Lecture 3 ASD Load and Factor Design (LRFD)
and LRFD
Principles Resistance
see
AISC p. 2-6 and 16.1-213 thru 217
The LRFD was developed n the 1!"#s as an alternat ve des $n %ethod to the tr ed-andtrue Allowa&le Stress Des $n 'ASD( %ethod. It s &ased on a )l % t state* ph losoph+. A l % t state s a ter% used to des,r &e a ,ond t on n wh ,h the stru,ture ,eases to per-or% as ntended. A )stren$th l % t state* de- nes the sa-et+ a$a nst -a lure due to load n$ and a )serv ,ea& l t+ l % t state* s a -un,t onal re.u re%ent su,h
Lecture 3 Page 1 of 6
as de-le,t on/ dr -t or v &rat on. In $eneral/ the LRFD %ethod uses a stat st ,al approa,h n deter% n n$ factored loads that are ,o%pared a$a nst ult %ate %e%&er stren$ths. In other words0
1 2 R n
where0 3I 4 'la%&da( load -a,tor 1 4 wor5 n$ or serv ,e load 'see I6C ,h. 16( 7 4 'ph ( redu,t on -a,tor/ see AISC p. 2-1# 4 #.!# -or l % t-states nvolv n$ yielding 4 #.78 -or l % t-states nvolv n$ rupture Rn 4 no% nal res stan,e stren$th o- %e%&er
9ro&a& l t+ o- loads/ :1 9ro&a& l t+ o- %e%&er stren$th/ Rn ;verlap 4 -a lure
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I- plotted on a pro&a& l t+ $raph/ 2 &ell ,urves would e%er$e/ one &e n$ the pro&a& l t+ o- loads and the other &e n$ the pro&a& l t+ o- a %e%&er<s stren$th &e n$ real =ed.
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LRFD Load Factors: see AISC p. 2-"
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The -ollow n$ 6 load -a,tors are used to o&ta n the %ost severe )-a,tored* loads0
1) 1.>D 2) 1.2D ? 1.6L ? #.8'Lr or S or R( 3) 1 .2D ? 1 .6'Lr or S or R( ? '#.8L or #."@( 4) 1.2D ? 1.6@ ? #.8L ? #.8'Lr or S or R( 5) 1.2D ? 1.#A ? #.8L ? #.2S 1) #.!D ? '1.6@ or 1 .#A(
where0 D 4 serv ,e dead loads L 4 serv ,e -loor l ve load Lr 4 serv ,e roo- l ve load S 4 snow load R 4 ra nwater load @ 4 w nd load A 4 earth.ua5e load Exa ple ! BICAD0 A -lat roo- s -ra%ed w th 2><-#* lon$ @1 "E># &ea%s spa,ed "<-#* o.,. The serv ,e appl ed roo- dead load s 28 9SF and the appl ed serv ,e roo- l ve load 4 2# 9SF 'per I6C ,h. 16(. The serv ,e w nd load on the -lat roo- s -" 9SF 'upl -t(.
wu 2><-#*
2><-#*
"ea
Loading F#"#D
Lecture 3 Page 5 of 6
T+p. "<-#*
Roof Fra ing Plan
RA1FIRAD0
1) Deter% ne the %aE %u% LRFD factored un -or% load on the &ea%/ wu. 1) Deter% ne the %aE %u% LRFD factored %o%ent on the &ea%/ Gu.
