Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Air Putih, 25300 Kuantan Pahang.

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2013 Index Number in Our Daily Life
Name: I/C No. : Class: Teacher: Neoh Szie Yoong 960621-14-5930 5 Venus Pn Siti Fatimah
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Content
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Content Objective Foreward Introduction Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Further exploration Reflection Pages 2 3 4 5-11 12-15 16-17 18-22 23

OBJECTIVES
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a project work while we are in Form 5. This year the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education has prepared two tasks for us. We are to choose and complete only ONE task based on our area of interest. This project can be done in groups or individually, but each of us is expected to submit an individually written report. Upon completion of the Additional Mathematics Project Work, we are to gain valuable experiences and able to: Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine and non-routineproblems; Experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting and meaningful and hence improve their thinking skills. Experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills are applied in meaningful ways in solving real-life problems Experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical thinking reasoning and communication are highly encouraged and expected Experience classroom environments that stimulate and enhance effective learning. Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing and to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through problem-solving in ways that increase interest and confidence Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and in workplace Realise that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving real-life problems and hence develop positive attitude towards mathematics. Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to collaborate, to cooperate, and to share knowledge in an engaging and healthy environment Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics and to become more creative and innovative Realize the importance and the beauty of mathematics
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FOREWARD
First of all, I would like to say thank you for giving me the strength and health to do this project work. Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this project work and their advice, which is the most needed for this project. Internet, books, computers, and etc. They also supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it. Then I would like to thank my teacher, Pn. Hjh Siti Fatimah Bt Arsad for guiding me and my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught us patiently until we knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with the project work. Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with me and sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together, we had this task done.

INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF INDEX NUMBER
Index numbers are meant to study the change in the effects of such factors which cannot be measured directly. According to Bowley, Index numbers are used to measure the changes in some quantity which we cannot observe directly. For example, changes in business activity in a country are not capable of direct measurement but it is possible to study relative changes in business activity by studying the variations in the values of some such factors which affect business activity, and which are capable of direct measurement. Index numbers are commonly used statistical device for measuring the combined fluctuations in a group related variables. If we wish to compare the price level of consumer items today with that prevalent ten years ago, we are not interested in comparing the prices of only one item, but in comparing some sort of average price levels. We may wish to compare the present agricultural production or industrial production with that at the time of independence. Here again, we have to consider all items of production and each item may have undergone a different fractional increase (or even a decrease). How do we obtain a composite measure? This composite measure is provided by index numbers which may be defined as a device for combining the variations that have come in group of related variables over a period of time, with a view to obtain a figure that represents the net result of the change in the constitute variables. Index numbers may be classified in terms of the variables that they are intended to measure. In business, different groups of variables in the measurement of which index number techniques are commonly used are (i) price, (ii) quantity, (iii) value and (iv) business activity. Thus, we have index of wholesale prices, index of consumer prices, index of industrial output, index of value of exports and index of business activity, etc. Here we shall be mainly interested in index numbers of prices showing changes with respect to time, although methods described can be applied to other cases. In general, the present level of prices is compared with the level of prices in the past. The present period is called the current period and some period in the past is called the base period.

Index Numbers:
Index numbers are statistical measures designed to show changes in a variable or group of related variables with respect to time, geographic location or other characteristics such as income, profession, etc. A collection of index numbers for different years, locations, etc., is sometimes called an index series.

Simple Index Number:

A simple index number is a number that measures a relative change in a single variable with respect to a base.

Composite Index Number:

A composite index number is a number that measures an average relative changes in a group of relative variables with respect to a base.
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PART 1
The prices of goods sold in shop vary from one shop to another. Shoppers tend to buy goods which are not only reasonably price but also give value for their money. You are required to carry out a survey on four different items based on the following categories: food, detergent and stationery. The survey should be done in three different shops. Part 1(a) Collect picture, newspaper cuttings or photos on item that you have chosen. Design a collage to illustrate the chosen item.

Food

Detergent

Stationary

Part 1(b)
Record the item and their prices systematically as such in Table 1. Since item may be differently packed, be sure to use consistent measurements for each item selected so that comparison can be done easily and accurately.

