IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 27, NO.

11, NOVEMBER 2012

4667

Extended-Phase-Shift Control of Isolated Bidirectional DCDC Converter for Power Distribution in Microgrid
Biao Zhao, Student Member, IEEE, Qingguang Yu, Member, IEEE, and Weixin Sun
AbstractThis paper points out a phenomenon of power backow in traditional phase-shift (TPS) control of isolated bidirectional full-bridge DCDC converter (IBDC), and analyzes the effects which backow power act on power circulating ow and current stress. On this basis, the paper proposes a novel extendedphase-shift (EPS) control of IBDC for power distribution in microgrid. Compared with TPS control, EPS control not only expands regulating range of transmission power and enhances regulating exibility, but also reduces current stress and improves the system efciency. The operation principle of EPS control and the operation modes of IBDC are analyzed in the paper. By establishing mathematical models of transmission power, backow power, and current stress, the paper comparatively analyzes control performances of TPS and EPS control. At last, experimental results verify the excellent performance of EPS control and correctness of the theoretical analysis. Index TermsBidirectional DC/DC converter, current stress., microgrid, phase-shift control, power distribution, power ow.

I. INTRODUCTION

ICROGRIDS are becoming a reality in a scenario in which interconnected loads, distributed energy resources, and distributed storage systems can be conjugated and integrated into grid. The need for more exible electricity systems, energy savings, and environmental impact are driving the development of microgrids [1][5]. Generally, microgrids can operate in grid-connected mode and islanded mode [6], [7]. In the grid-connected mode, the microgrid is connected to a utility grid, operates in parallel with the utility, and exchanges power with the utility through the point of common coupling. However, microgrid disconnects the utility and transfers into the islanded operation when a fault occurs in the upstream power grid. And in the islanded mode, microgrid can work as an autonomous grid to generate electricity using distributed energy resources. So it is important to balance

Manuscript received August 10, 2011; revised October 5, 2011 and November 13, 2011; accepted December 8, 2011. Date of current version June 20, 2012. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51077076. Recommended for publication by Associate Editor T.-J. (Peter) Liang. B. Zhao and Q. Yu are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (e-mail: zhaobiao112904829@ [Link]; yuqingguang@[Link]). W. Sun is with the China Power Engineering Consulting Group Corporation, North China Power Engineering Co. Ltd., Beijing 100084, China (e-mail: sunwx1023@[Link]). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at [Link] Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPEL.2011.2180928

demand and supply coming both from the utility and distributed energy resources. Moreover, due to not only environmental aspects but also social, economical, and political interests, many types of renewable energy, such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy, have been widely utilized as distributed energy resources in microgrid [5]. But the variable nature of these renewable energy systems relies on natural phenomenon, such as sunshine or wind [8], [9]. Consequently, it is difcult to predict the power that can be obtained through these prime sources, and the peaks of power demand do not coincide necessarily with the generation peaks. Hence, storage energy systems are required if we want to supply the local loads in an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) fashion [5], [10]. In order to realize power distribution between energy generation systems and storage systems in micro grids, various bidirectional DCDC converters (BDCs) have been proposed as an everlasting key component to interface between a high-voltage bus, where an energy generation system such as a fuel cell stack or a photovoltaic array is installed, and a low-voltage bus, where usually an energy storage system such as a battery or a super capacitor is implemented, as shown in Fig. 1 [11]. Generally, BDC is divided into nonisolated type [12], [13] and isolated type [11], [14][23], and galvanic isolation for BDC is required for exibility of system reconguration and meeting safety standards [14], [17]. State-of-the-art isolated bidirectional DCDC converter (IBDC) is based on the single-phase and H-bridge topology with a high-frequency isolation transformer. Fig. 2 depicts a typical conguration of IBDC. Compared to traditional DCDC converter circuits, this converter has many advantages, such as electrical isolation, high reliability, easy to realize softswitching control, and bidirectional energy ow [14][16], [20]. Generally, there are mainly two kinds of control methods for such topology: traditional pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control [17][19] and phase-shift control. In traditional PWM control, the cross-connected switch pairs in H-bridge (H1 ), such as (S1 , S4 ) and (S2 , S3 ), are switched in turn to transform the highvoltage V1 from DC to AC, the switches (Q1 Q4 ) in H-bridge (H2 ) are turned OFF and the current conducts only through the diodes (M1 M4 ) to transform the voltage from AC to DC, so the power is transferred from V1 side to V2 side. In the reverse power ow, the states of S1 S4 and Q1 Q4 are exchanged. This control method is simple and easy to implement, but it has poor dynamic performance. And the AC output voltage can only be lower than DC input voltage in H-bridge inverter, so its regulating range of voltage is limited.

0885-8993/$31.00 2012 IEEE

4668

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 27, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2012

Fig. 1.

Typical application of BDC for power distribution in microgrid [11].

Fig. 3.

Equivalent circuit of phase-shift control.

Fig. 2.

Typical conguration of IBDC.