Lecture 3 Page 6 of 6
Step ! Deter ine D$ Lr and % in ter s of PLF: D 4 DL'Tr &. @ dth( ? 6ea% wt. 4 28 9SF'" -t( ? ># 9LF 4 2># 9LF Lr 4 LL'Tr &. @ dth( 4 2# 9SF'" -t( 4 16# 9LF @ 4 -" 9SF'" -t( 4 -6> 9LF Step & Deter ine axi u FA'()RED unifor load$ *u:
Do not use ne$. w nd - t redu,es pos. $rav t+ loads 1) 2)
!#+D !#+(&+, PLF) - 33. PLF !#&D / !#.L / ,#0(Lr or S or R) !#&(&+, PLF) / ,#0(!., PLF) - 3.1 PLF
3( 1.2D ? 1.6'Lr or S or R( ? '#.8L or #."@( 1.2'2># 9LF( ? 1.6'16# 9LF( 4 0++ PLF H FSA
Do not use ne$. w nd - t redu,es pos. $rav t+ loads 4)
1.2D ? 1.6@ ? #.8L ? #.8'Lr or S or R( 1.2'2># 9LF( ? #.8'16# 9LF( 4 36" 9LF 1.2D ? 1.#A ? #.8L ? #.2S 1.2'2># 9LF( 4 2"" 9LF
5)
6( #.!D ? '1.6@ or 1 .#A( #.!'2># 9LF( ? 1 .6'-6>( 4 11> 9LF ;R 31" 9LF Step 3 Deter ine
2
axi u
FA'()RED
o ent on 2ea $ 3 u:
Gu 4 w U L 8 (544)(24'0")
2
Lecture 3 Page 7 of 6
PLF 8
4 3!/16" -t-l& 3u - 34#& 5ip6ft
Lecture 3 Page 8 of 6
Allo*a2le Stress Design (ASD) See AISC p. 2-7 and 16.1-216 thru 217
The Allowa&le Stress Des $n 'ASD( %ethod s &ased on the ,on,ept that the stress levels n a ,o%ponent do not eE,eed esta&l shed spe, - , allowa&le stresses under ser7ice loads# For an+ s n$le ,o%ponent/ there %a+ &e several d --erent allowa&le stress l % ts that %ust &e ,he,5ed. The &as , des $n [Link] on -or ASD s as -ollows0
where0 1 4 wor5 n$ or serv ,e load 'see I6C ,h. 16( Rn 4 no% nal res stan,e stren$th o- %e%&er I 4 'o%e$a( sa-et+ -a,tor/ see AISC p. 2-1# 4 1.67 -or l % t-states nvolv n$ yielding 4 2.## -or l % t-states nvolv n$ rupture 1.5 4
ASD Load Factors: see AISC p. 2-! The -ollow n$ 7 load -a,tors are used to o&ta n the %ost severe loads0 D 2) D?L 3) D?'Lr or S or R( 4) D?#.78L?#.78'Lr or S or R( 5) D?'@ or #.7A( 6) D?#.78'@ or #.7A(?#.78L?#.78'Lr or S or R( 7( #.6D? '@ or #.7A(
1)
where0 D 4 serv ,e dead loads L 4 serv ,e -loor l ve load Lr 4 serv ,e roo- l ve load S 4 snow load R 4 ra nwater load @ 4 w nd load A 4 earth.ua5e load
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Exa ple & BICAD0 S % lar to AEa%ple 1/ a -lat roo- s -ra%ed w th 2><-#* lon$ @1 "E># &ea%s spa,ed "<-#* o.,. The serv ,e appl ed roo- dead load s 28 9SF and the appl ed serv ,e roo- l ve load 4 2# 9SF 'per I6C ,h. 16(. The serv ,e w nd load on the -lat roo- s -" 9SF 'upl -t(.
w 2><-#* 2><-#*
"ea
Loading F#"#D
186,9 T+p.
Roof Fra ing Plan
RA1FIRAD0 1) Deter% ne the %aE %u% ASD ser7ice un -or% load on the &ea%/ w. 2) Deter% ne the %aE %u% ASD ser7ice %o%ent on the &ea%/ G%aE. Step ! Deter ine D$ Lr and % in ter s of PLF: D 4 DL'Tr &. @ dth( ? 6ea% wt. 4 28 9SF'" -t( ? ># 9LF 4 2># 9LF Lr 4 LL'Tr &. @ dth( 4 2# 9SF'" -t( 4 16# 9LF @ 4 -" 9SF'" -t( 4 -6> 9LF Step & Deter ine
1)
axi u
SER:;'E unifor
load$ *:
D 2># 9LF D?L 2># 9LF ? # 4 2># 9LF D?'L r or S or R( 2># 9LF ? 16# 9LF 4 +,, PLF H FSA
Lecture 3 Page 10 of 6
2)
1)
1)
D?#.78L?#.78'Lr or S or R( 2># 9LF ? # ? #.78'16# 9LF( 4 36# 9LF
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8( D?'@ or #.7A( 2># 9LF ? '-6> 9LF( 4 176 9LF 2># 9LF J '-6> 9LF( 4 3#> 9LF
Do not use ne$. w nd - t redu,es pos. $rav t+ loads 6)
D?#.78'@ or #.7A(?#.78L?#.78'Lr or S or R( 2># 9LF ? # ? #.78'16# 9LF( 4 36# 9LF #.6D?'@ or #.7A( #.6'2># 9LF( ? '-6> 9LF( 4 "# 9LF #.6'2># 9LF( J '-6> 9LF( 4 2#" 9LF axi u SER:;'E o ent on 2ea $ 3
ax:
7)
Step 3 Deter ine wL
2
8 (400 ) ( 2 PLF4 ' 0 " ) 8 4 2"/"## -t-l& 3
ax
G%aE 4
2
- &1#1 5ip6ft
Lecture 3 Page 12 of 6