Category

Item [Link]-rising flour [Link] [Link] [Link] Total price

Food

Tesco 2.70 1.80 3.60 3.60 11.70 Table 1(a)

Price (RM) Giant 3.70 1.60 3.80 2.90 12.00

The Store 3.30 1.35 4.50 3.00 12.15

Category

Item [Link] powder [Link] washer [Link] bleach [Link] cleaner Total price

Detergent

Tesco 19.00 4.00 6.00 10.20 39.20 Table 1(b)

Price (RM) Giant 21.00 3.20 5.50 9.80 39.50

The Store 20.50 3.10 4.90 9.50 38.00

Category

Stationery

Tesco [Link] (shaker) 8.90 [Link] 3.50 [Link] marker 3.50 [Link] index 14.70 Total price 30.60 Table 1(c)

Item

Price (RM) Giant 9.20 3.40 2.90 15.00 30.50

The Store 8.20 3.10 3.80 16.00 31.20

Part 1(c)
Create at least two suitable graphical representations (the use of ICT is encouraged) to compare contrast the price of the item chosen. Create at least two suitable graphical representations (the use of ICT is encouraged) to compare contrast the price of the item chosen.

50 40 30 20 10 0 Food Detergent Stationary Tesco Giant The Store

45 40 35 30

25
20 15 10 5 0 Food Detergent Stationary

Tesco Giant

The Store

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Part 1(d)
Based on the graphical representations that you have constructed in part 1(c), interpret, discuss and draw conclusions. Comment on your findings. Based on the graphical representations that I have constructed in Part 1(c), it is shown that there are large and small differences among the prices of items in each category between the shops. In the food category, the smallest price difference is of those of sugar, while the highest is the price of eggs. Besides food, detergent also shows a large price difference between its items. Among them is the price of liquid dishwasher and clothes detergent. On the other hand, stationary items dont have any obvious price difference. The graph also show that most of the items that are high priced comes from the Boulevard Supermarket, while the lowest price items come from the Discount Store. The graph 1(d) will show the conclusion of the difference among the shops based upon the shops grand total.

45 40 35

30
25 20 15 10 5 0 Food Detergent Stationary

Tesco
Giant The Store

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Part 1(e)

Mean ,

Standard deviation

( ) ( )

Reason of difference in price :

Bulk buying from the retailer gives the lower cost ->resulted in lower relying price.

Hypermarket own brands are much cheaper than the expansive brand-dont involve in advertising -> resulted in lower - selling price

Sales and discount offer by the supermarket

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PART 2
Every year SMK Air Putih organises a carnival to raise funds for the school. This year the school plans to install CCTV in order to enhance its security. Last year, during the carnival, your class made and sold nasi lemak . Due to the popularity of this local food, your class has decided to carry out the same project for this years carnival.

Part 2(a)
1. Complete Table 2 with the prices of the given items for the year 2013

Items (For 10 packets of Nasi Lemak ) For the flavoured rice : Rice Santan Onion Ginger Salt For the sambal : Red Onion Garlic Dried Chillies Ikan Bilis Cooking Oil Miscellaneous : Fried groundnuts Fried crispy Ikan Bilis Cucumber 5 Eggs Banana leaves (1 bundle) Table 2

Quantity

Price in the year 2012 (RM) 2.70 1.40 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.05 0.04 1.00 2.00 0.25 0.50 1.50 0.20 1.50 1.00

Price in the year 2013 (RM) 2.80 1.50 0.15 0.15 0.06 0.05 0.04 1.10 2.10 0.27 0.60 0.60 0.20 1.60 1.00

1 kg 150 g 10 g 10 g 2g 10 g 5g 100 g 200 g 100 g 200 g 150 g 200 g 300 g 300 g

II

III

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Part 2(b) Calculate the price index for each of the items in Table 2 for the year 2013 based on the year2012.

Price index,

Items (For 10 packets of Nasi Lemak ) For the flavoured rice : Rice Santan Onion Ginger Salt For the sambal : Red Onion Garlic Dried Chillies Ikan Bilis Cooking Oil Miscellaneous : Fried groundnuts Fried crispy Ikan Bilis Cucumber 5 Eggs Banana leaves (1 bundle)

Quantity

Price in the year 2012 (RM) 2.70 1.40 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.05 0.04 1.00 2.00 0.25 0.50 1.50 0.20 1.50 1.00

Price in the year 2013 (RM) 2.80 1.50 0.15 0.15 0.06 0.05 0.04 1.10 2.10 0.27 0.60 0.60 0.20 1.60 1.00

Price index for the year 2013 based on the year 2012 103.70 107.14 100 100 120 100 100 110 105 108 120 106.67 100 106.67 100

1 kg 150 g 10 g 10 g 2g 10 g 5g 100 g 200 g 100 g 200 g 150 g 200 g 300 g 300 g Table 3

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III

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Part 2(c) Calculate the composite index for the cost of a packet of nasi lemak in the year2013 based on the year 2012. Discuss how you obtained your answer

