Chapter 3 : PROGRAMMING
3.0) PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE -PLC programming process is an activity plan to build and introduce the program to perform desired. -Here are the parts that should be in the PLC. Start Starting an operation Operating Mode Determine the device's native input / output start position. The Reset Control the operation of start / stop manually or in a program. Operations / Ordering Process Designing the program as required by the task. Signal Issue Triggering output equipment. Status Issue Displaying indicator light or alarm. Ends Stop operation.
3.1) PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE There are FIVE programming language known in the and internationally: Ladder diagram (Ladder Diagram) List of Instructions (Instruction List) Text Structure (Structured Text) Sequential Function Chart (Sequential Function Chart) Function Block Diagram (Function Block Diagram)
Figure 3.1.1 Ladder (Ladder Diagram) Ladder diagram is a graphical programming language types changed from control wiring diagram relay. Figure stairs contains the contact track from left to right of the figure (see chart 3.1.1). This track contacts connected to the switching element already open (Normally open - NO) or normally closed switching (Normally closed - NC) on the current path and loop elements. Ladder diagram also shows the control circuit and display functionsand a combination of sequence of operation for each branch on a horizontal line separately.
Figure 3.1.1: Framework Figure
3.1.2 List of Instructions (Instruction List) An assembler language of text. They are built from control instructions containing the operator (the operator) and operations (operand). Here is an example of a program that language instruction list. LD A
AND B ST C
3.1.3 Structure Text (Structured Text) An assembler language of text containing expression and instruction. An example of this is the use of language such as the following: Cylinder out = (Input Input A OR B) AND C Output 3.1.4) Sequential Function Chart (Sequential Function Chart)
-Is a kind of graphic language (see Figure 3.1.4). -Its elements consists of steps, transitions, choice and parallel branch. Each step shows the status of the active control program or not active. -A move consists of action based on the transition. -The action consists of the sequence structure own.
Figure 3.1.4: Example program in Sequential Function Chart Language
3.1.5) Function Block Diagram -Is a kind of graphic language. -Elements that are present in diagram is illustrated graphically function and function block function. (See Figure 3.1.5). These elements are connected with lines signal flow and is directly linked to a network.
Figure 3.1.5: Example of Function Block Diagram Language
3.2 ) BASIC FIGURE OF STAIRS -A Ladder diagram consists of a vertical line on the left and right called the bus bar and the horizontal line to the right of the called command lines (instruction lines). -Along the lines of command are logical combinations of conditions that will determine when and how the instructions all will be right.
- Example Ladder diagram shown as shown in Figure 3.2.a below.
Figure 3.2.a: Example of Ladder Diagram
The pairs of vertical lines along the branch line called the conditions. These conditions consist of two categories: i. Pre-Existing Condition Open (Normally open - NO) ( ii. )
Pre-Existing Condition Close (Normally closed - NC) ( )
The numbers in each state to determine the bit operations per instruction. Each instruction in Ladder diagram either ON or OFF depending on the status bit operation is established. Normally open condition is ON if the bit is ON and the operation will OFF when the bit is OFF operation. Normally closed condition is ON when the bit is OFF and operation OFF if bit operation is ON.
Figure 3.2.b explain the above.
This is Normally Open. This instruction executes when X0 is ON
This is Normally close . This instruction executes when X0 is OFF
Figure 4.2.b: Example of Ladder Diagram
3.3) BASIC TERMS
3.3.1 Execution Conditions -Logical combination of conditions ON and OFF create gathered for a directive to be implemented. -This condition is called Exercise Condition. Refer to Figure 3.3.1.
Instruction will be in a state of implementation (execution Conditions) ON when X0 is ON, X1 is OFF and X2 is ON. Figure 3.3.1: Example of Implementation Conditions(execution Conditions)
3.3.2) Bit Operations (Operand Bits) -Bit operations per instruction can consist of any bit in the areas of memory (memory) IR, SR, HR, TC or TR. -This means that the conditions (conditions) in the Ladder Diagram can be determined by bit I / O, flag (flags), bits of work (work bits), timer / counters (timers / counters) and others.
Table 4.3.2 shows the memory map that refers to a type of OMRON PLC SYSMAC CQM1H.
DATA AREA
1) Area IR . This area have three type which is
BITS IR00000 - IR01515 IR10000 IR11515 IR21600 IR21915 SR24400 SR25507
FUNGSI
Work Used as input bits
a) Region input b) Region output c) Region Work 2) Area SR
Used as output bits. This bit has no function. specific. Can be used as a free program. These bits do function such as (flags) and bits control.
These bits are used to store temporary status ON / OFF the program branches This bit is used to store data and maintain the status ON / OFF when the power is off.
3) Area TR 4) Area HR
TR 0 TR 7 HR 0000 HR 9915
5) Area Timer / Counter