In TPS control [14][16], [20], the cross-connected switch pairs in both H-bridges (H1 and H2 ) are switched in turn to generate phase-shifted transition square waves to the transformers primary and secondary sides. And the corresponding phase shift changes the voltage across the transformers leakage inductor to manipulate the power ow direction and magnitude. This control method is attracting more and more attention due to its advantages such as small inertia, high dynamic performance, easy to realize soft-switching control, and so on. But in this method, the control of the power ow is dependent on transformers leakage inductor that result in great circulating power and current stress when the value of V1 /nV2 deviate far from 1, where n is turns ratio of the transformer. And then, the loss in power devices and magnetic components is increased and the efciency of converter is reduced. In order to improve the performance of the IBDC, various control methods were explored [21][25]. In some of these studies [21], [22], the duty ratio of the driving signals of each semiconductor device is variable, and should be calculated online, that increases the complexity of the control. Some studies are focused on how to extend the soft-switching range [23] or eliminate reactive power [24], the detailed analysis of steady characteristics is not conducted. In [25], a novel phase-shift dual-half-bridge converter with an adaptive inductor was proposed. It utilizes an adaptive inductor as the commutation inductor to adapt to the change of the output power, which results in strict requirements of the coiling method of inductor and the complexity of the control. And it is mainly improvement of hardware design; the control method of the proposed converter is still TPS control. In view of the study situation mentioned above, this paper points out a phenomenon of power backow in traditional phaseshift control, and analyzes the effects which backow power act

on power circulating ow and current stress. On this basis, the paper presents a novel extended-phase-shift control of IBDC for power distribution in microgrid. Different from the control methods mentioned above, this method adds another degree of freedom to the converter by adjusting the time sequence between the driving signals of diagonal semiconductor switches, e.g., (S1 , S4 ) in Fig. 2. It not only has smaller power circulating ow and current stress, but also expands regulating range of transmission power and enhances regulating exibility. II. PHENOMENON OF POWER BACKFLOW IN TRADITIONAL PHASE-SHIFT CONTROL In Fig. 2, we replace the transformer with T-type equivalent circuit, and considering that the magnetizing inductance of the transformer is much greater than its leakage inductance, the magnetizing inductance can be considered as an open circuit. Therefore, the converter in phase-shift control can be represented by a simplied scheme comprised of two square waves voltage sources linked by an inductance L, as shown in Fig. 3. In Fig. 3, L is the sum of the transformer leakage inductance and that of the auxiliary inductor L1 , vh1 and vh2 are the equivalent AC output voltages of H1 and H2 in V1 side, respectively, vL and iL are the voltage and current of inductor L, respectively. The power-ow direction and magnitude can simply be controlled by adjusting the phase shift between vh1 and vh2 . Here we take the forward power ow (from V1 to V2 ) as an example to analyze the main operation principle of TPS control. The main waveforms of IBDC in TPS control are shown in Fig. 4, where pin is the transient waveform of transmission power, Ths is a half switching period, and D is the phase-shift ratio between the primary and secondary voltages of the isolation transformer, where 0 D 1. And we assume V1 nV2 in Fig. 4, the other condition V1 < nV2 can be analyzed similarly. Because vh1 and vh2 are both square wave AC voltages and their

ZHAO et al.: EXTENDED-PHASE-SHIFT CONTROL OF ISOLATED BIDIRECTIONAL DCDC CONVERTER

4669

Fig. 4.

Waveforms of IBDC in TPS control.

interaction is through the inductor L, so the phase of the primary current is not always the same as the primary voltage. As can be seen from Fig. 4, iL is of the opposite phase from vh1 for an interval of t = t0 t0 and t = t2 t2 , that is a portion of the power delivered to the V2 side in one switching period, while the other portion is sent back to the primary voltage source V1 . We dened it as backow power, which is the dark-shaded area in Fig. 4. For a given transmission power, with the increase of the backow power, the forward power also increases to compensate the loss caused by backow power. Then the circulating power and current stress are increased, which result in great loss in power devices and magnetic components and low efciency of converter [16], [19][23]. In Section IV, we will establish a mathematical model to analyze it. III. OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF EXTENDED-PHASE-SHIFT CONTROL A. Extended-Phase-Shift Control In order to signicantly decrease the backow power of the converter, vh1 should not be conned to square waveforms with

Fig. 5.

Waveforms of IBDC in EPS control.

50% duty ratio. For example, if S1 and S4 do not have the same driving signal but have a phase-shift ratio of D1 , as shown in Fig. 5, the transformer primary voltage will emerge as a threelevel instead of the traditional two-level. Then the behaviors of iL will also be changed: the backow-appearance time (t = t0 t0 and t = t2 t2 ) in Fig. 4 are divided into two intervals (t = t0 t1 , t = t1 t1 and t = t3 t4 , t = t4 t4 ) in Fig. 5, respectively. And the transformer primary voltage vh1 = 0, i.e., backow power is 0, when t = t0 t1 and t = t3 t4 . So the backow power is decreased for a given transmission power. In the reverse power ow, we just need to exchange the operating states of the H-bridges H1 and H2 . In Fig. 5, D1 is the phase-shift ratio between the driving signals of S1 and S4 or S 2 and S3 in H-bridge H1 , we dened its inner phase-shift ratio, where 0 D1 1. D2 is the phase-shift

4670

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 27, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2012

Fig. 6.

