2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Accidental Loading
Accidents will happen because they are accidents. Design philosophy is to prevent an accident developing into a catastrophe. Design to:
Maintain usability of escape ways Maintain integrity of shelter areas Maintain global load bearing capacity Protection of the environment
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Design Philosophy
Some typical accidental events on offshore structures are :
Ship Impact Dropped Object Blast & Fire Loading
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Accidental Loading Design
Accidental events generally involve large plastic strains.
To analyze and design against accidental events requires software tools capable of predicting:
Dynamic inertial loading * Geometric non- linearity Material non- linearity
* API RP 2FB recommends the use of dynamic analysis for blast loading
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Accidental Loading Design
SACS DYNAMIC RESPONSE MODULE
Allows for linear, quadratic, or cubic interpolation for the time history input. Variable time step integration procedure. Time history plots including modal responses, overturning moments, base shear, etc. Generation of equivalent static loads. Generation of incremental loads for Elasto/Plastic analysis
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Dynamic Inertial Loading
SACS COLLAPSE MODULE
Gradual development of a plastic hinge through the member cross section Development of plastic hinges anywhere along the length of the member Local Buckling Joint Flexibility Joint Failure Member Rupture Pile Plasticity User defined strain hardening
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Geometric and Material Nonlinearities
Collapse allows for hinge formation at any point along member length by sub dividing the member into sub-elements (maximum of 20, default is 8) and monitor the stress level at each sub-element. Not restricted to hinge formation at member end an center this pre defines the failure mechanism
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Collapse
2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Beam Elements
Collapse predicts the gradual development of plastic hinge through a member cross section by: Dividing the cross-section into sub-areas and monitoring the stress levels in each sub-area. By default tubular cross sections are divided into 12 sub-areas.
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Collapse
2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Beam Elements
- Member Cross Section Sub-Areas for different cross sections
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Collapse
2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Beam Elements
10
Collapse allows plasticity to occur gradually through the plate thickness. Sub-divide the plate thickness into sub-layers (5).
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Collapse
2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Plate Elements
11
Collapse uses Von Mises-Hencky yield Criterion to determine the onset of plasticity.
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Collapse
2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Yield Criterion
12
Three methods available to predict local buckling
(1) (2) (3)
API LRFD Marshall, Gates et el API Bulletin 2U
A moment free hinge is inserted at the location of a local buckling point axial capacity retained
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Collapse
2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Local Buckling
13
Joint Flexibility Distortion of chord cross section due to forces in the brace and chord. Particularly important for old structures where joint cans were not used. Collapse has two methods implemented to predict joint flexibility.
These being: (1) Fesslers Approach (linear) (2) MSL Approach (non-linear)
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Collapse
2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Joint Flexibility
SACINP (Model File) DYNPAC (Modal Analysis) CLPINP (partial) Mode File Mass File DYNAMIC RESPONSE (Force-Time History Analysis) CLPINA (full) DYROCI
DYRINP
COLLAPSE (Non-Linear Analysis)
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Dynamic-Nonlinear Analysis
Impact Design Criterion: Low Energy (Operational Impact)
Jacket bracing designed to survive operational impact (partial yielding at point of impact).
High Energy (Accidental Impact)
Jacket legs designed to survive accidental impact. Face and leg Joints to survive accidental impact loading. Jacket bracing allowed to fail Structure designed to survive loss of brace member. allowed).
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Ship Impact
Ship Impact
Total Impact (Kinetic) Energy: E = a m V2
m = vessel mass a = added mass coefficient (1.4 broadside and 1.1 for bow/stern ) V = vessel velocity Gulf of Mexico : m=1000 metric tons V= 0.5 m/s (operational)
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Kinetic Energy Absorbed Through:
Localized plastic deformation (denting) Overall elasto plastic deformation of member Fendering devices (if fitted) Global deformation of platform Deformation of the ship itself
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Ship Impact
Mesh the impacted member to account for local denting.
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Ship Impact
Mesh joint to account for local indentation effects
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Ship Impact
To account for energy absorbed by ship deformation, use DNV ship indentation curves for 5000 ton vessel impacting a 1.5 m cylinder.
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Ship Impact
Dynamic Response Input
Added Mass Coefficient.
Mass
Velocity
Direction
Distance
Impact Joint
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Ship Impact
Dynamic Response Results
ship
structure
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Ship Impact
Collapse Results
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Ship Impact
Dropped Object Analysis Certain locations such as crane loading and drilling areas are subject to dropped objects. The platform should survive the initial impact from a dropped object and meet the post-impact criteria to survive a one year environmental load in addition to normal operating conditions. Dropped object analysis also required to determine safe lift heights for platform modification/repair to avoid production shutdown which can be costly.
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Dropped Object
Total Impact Energy:
E = mgh m = mass of object g = gravitational acceleration h = height from which the object is dropped
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Dropped Object
Dynamic Response Input
Mass
Initial velocity
Height
Impact joint
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Dropped Object
Dynamic Response/Collapse Results
IMPACT JOINT DISPLACEMENT
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Dropped Object
Collapse Results
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Accidental Loading Design
Primary objectives for blast resistant design are: Personnel safety Controlled Shutdown Financial Considerations Environmental considerations API RP 2FB specifications requires a Ductility Level Blast (DLB) design for low probability, high consequence extreme events. A DLB design requires a dynamic analysis to accounts for inertia loading and a large deflection analysis to account for geometric and material non-linear effects. A DLB design is required for temporary refuge, safe muster areas and escape routes..
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Blast Analysis
Blast analysis requires definition of Blast Wave:: Two Types of Blast Waves
Shock Wave 1. Sudden pressure rise. - Explosions from materials in liquid or solid form - Extremely energetic vapor cloud explosion
Idealized profile
Pressure Wave 2. Gradual pressure rise
Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Blast Analysis
Dynamic Response Input:
SACS Load case
Time
Load Factor
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Blast Analysis
Dynamic Response Results:
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Blast Analysis
Parvinder Jhita Product Manager - SACS Bentley Systems Inc 2113 38th Street Kenner LA 70065 Telephone (504) 443 5481 [Link]@[Link]
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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
