Chapter 1: Introduction
Phylum Chordata: The Big Four Protochordates o No vertebral column o Morphological features shared with vertebrates: Notochord Dorsal hollow central nervous system Postanal tail Endostyle Chordates have a notochord in the embryo stage at least Craniates are chordates with a braincase Vertebrates are chordates with vertebrae Craniate body: General Plan Regional differentiation o Head greater degree of cephalization in craniates o Trunk o Postanal tailcommences at anus/ vent Nubbinin modern birds Tailbone/coccyxremnants of vestigial postanal tail in humans Bilateral symmetry and anatomic planes o Principal body axes Longitudinal (anteroposterior) axis Dorsoventral axis Left-right axisstructures are mirror images of each other (bilateral symmetry) o Principal anatomic planes Transverse planeleft-right and dorsoventral axes; cross section Frontal planeleft-right and longitudinal axes Saggital planelongitudinal and dorsoventral axes Parasaggitalparallel to saggital
Metamerismserial repetition of structures in longitudinal axis o Muscle segments in adult reptiles and mammals o Vertebrae, ribs, spinal nerves, etc
Craniate characteristics Cranium Three-part brain Neural crest + derivatives Paired external sense organs Cartilage
Vertebrate characteristics Vertebral column 2 semicircular canals Electroreception Lateral line system with multicellular neuromasts Additional soft tissue specializations
Structures common to craniates Notochord and vertebral column o Notochord first skeletal structure to appear rod of living cells ventral to CNS, dorsal to alimentary canal persists in almost all fishes, urodeles, some lizards almost obliterated in modern reptiles, birds, and mammals vestige remains in mammals within intervertebral disks pulpy nucleussoft spherical mass of connective tissue in lampreys, grows along with animal lateral neural cartilagesperched on notochord, lateral to spinal chord notochord sheath elastic outside, fibrous inside
vertebrae cartilaginous/ bony centrum (around notochord) + neural arch (around spinal chord) + processes hemal arch (in tail)surrounds caudal artery and vein pharynx o produces gills of fishes, lungs of tetrapods, skeleton and musculature of jaws, middle ear cavity of tetrapods, initial cells of immune system pharyngeal pouches and slits o pharyngeal pouches arise as diverticula of endoderm of foregut establish limits of pharynx ectodermal groove grows toward each pouch branchial plateseparates groove from pouch 6 in frog embryos, 4 of which give rise to gill slits 5 in chicks, first 3 rupture and close again In tetrapods, first pouch becomes auditory tube and middle ear cavity; second persists as pouch of palatine tonsil of mammals o pharyngeal slit formed between pharyngeal lumen and exterior of animal when branchial plate ruptures permanent in fishes, temporary in tetrapods 8 in basal sharks, 15 in living agnathans Pharyngeal arches o Basic components/ blastemas Supportive skeletal elements Striated muscles that operate arch Branches of 5th, 7th,9th,10th cranial nerves Aortic arch
Pharyngeal/visceral skeletonskeleton of pharyngeal arches o Branchiomeric muscles of the arches o Mandibular archupper and lower jaw, associated muscles, nerves and vessels o Hyoid archbehind first pouch Dorsal hollow CNS o Neurocoelcentral lumen o Neural groovebecomes dorsal surface of embryo o Neural tubeformed by neurulation, dorsal to notochord, wide part becomes brain with ventricles o Neural keelwedge-shaped; neural groove in living agnathans and neopterygian fishes o Peripheral nervous system