Operation modes of IBDC in EPS control. (a) Mode 1. (b) Mode 2. (c) Mode 3. (d) Mode 4. (e) Mode 5. (f) Mode 6. (g) Mode 7. (h) Mode 8.

ratio between the primary and secondary voltages of the isolation transformer, we dened its outer phase-shift ratio, where 0 D2 1 and 0 D1 +D2 1. In fact, compared to the TPS control, there is not only the outer phase-shift ratio but also the inner phase-shift ratio in the proposed EPS control, which will decrease the current stress, expands regulating range of transmission power and enhances regulating exibility.

side, the current is carried from L to V2 by M2 and M3 . The voltage across L is clamped at nV2 , and the current iL decreases linearly. This mode ends up when S2 is turned OFF. During this mode, the current of L is iL (t) = iL (t0 ) + nV2 (t t0 ). L (1)

B. Operation Modes of IBDC in Extended-Phase-Shift Control To simplify the process of the analysis, we assume that the converter has reached steady operation states. From Fig. 5, the switching cycle can be divided into eight operation modes which are explained as follows: 1) Mode 1 (t0 t1 ): Fig. 6(a) shows the equivalent circuit for the mode 1. Just before t0 , S2 and S3 are conducting. The current iL is in negative direction. At t0 , S3 is turned OFF and S4 is turned ON at zero current, and D4 starts to conduct. On the secondary

2) Mode 2 (t1 t1 ): Fig. 6(b) shows the equivalent circuit for mode 2. If current iL is still in negative direction at t1 then at t1 , S2 is turned OFF and S1 is turned ON at zero current, iL is carried from L to V1 by D1 and D4 . On the secondary side, the current is carried from L to V2 by M2 and M3 . The voltage across L is clamped at V1 +nV2 , and iL still decreases linearly. This mode ends up with iL decreasing to zero. During this mode, iL is iL (t) = iL (t1 ) + V1 + nV2 (t t1 ). L (2)

ZHAO et al.: EXTENDED-PHASE-SHIFT CONTROL OF ISOLATED BIDIRECTIONAL DCDC CONVERTER

4671

3) Mode 3 (t1 t2 ): Fig. 6(c) shows the equivalent circuit for the mode 3. At t1 , the polarity of iL changes from negative to positive. And because the driving signals of S1 , S4 , Q2 , and Q3 are already on, so S1 , S4 , Q2 , and Q3 start to conduct. The voltage across L is clamped at V1 + nV2 , and iL increases linearly. This mode ends up when Q2 and Q3 are turned OFF. During this mode, iL is the same with (2). 4) Mode 4 (t2 t3 ): Fig. 6(d) shows the equivalent circuit for the mode 4. At t2 , Q2 and Q3 are turned off and Q1 and Q4 are turned on at zero current. M1 and M4 start to conduct. The voltage across L is clamped at V1 nV2 , and iL still increases linearly due to V1 nV2 . This mode ends up when S4 is turned OFF. During this mode, iL is iL (t) = iL (t2 ) + V1 nV2 (t t2 ). L (3)

Fig. 7(a). In this case, modes 2 and 6 in Fig. 6 will be replaced by mode 2 and 6 in Fig. 7(b) and (c), respectively. 9) Mode 2 (t1 t1 ): Fig. 7(b) shows the equivalent circuit for mode 2 . At t1 , the polarity of iL changes from negative to positive. And because the driving signals of S2 , S4 , Q2 , and Q3 are already ON, so D2 , S4 , Q2 , and Q3 start to conduct. The voltage across L is clamped at nV2 , and iL still increases linearly. This mode ends up when S2 is turned OFF. During this mode, iL is the same with (1). 10) Mode 6 (t4 t4 ): Fig. 7(c) shows the equivalent circuit for mode 6 . At t4 , the polarity of iL changes from positive to negative. And because the driving signals of S1 , S3 , Q1 , and Q4 are already ON, so D1 , S3 , Q1 , and Q4 start to conduct. The voltage across L is clamped at nV2 , and iL still increases linearly. This mode ends up when S1 is turned OFF. During this mode, iL is the same with (4).

5) Mode 5 (t3 t4 ): Fig. 6(e) shows the equivalent circuit for mode 5. At t3 , S4 is turned OFF and S3 is turned ON at zero current, D3 starts to conduct. On the secondary side, the current is carried from L to V2 by M1 and M4 . The voltage across L is clamped at nV2 , and the current iL decreases linearly. This mode ends up when S1 is turned OFF. During this mode, the current of L is nV2 (t t3 ). iL (t) = iL (t3 ) + (4) L 6) Mode 6 (t4 t4 ): Fig. 6(f) shows the equivalent circuit for mode 6. If current iL is still in positive direction at t4 , then at t4 , S2 is turned OFF and S1 is turned ON at zero current, iL is carried from L to V1 by D2 and D3 . On the secondary side, the current is carried from L to V2 by M1 and M4 . The voltage across L is clamped at V1 nV2 , and iL still decreases linearly. This mode ends up with iL decreasing to zero. During this mode, iL is V1 nV2 (t t4 ). (5) L 7) Mode 7 (t4 t5 ): Fig. 6(g) shows the equivalent circuit for the mode 7. At t4 , the polarity of iL changes from positive to negative. And, because the driving signals of S2 , S3 , Q1 , and Q4 are already ON, so S2 , S3 , Q1 , and Q4 start to conduct. The voltage across L is clamped at V1 nV2 , and iL increases linearly. This mode ends up when Q1 and Q4 are turned OFF. During this mode, iL is the same with (5). 8) Mode 8 (t5 t6 ): Fig. 6(h) shows the equivalent circuit for the mode 8. At t5 , Q1 and Q4 are turned OFF and Q2 and Q3 are turned ON at zero current. M2 and M3 start to conduct. The voltage across L is clamped at V1 +nV2 , and iL still increases linearly due to V1 nV2 . This mode ends up when S3 is turned OFF. During this mode, iL is iL (t) = iL (t4 ) + V1 + nV2 (t t5 ). (6) L According to the above analysis, the transformer primary voltage vh1 = 0, and there is no backow power in modes 1 and 5. So the whole backow power is decreased for a given transmission power. In fact, if iL has dropped to zero before t1 or t4 , then the backow power will be eliminated, as shown in iL (t) = iL (t5 ) +

