells. Until 1986 the only source for HGG was the pituitary gland of human cadavers. The utilization of HGG came with serious side effects. After 1986 synthetic production of HGG begun and some of the side effects where decreased. Long term administration if HGG result in increases in muscle mass and fat loss. Because its a protein hormone injection is necessary to avoid degradation and increase its efficiency. Oral administration of HGG did not result in any anabolic effects. HGG is not detected in the urine at normal drug tests, and many athletes use it for this reason. Adverse effects excesive secretion og HGG during childhood will result in gigantism, whereas after puberty the result will be acromegaly (disfiguring disease that cause widening of the bone, arthritis, organ enlargement ) Erythopoietin (EPO) protein polypeptide hormone, produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells and improves aerobic performance. Injection of EPO for up to 2 weeks result in increase of hematocrit and hemoglobin. Increases in red blood cells number result in aerobic performance but also result in increase in blood viscosity. This could result in serious side effects like, elevation in blood pressure, blood clothing, compromised thermoregulatory systems. Once EPO is administered the formation of red blood cells in out of control. EPO administration is also associated with the death of several bike riders. B-Andrenergic Agonist a chemical substances that has been showed to have some of the same effects as epinephrine, like lipolysis (breakdown of fat) and thermogenesis (increase energy expenditure). Other effect are increase in lean muscle mass and decrease fat stores. The most effective B-AGONIST HAVE BEEN FOUND TO HAVE ANABOLIC EFFECTS ON LIVESTOCK. Clenbuterol is a drug used by athletes to increase muscle mass and reduce fat. Athletes use clenbutarol in disages twice of those recommended by clinics. Side effects hyperthermia, tremors, dizziness, palpitations, malaise. Nutritional Muscle Buffers the ability to regulate H concentrations in muscles during high intensity exercises has been termed muscle buffering capacity (MBC). There is a strong relationship between

MBC and anaerobic performance. In theory improving MBC will result in improved muscle performance during anaerobic activities. B-Alanine a nonessential amino acid found in foods like chicken and fish. When it enters the muscle cell it become the rate limiting factor for carnosine synthesis. Carnosine is found in fast twitch muscle fibers and it acts to increase the muscle MBC. Increasing carnosine levels was been found to result in an increase MBC which will improve anaerobic performance. All studies concerning the effects of B-Alanine supplementation on anaerobic performance have found a positive relationship between increased level of carnosine and anaerobic performance. Administration of B-Alanine at a level of 3.2-6.4gr./day for a period of aprox. 28 days will result in an increase anaerobic performance up to 15%. Sodium Bicarbonate SB supplementation has been showed to increase muscle and blood ph. A decrease in pH of the muscle will result in an increase in H accumulation. Supplementing with pH will decrease pH levels and thus improve MBC. SB supplementation at around 136mg/pound has been found to result in improved anaerobic performance. But SB supplementation has been found to produce some side effects such as diarrhea, vomiting, cramping and dizziness. Athletes should try SB supplementation at training before using it during completions. Sodium Citrate - SC it increases blood pH without the side effects associated with SB supplementation. Administration of SC at around 200mg/pound at 60-90min. prior to completions has been found to be optimal. SC administrations has not been found to increase performance in effort last less the 2 min., but has been found to result in increase in performance in exercises that last aprox. 215min. L-cartinine is responsible for the transportation of fatty acids to the mitochondria to be oxidized for energy. It increases exercises performance by sparing muscle glycogen and increasing fat utilization. Lcartinine has been found to actually increase recovery from exercises (decrease muscle damage, pain and metabolic stress) Be main benefits of recovery are enhancing blood flow, enhanced vasodilatation which ensure oxygen transportation to the muscles. Up to 3g daily of l-cartinine for up to 3 weeks have been found to have these positive effects. Creatine its a nitrogenous compound that is synthesized naturally by the liver. The amino acids arginine, glycine and methionine are the precursors for the formation of creatine. Creatine can the obtaine through dietary sources, ,meat and fish. Aprox. 98% of creatine content within the body is found the muscle cells, aprox 40% in its free form, and 60% in its phosphorylated form. Creatine in its phosphorylated form is primary molecule that help form ATP from ADP, which consist in the prmary energy source for short term high intensity exercises. As CP store become depleted the ability to perform high intensity exercises is decreased. The deplation of CP stores is the primary issue that leads to fatigue during high intensity exercises. Creatine supplementation - in usa 90% of all high school athletes have been reported to use creatine. Creatine supplementation has been found to increase CP levels by up to 20%. It appears that saturation limits exist within the muscle cells. Once creatine levels reach 150/160 mmol/Kg of body increases cannot be made. A creatine supplementation regime involves an initial loading dose of 0.3g/kg of body

mass for the first 5 days, fallowed by a maintenance dose of 2g/day. Muscle creatine suplimentation will remain elevated for as long as the maintenance dose is maintained, and as the creatine supplementation is stop, creatine levels will come back to normal within 4 weeks. Creatine supplementation on the long term (min. 28 days- max. 82 days ) have showed significant enhancement in power performance. Creatine is effective as a training supplement on the long term and not as a direct performance enhancement. Administration of creatine is also associated with increases in body mass. Side effects people associated an increase in body muscle mass as a result of creatine suplimentation to be a negative side effect. Increases in body mass is a desirable effect that athletes strive to gain in the weight room. Some side effect of creatine supplementations is increased blood pressure, muscle cramps, and liver damage. But these side effects are only associated with dosages that are insanely large. No negative side effects have been seen with administration of creatine on normal values, even with prolonged supplementation (5 years.) Normal creatine supplementation has not been found to have any negative side effects. Stimulants (caffeine, epinephrine) their affects are increase alertness, reduced fatigue, increased confidence, euphoria. Caffeine its effects are similar to amphetamines. It increases aerobic power by increasing lipolysis, fatty acids utilization as a energy supplier, which result in glycogen sparing and delays fatigue. It also increases anaerobic power by enhanced excitation-contraction coupling, increases neurotransmissions, and mobilization of calcium ions. Aprox. 3to9mg/kg of caffeine resulted in an increase in aerobic power production. Time to exhaustion increased from 70min. to 91min. at 80% of VO2max. Caffeine in its true form has been showed to increase anaerobic performance more then caffeine obtained from other sources. Caffeine affects on anaerobic power have not been demonstrated to be as severe as with aerobic power. Increases up to 3% in sprint times have been found as a result of caffeine administration. Adverse effects of caffeine anxiety, insomnia, tremors, gastrointestinal disturbances, hart arrhythmias have been liked with caffeine administration. Caffeine acts as a diuretic and there is an increase in heat illness associated with caffeine administration. Caffeine administrations over 9ml/kg have been found to have sever side effects. Ephedrine - COMES FROM THE ASIATIC PLANT OF EPHEDRA . Like caffeine it increases lipolysis and increases recovery. It is used often in combination with caffeine. Without caffeine it grants no ergogenic effects. When used in a combination of 4ml/kg of caffeine and 0.8ml/kg of epinephrine there are no side effects. Side effects - VOMITING, ANXIENTY, HYPERACTIVITY, PALPITATIONS AND IN A FEW CASSES DEATH. Citrus Auratium Bitter Orange. Also administrated with caffeine, has the same effects as ephedrine, improving time to fatigue and increasing recovery.