Composite index,

Items (For 10 packets of Nasi Lemak ) For the flavoured rice : Rice Santan Onion Ginger Salt For the sambal : Red Onion Garlic Dried Chillies Ikan Bilis Cooking Oil Miscellaneous : Fried groundnuts Fried crispy Ikan Bilis Cucumber 5 Eggs Banana leaves (1 bundle)

Quantity

Price index for the year 2013 based on the year 2012 103.70 107.14 100 100 120 100 100 110 105 108 120 106.67 100 106.67 100

Weightage

1 kg 150 g 10 g 10 g 2g 10 g 5g 100 g 200 g 100 g 200 g 150 g 200 g 300 g 300 g Table 4

1.0 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.002 0.01 0.005 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.3 2.737

103.70 16.071 1 1 0.24 1 0.5 11 21 10.8 24 16.0005 20 32.001 30 288.3125

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III

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Part 2(d)
In the year 2012, the nasi lemak was sold at RM2.00 each. Suggest a suitable selling price for a packet of the nasi lemak in the year 2013. Give reasons for your answer.

On 2012 : RM 2.00 On 2013 :

Thus, the suitable selling price for a packet of nasi lemak in the year 2013 is RM 2.10. The increase in price also suitable because of the rise in the price of the ingredients.

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PART 3
In order to upgrade the security, my school has decided to install closed-circuit TV (CCTV).

Part 3(a)
Suggest a suitable number of cameras to be installed and their placement. Give your reasons. Illustrate with a plan .

I suggest 4 cameras to be installed at my school. The cameras will be installed at the staff rooms and the office. This action will be done to avoid any robbery case from happen.

OFFICE

STAFF ROOM

Part 3(b)
Find out the cost of installation of the CCTV.

A set of CCTV with 4 cameras: RM2100

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Part 3(c)
If your class intends to sponsor 10% of the cost, how many packets of nasi lemak must your class sell?

10% X RM2100 = RM210

Cost for a packet of nasi lemak

Selling price Profit

Packets of nasi lemak must be sell

Part 3(d)
Can your class achieve the 10% target? Do you think your class should carry out a different project instead?

Yes because many visitors from Pekan will come and visit our school during the carnival. This phenomenon will increase the selling of our nasi lemak. Last year, we had sold about 400 packets of nasi lemak. So, this year our target is 600 packets of nasi lemak will be sold. From the selling, we can sponsor 10% for the cost of installation of the CCTV and we will get profit of about RM210. I think my class should not carry out different project as we can get a lot of profit from the selling of nasi lemak. We need to focus on selling nasi lemak only so we can achieve our target. Great efforts will led to great outcomes.

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FUTHER EXPLORATION
Index numbers are being used in many different daily situations, for example air pollution index, stock market index, gold index and property index. Obtain information from the internet or other reliable sources on the importance of two different types of index number of your choice. Elaborate the use and the importance of these index numbers in daily life.

Air Pollution Index

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environmentintothe atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air Pollution Index (API) or P o l l u t a n t Standard Index (PSI) is a number used by government agencies to characterize the quality of the air at a given location. As the AQI increases, an increasingly large percentage of the population is likely to experience increasingly severe adverse health effects. To compute the AQI requires an air pollutant concentration from a monitor or model. The function used to convert from air pollutant concentration to AQI varies by pollutant, and is different in different countries. Air quality index values are divided into ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor and a colour code. Standardized public health advisories are associated with each AQI range. An agency might also encourage members of the public to take public transportation or work from home when AQI levels are high.

Limitations of the AQI

Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many countries monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and calculate air quality indices for these pollutants.

Causes of Poor Air Quality

The AQI can worsen (go up) due to lack of dilution of air emissions by fresh air. Stagnant air, often caused by an anticyclone or temperature inversion, orotherlackofwinds lets air pollution remain in a local area.

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Indices by location S o u t h K o r e a
The Ministry of Environment of South Korea uses the Comprehensive Air-quality Index (CAI) to describe the ambient air quality based on health risk of air pollution. The index aims to help the public easily understand air quality level and protect the health of people from air pollution. - The CAI has values of 0 through 500, which are divided into six categories. The higher the CAI value, the greater the level of air pollution of values of the five air pollutants, the highest is the CAI value.