IV. ANALYSIS AND COMPARISONS OF TPS AND EPS CONTROL A. Low-Frequency Average Model According to the above analysis, assuming t0 = 0, then we have t1 = D1 Ths , t2 = D2 Ths , t3 = Ths , t4 = Ths +D1 Ths , t5 = Ths +D2 Ths , and t6 = 2Ths . The average current of the inductors over one switching period (2Ths ) should be zero in steady state; thus from (1) to (6), we can derive

iL (t0 ) = iL (t1 ) = iL (t2 ) =

nV2 [k (1 D1 ) + (2D1 + 2D2 1)] 4fs L nV2 [k (1 D1 ) + (2D2 1)] 4fs L

(7) (8) (9)

nV2 [k (2D2 + D1 1) + 1] 4fs L

where fs = 1/(2Ths ) is switching frequency, k = V1 /nV2 is the voltage conversion ratio, and we assume k 1 in the paper, the other condition k < 1 can be analyzed similarity. When the power ows from V1 to V2 , the current stress of converter under EPS control is

im ax = |iL (t0 )| =

nV2 [k (1 D1 ) + (2D1 + 2D2 1)]. 4fs L (10) The transmission power is

P = =

1 Ths

Th s

vh1 iL (t)dt
0

1 nV1 V2 D2 (1 D2 ) + D1 (1 D1 2D2 ) . (11) 2fs L 2

4672

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 27, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2012

Fig. 7. (a) Waveforms of IBDC in EPS control when the backow power is zero. (b) Mode 2 of IBDC in EPS control when the backow power is zero. (c) Mode 6 of IBDC in EPS control when the backow power is zero.

The backow power is Pbf = = 1 Ths

Theoretically, when the load is set as resistance R, from (11), we can derive vh1 |iL (t)|dt V2 = (12) nV1 R 1 D2 (1 D2 ) + D1 (1 D1 2D2 ) . (17) 2fs L 2

nV1 V2 [k (1 D1 ) + (2D2 1)]2 16fs L(k + 1) 1 2D2 . 1 D1

With the variation of D1 and D2 , we have 0 V2 nV1 R . 8fs L (18)

where iL (t1 ) < 0, from (8), we have k> (13)

When k (12D2 )/(1D1 ), the backow power is zero. In (7) (13), the constraints are k 1, 0 D1 1, 0 D2 1, and 0 D1 +D2 1. Similarly, from Fig. 4, the current stress of converter under TPS control is im ax = nV2 (2D 1 + k ). 4fs L (14)

The transmission power is P = nV1 V2 D(1 D). 2fs L (15)

Similarly, from (15), the output voltage range in the TPS control can be achieved. In fact, the output voltage range in the EPS control is the same as that in the TPS control. And its main benet lies in that the power circulating ow and current stress are both reduced for a given output power; therefore, it leads to the improvement of the converters overall efciency. Theory and experiment analysis of the paper are centering on these special characteristics of EPS control as well. B. Comparative Analysis of Transmission Power For the convenience of analysis, the unied transmission power p and p are dened as P = 4D2 (1 D2 ) + 2D1 (1 D1 2D2 ) p = PN (19) P p = = 4D(1 D) PN

The backow power is Pbf = nV1 V2 [k + (2D 1)]2 . 16fs L(k + 1) (16)

In (14)(16), the constraints are k 1 and 0 D 1.

ZHAO et al.: EXTENDED-PHASE-SHIFT CONTROL OF ISOLATED BIDIRECTIONAL DCDC CONVERTER

4673

Fig. 8.

Relation curves of the unied transmission power p with D1 and D2 . (a) 3-D curves. (b) 2-D curves.

where PN = nV1 V2 . 8fs L (20)

characteristic points of EPS control are A1 /A2 /A3 , B1 /B2 , and C1 . C. Comparative Analysis of Backow Power Considering the relationship between the backow power and the transmission power, the unied backow power Mb f and Mbf are dened as Mbf = Mbf = Pbf [k (1 D1 ) + (2D2 1)]2 = PN 2(k + 1) Pbf [k + (2D 1)]2 . = PN 2(k + 1) (24) (25)

When taking that the outer phase-shift ratio (D2 ) in EPS control is equal to the phase-shift ratio (D) in TPS control, the 3-D curves of the unied transmission power p and p varied with D1 and D2 shown in Fig. 8(a). As can be seen from Fig. 8(a), with different D1 , p will be different with p. And the EPS control can achieve larger transmission power than the TPS does when 0 D2 < 0.5. In fact, from (19), we can derive (1 2D2 )2 2 where 0 D2 < 0.5 and D1 = (1-2D2 )/2. pm ax = 1 pm ax = 4D2 (1 D2 ) where 0.5 D2 < 1 and D1 = 0. pm in = 2D2 (1 D2 ) (23) (21)

(22)

