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Encoding Techniques and Exercises Guide

This document provides examples and explanations of various encoding techniques used in digital communications, including analog-to-digital encoding, digital-to-digital encoding, digital-to-analog encoding, code division multiple access (CDMA), and the key technologies used by different wireless standards. It gives examples of encoding speech using pulse code modulation (PCM) and differential encoding. It also provides examples of encoding binary sequences using techniques like polar, Manchester, and bipolar encoding. The document concludes by listing key characteristics of wireless technologies like data rates, frequency bands, multiple access techniques, duplexing methods, modulation schemes, and error control coding.

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Gladys Esmeralda
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14 views4 pages

Encoding Techniques and Exercises Guide

This document provides examples and explanations of various encoding techniques used in digital communications, including analog-to-digital encoding, digital-to-digital encoding, digital-to-analog encoding, code division multiple access (CDMA), and the key technologies used by different wireless standards. It gives examples of encoding speech using pulse code modulation (PCM) and differential encoding. It also provides examples of encoding binary sequences using techniques like polar, Manchester, and bipolar encoding. The document concludes by listing key characteristics of wireless technologies like data rates, frequency bands, multiple access techniques, duplexing methods, modulation schemes, and error control coding.

Uploaded by

Gladys Esmeralda
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Encoding Exercises

Answers Reviewed in Class

Encoding Exercises
Analog-to-Digital Encoding: Speech

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Assume the vertical axis increases by one for each block.
1) The PCM values are:
2) A differential encoding algorithm looks as follows. The comparator gives two binary
bits per time sample:

00:
01:
10:
11:

down 2
down 1
up one
up two

The delay starts with an initial value of 0. The output for the input as given above would
be?
Analog Input
Binary Output
Comparator

+
Delay of
1 time
unit

Encoding Exercises
Answers Reviewed in Class

Digital-to-Digital Encoding
Encode the following sequence using the indicated method:
Sequence:

Polar NRZ

Manchester
Encoding

Bipolar
Encoding

Digital-to-Analog Encoding
Sequence:

ASK
FSK
PSK
QAM
Constellation for a simple QAM, which varies the phase and the amplitude:

(1,1) (1,0)
o
o

(0,0) (0,1)
o
o

Encoding Exercises
Answers Reviewed in Class

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access


We will choose the 4-chip system. Each bit will be transmitted 4 times
Channel 1s Code: 0000 = -1 -1 -1 -1 =1 and wants to transmit 001
Channel 2s Code: 0101 = -1 +1 -1 +1 =1 and wants to transmit 101
Channel 3s Code: 0011 = -1 -1 +1 +1 =1 and wants to transmit 110
Channel 4s Code: 0110 = -1 +1 +1 -1 =1 and wants to transmit 111
Transmission:
Example Channel 1=0000 => -1 -1 -1 -1
Tx 0 = +1 +1 +1 +1 Tx 1 = -1 -1 -1 -1
Now transmit: Bit 1
Bit 2
Bit 3
Channel1:
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Channel 2:
-1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1
Channel 3:
-1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1
Channel 4:
-1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1
Total Sum:
-2 +2 +2 +2 0 0 +4 0
-2 +2 -2 -2
Decoding:
Sum code*total for each bit to get correlation:
Channel 1:
Total Sum:
-2 +2 +2 +2 0 0
Channel 1 code:
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Product
+2 -2 -2 -2 0 0
Sum:
-4=0
Channel 3:
Total Sum:
Channel 3 code:
Product
Sum:
Channel 4:
Total Sum:
Channel 4 code:

+4 0
-1 -1
-4 0
-4=0

-2 +2 -2 -2
-1 -1 -1 -1
+2 -2 +2 +2
+4=1

-2 +2 +2 +2 0 0 +4 0
-1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1
+2 -2 +2 +2 0 0 +4 0
+4=1
+4=1

-2 +2 -2 -2
-1 -1 +1 +1
+2 -2 -2 -2
-4=0

-2 +2 +2 +2

0 0 +4 0

-2 +2 -2 -2

Encoding Exercises
Answers Reviewed in Class

Technology:
Data Rates (in kbps or Mbit/s)

Frequency Band (licensed, unlicensed, U-NII, M/GHz) and carrier bandwidth (Hz)

Multiplexing Technique between users: (e.g., TDM(A), CDMA or DSSS, FDM(A),


OFDM)

Duplex technique for Transmit/Receive: (e.g. TDD, FDD, Full duplex, Simplex, Half
duplex)

Modulation Techniques: (e.g., QPSK, N-QAM, BPSK)

Error Control & Coding Techniques (e.g., FEC, Reed-Solomon, TCM, interleaving,
ARC, coding rate=m/n)

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