CAI 0 -50

Description Good

Health implication A level that will not impact patients suffering from disease related to air pollution

51 100

Moderate

A level which may have a mage impact on patients in case of chronic exposure

101 150

Unhealthy for sensitive group

A level that may harmful impacts on patients and members of sensitive groups

151 250

Unhealthy

A level that may have harmful impacts on patients and members of sensitive groups (children, aged or weak people) and also cause the general public unpleasant feeling

251 350

Very unhealthy

A level which may have a serious impacts on patients and members of sensitive groups in case of acute exposure

351 500

Hazardous

A level which may need to take emergency measures for patients and members of sensitive groups and have harmful impacts of the general public

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Malaysia
The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution Index. Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide) are reported inPM10 particulate matter is reported in g/m. Unlike the American AQI, the index number can exceed 500. Above 500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this means that non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area closed. There may also be a prohibition on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the reporting area excluding the food sector.

Index Values* 0 50 50 100

Level of Health Concern Good None

Cautionary statements

Moderate

None

101 150

Unhealthy to sensitive People with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit groups outdoor exertion

151 200

Unhealthy

People with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should avoid outdoor exertion ; everyone else, especially the elderly and children should limit prolonged outdoor exertion

201 300

Very unhealthy

People with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should avoid any outdoor activities ; everyone else, especially the elderly and children should limit outdoor exertion

301 500

Hazardous

Everyone should avoid any outdoor exertion ; People with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should remain indoor

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Stock Market Index

A comparison of three major U.S. stock indices: the NASDAQ Composite, DowJones Industrial Average, and S&P [Link] three have the same height at March 2007. Notice the large dot-com spike on the NASDAQ, a result of the large number of tech. companies on that index. A stock market index is a method of measuring a section of the stock market. Manyindices are cited by news or financial services firms and are used as bench marks, to measure theperformance of port folios such as mutual funds. Types of indices Stock market indices may be classed in many ways. A 'world' or 'global' stock market index includes (typically large) companies without regard for where they are domiciled or traded. Two examples are MSCI Worldand S&P Global 100. A national index represents the performance of the stock market of a given nation-and by proxy, reflects investor sentiment on the state of its economy. The most regularly quoted market indices are national indices composed of the stocks of large companies listed on a nation's largest stock exchanges, such as the American S&P 500,the Japanese Nikkei 225,andthe British FTSE 100. The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange. The Dow Jones Total Stock Market Index, as its name implies, represents the stocks of nearly every publicly traded companyintheUnited States, including all U.S. stocks traded on the NewYorkStockExchange(butnotADRs)andmosttradedontheNASDAQ and American Stock Exchange. Russell Investment Group added to the family of indices by launching the Russell Global Index. More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of specific sectors of the market. The Morgan Stanley Biotech Index, for example, consists of 36 American firms in the biotechnology industry. Other indices may track companies of a certain size, a certain type of management, or even more specialized criteria-one index published by Linux Weekly Newstracks stocks of companies that sell products and services based on the Linux operating environment.
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Index versions Some indices, such as the S&P 500,have multiple versions.[1] These versions can differ based on how the index components are weighted andonhowdividends are accounted for. For example, there are three versions of the S&P 500index: price return, which only considers the price of the components, total return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment, and net total return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment after the deduction of a withholding tax. As another example, the Wilshire 4500andWilshire 5000indices have five versions each: full capitalization total return, full capitalization price, float-adjusted total return, float-adjusted price, and equal weight. The difference between the full capitalization, float-adjusted, and equal weight versions is in how index components are weighted. Uses and importance of air pollution index and stock market index As everyone can see, the air pollution index is use by the government to measure the air quality index and to detect any pollutants in our countrys air. This is to ensure the air is clean and safe for us to inhale. Besides that, an early warning can be given to us if the air pollution is too high for us to get out of our homes. This warning is given based upon readings and interpretations of the air pollution index. As for the stock market index, it is mainly for the business entrepreneurs. This type of index is used to determine the outcome of a stock market and also the conclusion of a stock market. The stock market index is important because a countrys economical state sometimes dependonit.

CONCLUSION
After doing research, answering questions, drawing graphs and some problem solving, I saw that the usage of index number is important in daily life. It is not just widely used in markets but also in interpreting the condition of the surrounding like the air or the water. Especially in conducting an airpollution survey. In conclusion, statistics is a daily life essecities. Without it, surveys cant be conducted, the stock market cant be interpret and many more. So, we should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea of statistics.

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REFLECTION
While I was conducting the project, I have learnt and practice a lot of moral values. These are we should be patient when doing any work or project. This is to ensure our work is completed by the time. We also should be calm and cool down when any source that we are finding for is missing. This sign that we are going to get a conclusion soon. Furthermore, we should always smile when doing our works so that whatever work we are doing can be done easily. Besides that, we should relax and patient when our friends keep forcing us to finish the project so that they can refer to our project when we had done. This act will make us more motivated to complete the project.

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