The basic prerequisite for comparative analysis of backow power is that the transmission power of TPS and EPS control are the same. From (11) and (15), we have 4D(1 D) = 4D2 (1 D2 ) + 2D1 (1 D1 2D2 ). (26) With the specied value of D1 and D2 in EPS control, the phase-shift ratio D in TPS control can be obtained 1 1 4D2 (1 D2 ) 2D1 (1 D1 2D2 ) D = 2 . D= 1 4 D (1 D 1 + 2 2 ) 2D1 (1 D1 2D2 ) D = 2 (27) Using (24), (25), and (27), and assuming k = 5, the 3-D curve of the unied backow power varied with D1 and D2 can be shown in Fig. 9. As can be seen from Fig. 9, the backow power in TPS and EPS control are the same when D1 = 0. And due to the addition of D1 , with the same transmission power, the backow power in TPS control is larger than that in EPS control, and the condition of D = D generates larger backow power than the condition of D = D does. The contour lines in Fig. 8(b) show that there are innite combinations of (D1 , D2 ) in EPS control for the same transmission power in TPS control. Considering the different qualities of EPS control in different operating points, we will analyze the

where D1 = 1-D2 . From (21) to (23), Fig. 8(a) can be converted to a 2-D picture, as shown in Fig. 8(b). The dashed line is the regulating curve of transmission power in TPS control, and the dark-shaded area is the regulating area of transmission power in EPS control. From Fig. 8(b), due to the addition of D1 , the regulating range of transmission power is changed from the single curve to the 2-D area. With the same outer phase-shift ratio (D2 = D), the EPS control offers wider power transmission range than the TPS control does, and the maximum value is determined by (21) and (22) while the minimum value is determined by (23). Due to the addition of D1 , the regulating exibility of transmission power is also enhanced. Considering that the basic prerequisite for comparative analysis of backow power and current stress is that the transmission power of TPS and EPS control are the same. In the following analysis, we take operating points A/A4 , B/B3 , and C/C2 as characteristic points of TPS control in different operating areas, where A(D = 1/8), A4 (D = 7/8), B(D = (2 21 /2)/4), B3 (D = (2+21 /2)/4), C(D = 1/4), and C2 (D = 3/4), then the

4674

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 27, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2012

where

2(1 2D) D1 = 2 2(1 2D) 1 D2 = . 2

(34)

Fig. 9. D2 .

3-D curves of the unied backow power M b f varied with D1 and

In Fig. 8(b), we take operating points A, B, C, A1 /A2 /A3 , B1 /B2 , and C1 as characteristic points of TPS and EPS control in different operating areas, from (19) to (21), and (26), we have: A1 (D2 = 0, D1 = (4+21 /2)/8), A1 (D2 = 0, D1 = (421 /2)/8), A2 (D2 = (421 /2)/8, D1 = (4+21 /2)/8), A3 (D2 = (4+21 /2)/8, D1 = (421 /2)/8), B1 (D2 = 0, D1 = 1/2), B2 (D2 = 1/2, D1 = 1/2), and C1 (D2 = (221 /2)/4, D1 = 21 /2/4). Fig. 10 shows the curves of the unied backow power varied with voltage conversion ratio k in TPS and EPS control for the same transmission power. D. Comparative Analysis of Current Stress For the convenience of analysis, the unied current stress G and G are dened as G = G= where IN = PN nV2 . = V1 8fs L (37) im ax = 2[k (1 D1 ) + (2D1 + 2D2 1)] IN im ax = 2(2D 1 + k ) IN (35) (36)

optimal operating point of backow power. From (26), we have 2(1 2D)2 (1 2D2 )2 2 D1 = . + 1 2 D 2(1 2D)2 (1 2D2 )2 2 D = 1 2 (28) For D1 D1 , from (24), we have Mbf (D1 ) Mbf (D1 ). (29) 1 2D2 D1 =

Substituting D1 = D1 into (24), the function of Mbf and D2 can be obtained Mbf m in (D2 ) = [k (1 2(1 2D)2 (1 2D2 )2 )+ 2(k + 2)D2 2]2 8(k + 1) (30) where |12D2 | 21 /2 |12D| and 0 D2 1. Solving (30) with constrained optimization methods, we can derive 1) when 0 D< (221 /2)/4 Mbf m in (D2 ) = Mbf m in (0) = where D1 = 1+ 2(1 2 2D)2 1 (32) [k 2 k 2(1 2D)2 1]2 8(k + 1) (31)

Using (27), (35), and (36), and assuming k = 5, the 3-D curve of the unied current stress varied with D1 and D2 as shown in Fig. 11. As can be seen from Fig. 11, the current stress in TPS and EPS control are the same when D1 = 0. And due to the addition of D1 with the same transmission power, the current stress in TPS control is larger than that in EPS control, and the condition of D = D generates larger current stress than the condition of D = D does. Likewise, the optimal operating point of current stress can be analyzed. For D1 D1 , from (35), we have G (D1 ) G(D1 ) That is, (k 2) Gm in (D2 ) = (2 k ) 2(1 2D)2 (1 2D2 )2 +2kD2 + k k < 2 2(1 2D)2 (1 2D2 )2 +2kD2 + k k 2 k<2 G (D1 ) G(D1 ) k 2. (38)

(39)

D2 = 0

2) when (221 /2)/4 D < 1/2 Mbf m in (D2 ) = Mbf m in 1 2(1 2D) 2 (33)

where |12D2 | 21 /2 |12D| and 0 D2 1. Solving (39) with constrained optimization methods, we can derive 1) when 0 D< (221 /2)/4 Gm in (D2 ) = (k 2) (2 k ) 2(1 2D)2 1 + k 2(1 2D)2 1 + k k<2 k2 (40)

