The Kinetic Theory of ideal gases - It is employed to express quantitatively the ideal gas model.
Postulates: 1- A gas consists of molecules of mass (m) and diameter (d). 2- Molecules move continuously and randomly. - Molecules are treated as points! having no volume "- Molecules collide #ith each other! changing direction and velocity. $- %ollisions are elastic (no loss of translational energy) no potential energy of interaction &et#een them. Derivation of the ideal gas equation from the kinetic theory 'he model used for discussing the molecular &asis of the physical properties of a perfect gas. 'he molecules move chaotically #ith a range of speeds and directions! &oth of #hich change #hen they collide #ith the #alls or #ith other molecules. -
%onsider the system in (ig. 1 A particle of mass m collides #ith the #all #ith speed u parallel to the x-axis! the impact is mux! (its component of linear momentum) It re&ounds #ith speed -ux. Overall change of momentum = mux (-mux) = 2mux. In interval t! the num&er of collisions ) num&er of particles a&le to reach the #all in t. All particles #ithin a distance ux t of the #all #ill stri*e it if they are traveling to#ards it. If the #all of area A! all particles in volume Aux t #ill reach the #all. If the num&er of particles per unit volume is +! the num&er in the volume ) NAux t ,n average! half the particles are moving to the right! hence! the average num&er of collisions ) - NAux t Total momentum change = NAux t x 2mux = mNAu2x t .ate of change of momentum ) mNAu2x (/y +e#ton0s second la# it equals to the force ) p1A) 2ressure ) mNu2x /ut the detected pressure is the average one! so p) mN<u2x> r .m . s. s p e e d ! c ! o f th e p a r tic le s = u
2 1 2
2 x
+ u
2 y
+ u
2 z
2articles are moving randomly! so speeds in x! y! 3 direction are all equal! then c = (3<u2x>)1/2, implying that <u2x> = 1/3 c2 There ore, p= 1/3 Nmc2 p!= 1/3 nNA mc2= 1/3 n"c2
44 p5 for any gas equals to 11 the mass of all particles multiplied &y square of r. m.s. 44 the equation is applica&le any #here though it #as derived as a model. 44 if the speed depends only on the temperature! then at constant ' p5 ) constant (/oyle0s la#).
Deduction of gas laws from K. T. G 1 !oyle"s law: from the theory or 25) 21 ( - nMu2) 25) 11 nMu2 - nMu2 ) *1' then p5 ) 21 *1' at ' constant! # $harle"s law (at p constant)
(rom the postulates of the theory! 6.7 of particles is directly proportional to temperature
p5 ) 21 *1' 5 ) 21 p*1' ) 21 *2' 'herefore! 5 ' - %vogadro"s hypothesis: 87qual volumes of all gases at the same pressure and temperature contain equal num&ers of molecules9 p5 ) constant 'hen for t#o gases: p151 ) p252 'hen 11 n1M1u21 ) 11 n2M2u22 At constant '! the average 6.7 is constant. 'herefore! - M1u21 ) - M2u22 'hen! n1 ) n2 #hich is the statement of Avogadro0s hypothesis
Diffusion: is the spreading of the molecules of one su&stance into the region initially occupied &y another species. (&oth move)
"- Graham"s law of diffusion: 8 At constant temperature and pressure the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. At constant v and 2 for t#o gases!
1
1 n1M1u21 ) 11 n2M2u22
'hen
u 12 m 2n2 2 = m 1n 1 u2 u1 = u2 u1 = u2 u1 = u2 m 2n 2 m 1n 1
2
if n 1 = n
= N A v o g a d r o ; s n u m e r ! th e n ! !
2 1
m 2N = m 1N
s in c e a t c o n s ta n t p ! " m o la r v o lu m e s a r e s m a e th e n
2 1