[( 2 1)k 2 + 2(k + 2)D]2 = 4(k + 1)

ZHAO et al.: EXTENDED-PHASE-SHIFT CONTROL OF ISOLATED BIDIRECTIONAL DCDC CONVERTER

4675

Fig. 10. Curves of the unied backow power M b f varied with voltage conversion ratio k. (a) A and A4 in TPS control and A1 , A 1 , A2 , and A3 in EPS control. (b) B and B3 in TPS control and B1 and B2 in EPS control. (c) C and C2 in TPS control and C1 in EPS control.

where 2(1 2D) D1 = 2 2(1 2D) 1 D2 = . 2 From (36) and (44), we can derive G Gm in k < k0 (46)

(45)

Gm in G k k0 where k0 =
Fig. 11. 3-D curves of the unied current stress G varied with D1 and D2 .

2.

(47)

where

1 D = 1 1+

2(1 2D)2 1 2 2(1 2D)2 1 2 D2 = 0.

k<2 k2 (41)

According to (32) and (41), when k 2, the optimal operating points of backow power and current stress are the same. From (36) and (40), we can derive G Gm in 1+ k < k0 2(1 2D)2 1 2(1 D) Gm in G k k0 k0 = 2 (42) (43)

According to the above analysis, when k k0 , the current stress in EPS control is less than that in TPS control. Likewise, we take operating points A, B, C, A1 /A2 /A3 , B1 /B2 , and C1 as characteristic points of TPS and EPS control in different operating areas. Then the curves of the unied current stress varied with voltage conversion ratio k for the same transmission power shown in Fig. 12. As can be seen from Fig. 12, in all operating areas, the current stress increases with the increase of voltage conversion ratio k. The EPS control can take different operating points to ensure that the current stress is less than the TPS control when k k0 , and the minimum value is obtained at A1 , B1 , and C1 , which agrees well with the aforementioned theoretical analysis. V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS In order to verify the aforementioned analysis, a laboratory prototype is constructed based on TMS320F2812 DSP. And the main parameters of converter are shown in Table I. In order to verify the power regulating capacity of EPS control, the input voltage and the output load are specied as 220 V and 6 , respectively. Fig. 13 shows the curves of the transmission power varied with D1 and D2 . As can be seen from Fig. 13, in EPS control, the transmission power can be regulated both by D1 and D2 , and due to the addition of D1 , the regulating range

2) when (221 /2)/4 D < 1/2 Gm in (D2 ) = k (2 2D + 2 2)

(44)

4676

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 27, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2012

Fig. 12. Curves of the unied current stress G varied with voltage conversion ratio k. (a) A and A4 in TPS control and A1 , A1 , A2 , and A3 in EPS control. (b) B and B3 in TPS control and B1 and B2 in EPS control. (c) C and C2 in TPS control and C1 in EPS control.

Fig. 13. Curves of the transmission power varied with D1 and D2 . (a) Curves of the transmission power varied with D1 when D2 is specied. (b) Curves of the transmission power varied with D2 when D1 is specied.

TABLE I MAIN PARAMETERS OF PROTOTYPE

of transmission power is changed from the single curve to the 2-D area. With the same outer phase-shift ratio (D2 = D < 0.5), the EPS control (D1 = 0) can offer wider power transmission range than the TPS control (D1 = 0) does, that will enhance

regulating exibility. In addition, Fig. 13 shows that there are many different combinations of (D1 , D2 ) in EPS control for the same transmission power in TPS control. And the maximum and minimum values of transmission power are obtained about at D1 +D2 = 0.5 and D1 +D2 = 1, respectively, which agrees well with the aforementioned theoretical analysis. In order to verify the backow power characterization of EPS control, the transmission power and output voltage are both in closed-loop control for 380 W and 48 V, respectively, the transient waveforms of transmission power with input voltage V1 = 220 V is shown in Fig. 14(a), and the curves of backow power varied with input voltage V1 and inner phase-shift ratio D1 is shown in Fig. 14(b). It can be seen from Fig. 14, the backow power is bound up with input voltage V1 and inner phase-shift ratio D1 , and it decreases with the increase of D1 and increases with the increase of voltage conversion ratio k = V1 /(nV2 ). Under different experimental conditions, the EPS control always can generate less backow power than the TPS control does, and the minimum point of current stress is the minimum point of

ZHAO et al.: EXTENDED-PHASE-SHIFT CONTROL OF ISOLATED BIDIRECTIONAL DCDC CONVERTER

4677

Fig. 14.

(a) Transient waveforms of the transmission power when D1 is specied. (b) Curves of the backow power varied with V1 when D1 is specied.

Fig. 15. Waveforms of vh 1 , vh 2 , and iL in TPS and EPS control for the same transmission. (a) TPS control with V1 = 220 V, V2 = 48 V, and P = 380 W. (b) EPS control with V1 = 220 V, V2 = 48 V, P = 380 W, and D1 = 0.2. (c) EPS control with V1 = 220 V, V2 = 48 V, P = 380 W, and D1 = 0.4.

backow power when V1 > 200 (i.e., k > 200/(248)2), which agrees well with the aforementioned theoretical analysis. Fig. 15 shows the experimental waveforms of vh1 , vh 2 , and iL in TPS and EPS control for the same transmission power, and Fig. 16 shows the curves of current stress varied with V1 and D1 . It can be seen that current stress is also bound up with input voltage V1 and inner phase-shift ratio D1 , and it decreases with the increase of D1 and increases with the increase of voltage conversion ratio k = V1 /(nV2 ). Under different experimental conditions, the EPS control always can generate less current stress than the TPS control does. When the converter is operating in the optimal point, the stress current achieves the minimum value, which is consistent with the aforementioned theoretical analysis. Under the same experimental conditions with Figs. 14(b) and 16, Fig. 17 shows the efciency curves of the converter in both control methods. It can be easily found that the EPS control can achieve higher efciency than the TPS control, especially in large voltage conversion ratio condition. And when the converter

Fig. 16.

Curves of the current stress varied with V1 when D1 is specied.

4678

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 27, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2012

Similar to the analysis in Sections I and IV, we can derive that the current stress of converter under EPS control is im ax = 1 V1 (1 D1 ) + (2D1 + 2D2 1) . 4fs L k (48)

The transmission power is P = nV1 V2 1 D2 (1 D2 ) + D1 (1 D1 2D2 ) . (49) 2fs L 2

The backow power is Pbf = nV1 V2 [(1/k )(1 D1 ) + (2D2 1)]2 . 16fs L(1/k ) + 1) (50)

Fig. 17.

Curves of the efciency curves varied with V1 when D1 is specied.

In (48)(50), the constraints are k < 1, 0 D1 1, 0 D2 1 and 0 D1 +D2 1. Similarly, the current stress of converter under TPS control is im ax = V1 (2D 1 + (1/k ). 4fs L (51)

The transmission power is P = nV1 V2 D(1 D). 2fs L (52)

The backow power is Pbf = nV1 V2 [(1/k ) + (2D 1)]2 . 16fs L(1/k ) + 1) (53)

Fig. 18.

Waveforms of IBDC in EPS control when k < 1.

is operating in the optimal point, the efciency achieves the maximum value.

VI. DISCUSSION All of the above analysis is based on the qualication that k 1. In fact, when k < 1 (nV2 > V1 ), we just need to exchange the operating modes of the left and the right H-bridges, as shown in Fig. 18.

In (51)(53), the constraints are k < 1 and 0 D 1. Due to 1/k > 1, comparing (48)(53) with (9)(12) and (14)(16), we can come to the conclusion that the performance at k < 1 is coincident with that at k > 1. The transmission power and output voltage are both in closedloop control for 1160 W and 180 V, respectively. Fig. 19 shows the experimental waveforms of vh1 , vh 2 , and iL in TPS and EPS control for the same transmission power, and Fig. 20 shows the curves of current stress varied with V1 and D1 . Different with Fig. 15, the input voltage in Fig. 19 is specied as 160 V, i.e., k = 160/(2180) = 0.44. As can be seen from Figs. 19 and 20, the current stress also decreases with the increasing of D1 , but decreases with the increasing of k = V1 /(nV2 ). In fact, when k < 1 (nV2 > V1 ), the current stress changes into an increase with the increasing of voltage conversion ratio 1/k = nV2 / V1 . Similarly, the EPS control always can generate less current stress than the TPS control does with the condition of k < 1. Fig. 21 shows the efciency curves of the converter in both control methods. It can be easily found that the EPS control can achieve higher efciency than the TPS control, especially in large voltage conversion ratio condition. And when the converter is operating in the optimal point, the efciency achieves the maximum value.

ZHAO et al.: EXTENDED-PHASE-SHIFT CONTROL OF ISOLATED BIDIRECTIONAL DCDC CONVERTER

4679

Fig. 19. Waveforms of vh 1 , vh 2 , and iL in TPS and EPS control for the same transmission. (a) TPS control with V1 = 160 V, V2 = 180 V, and P = 1160 W. (b) EPS control with V1 = 160 V, V2 = 180 V, P = 1160 W, and D1 = 0.2. (c) EPS control with V1 = 160 V, V2 = 180 V, P = 1160 W, and D1 = 0.4.

Fig. 20. Curves of the current stress varied with V1 (k < 1) when D1 is specied.

Fig. 21. Curves of the efciency curves varied with V1 (k < 1) when D1 is specied.

VII. CONCLUSION IBDC is an everlasting key component to realize power distribution between energy generation systems and storage systems in microgrids. In order to overcome the inherent disadvantages of TPS control of IBDC, a novel EPS control is proposed for power distribution in microgrid in this paper. From the theoretical analysis and the experiments, it can be found that EPS control has the following features: 1) EPS control expands regulating range of transmission power and enhances regulating exibility. 2) EPS control reduces power-circulating ow, and thus reduces conduction losses and improves the system efciency. 3) EPS control reduces current stress, and thus reduces switching losses and prolongs the service life of devices. For the same power level, the devices can be selected with lower stress levels, which saves the cost. 4) EPS control is simple in principle and easy to implement. REFERENCES
[1] R. H. Lasseter, Smart distribution: Coupled microgrids, Proc. IEEE., vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 10741082, Jun. 2011. [2] P. Tenti, H. K. M. Paredes, and P. Mattavelli, Conservative power theory, a framework to approach control and accountability issues in smart [3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

microgrids, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 664673, Mar. 2011. R. Majumder, A. Ghosh, G. Ledwich, and F. Zare, Power management and power ow control with back-to-back converters in a utility connected microgrid, IEEE Trans. Power System., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 821834, May 2010. A. K. Abdelsalam, A. M. Massoud, S. Ahmed, and P. N. Enjeti, High-performance adaptive perturb and observe MPPT technique for photovoltaic-based microgrids, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 10101021, Apr. 2011. J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, J. Matas, M. Castilla, and L. G. Vicuna, Control strategy for exible microgrid based on parallel line-interactive UPS system, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 726736, Mar. 2009. J. Y. Kim, J. H. Jeon, S. K. Kim, C. Cho, J. H. Park, H.-M. Kim, and K.-Y. Nam, Cooperative control strategy of energy storage system and microsources for stabilizing the microgrid during islanded operation, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 30373048, Dec. 2010. J.-H. Jeon, J. Y. Kim, H. M. Kim, S.-K. Kim, C. Cho, J.-M. Kim, J.-B. Ahn, and K.-Y. Nam, Development of hardware in-the-loop simulation system for testing operation and control functions of microgrid, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 29192929, Dec. 2010. T. F. Wu, K. H. Sun, C. L. Kuo, and C. H. Chang, Predictive current controlled 5-kW single-phase bidirectional inverter with wide inductance variation for dc-microgrid applications, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 30763084, Dec. 2010. M. G. Molina and P. E. Mercado, Power ow stabilization and control of microgrid with wind generation by superconducting magnetic energy

4680

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 27, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2012

[10]

[11] [12] [13] [14]

[15] [16] [17]

[18] [19]

[20]

[21] [22] [23]

[24]

[25]

storage, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 910922, Mar. 2011. J. M. Gueerrero, N. Berbel, J. Matas, J. L. Sosa, and L. G. vicuna, Droop control method with virtual output impedance for parallel operation of uninterruptible power supply systems in a microgrid, in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf., 2007, pp. 11261132. W. Chen, P. Rong, and Z. Y. Lu, Snubberless bidirectional DCDC converter with new CLLC resonant tank featuring minimized switching loss, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 30753086, Sep. 2010. F. H. Khan and L. M. Tolbert, Bi-directional power management and fault tolerant feature in a 5-kW multilevel DCDC converter with modular architecture, IET Power Electron., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 595604, Jul. 2009. C. M. Wang, C. H. Lin, and T. C. Yang, High-power-factor soft-switched DC power supply system, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 647654, Feb. 2011. P. Das, S. A. Mousavi, and G. Moschopoulos, Analysis and design of a nonisolated bidirectional ZVS-PWM DCDC converter with coupled inductors, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 26302641, Oct. 2010. S. Inoue and H. Akagi, A bidirectional DCDC converter for an energy storage system with galvanic isolation, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 22992306, Nov. 2007. W. H. Li, W. C. Li, Y. Deng, and X. N. He, Single-stage single-phase high-step-up ZVT boost converter for fuel-cell microgrid system, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 30573065, Dec. 2010. Y. H. Xie, J. Sun, and S. F. James, Power ow characterization of a bidirectional galvanically isolated high-power DC/DC converter over a wide operating range, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 5465, Jan. 2010. M. Nymand and M. A. E. Andersen, High-efciency isolated boost DC DC converter for high-power low-voltage fuel-cell applications, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 505514, Feb. 2010. I. Y. Chung, W. X. Liu, K. Schoder, and D. A. Cartes, Integration of a bi-directional DCDC converter model into a real-time system simulation of a shipboard medium voltage DC system, Int. J. Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 81, pp. 10511059, 2011. K. R. Wang, F. C. Lee, and J. Lai, Operation principles of bi-directional full-bridge DC-DC converter with unied soft-switching scheme and softstarting capability, in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf., 2000, pp. 111118. C. Zhao, S. D. Round, and J. W. Kolar, An isolated three-port bidirectional DCDC converter with decoupled power ow management, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 24432453, Sep. 2008. J. Kim, H. S. Song, and K. Nam, Asymmetric duty control of a dualhalf-bridge dc/dc converter for single-phase distributed generators, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 973982, Mar. 2011. G. G. Oggier, G. O. Garcia, and A. R. Oliva, Modulation strategy to operate the dual active bridge DCDC converter under soft switching in the whole operating range, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 12281236, Apr. 2011. B. Hua and M. Chris, Eliminate reactive power and increase system efciency of isolated bidirectional dual-active-bridge DCDC converters using novel dual-phase-shift control, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 29052914, Nov. 2008. H. Fan and H. Li, A novel phase-shift bidirectional DCDC converter with an extended high-efciency range for 20kVA solid state transformer, in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE)., 2010, pp. 3870 3876.

Biao Zhao (S11) received the B.S. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China, in 2009. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. His current research interests include mediumvoltage power conversion system, bidirectional isolated DCDC converters, and uninterruptible power supply system.

Qingguang Yu (M01) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from Liaoning Engineering Technology University, Fuxin, China, in 1989 and 1991, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China, in 1994, all in electrical engineering. After 2 years of Post-Doctoral research work in Electrical Engineering Department, he is currently working as an Associate Professor with the Institute of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) of Tsinghua University in Beijing. His current research interests include medium-voltage power conversion system, motor drive and control, and power system automation FACTS in power plant and station.

Weixin Sun received the B.S. degree from Yanshan University, Qinghuangdao, China, in 2009, and the M.S. degree from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 2011, all in electrical engineering. He is currently working with China Power Engineering Consulting Group Corporation, North China Power Engineering Co. Ltd.