Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Timber Bridge Design
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Appendix TB - 12m Span, 4.5 m width Timber Bridge
Project:
Name of River:
Span:
Consultant:
Designed by:
12m Span, 4.5 m width TIMBER BRIDGE
Louis Berger Group (BROKONSULT AB) in Association with SABA Engineering PLC
J. Packelen
20/12/1999
TB.1
GENERAL
TB.1.1
Specifications
ERA Bridge Design Manual-2002
TB.1.2
Material Proporties
TB.1.2.1
Timber
TB.1.2.2
Class F17
Stress Grade 1
Strength Group S1
Working stress parallel to grain
17 Mpa
Modification Factor for Resistance
F= Fo*Cf*Cm*Cd
Beams
w*h=300*300
F= 17*1,0*1,0*1,0= 17 MPa
Deck Beams
w*h=100*200
F= 17*1,0*1,0*1,0= 17 MPa
Deck Planks
w*h=150*75
F= 17*1,3*1,0*1,0= 22,1 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity
E= Eo*Cm
Flexural Design
E= 5 000*1,0= 5 000 Mpa
Deformation Design
E= 9 000*1,0= 9 000 Mpa
Steel
Connector plates
Dowels
M270M
(reinforcement bars dia 20)
Wood Screws
M16 4.6
fy= 250 Mpa
fy= 400 Mpa
fy= 400 Mpa
Modulus of Elasticity
E= Eo*Cm
Flexural Design
E= 200 000*1,0= 200 000 Mpa
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Ethiopian Roads Authority
Page TB-1
Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Timber Bridge Design
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TB.2
LOADING
TB.2.1
Loads
Permanent Load
DC
Dead Load
Deck
Kerb
Railing
Beams
(0,2+0,075)*4,5*9,6 = 2,64*4,5
2*(0,3+0,2)*0,25*9,6
2*(0,25*0,25+0,2*0,2*2,1/1,8)*9,6
3*0,3*1,2*9,6
= 11,88 kN/m
= 2,40 kN/m
= 2,10 kN/m
= 10,37 kN/m
Live Load
LL
Vehicular Load
Deck Width = 4,5m thus one Design Lane
Multiple Presence Factor = 1,20
Tire Contact Length
IM
TB.2.1
l = 5,31*72,5 = 385 mm (Truck)
l = 5,31*55 = 292 mm (Tandem)
l = 2,28*1,75*(1+0,33)*P = 5,31*P
Dynamic Load Allowance = 33 %
Load Factors and Combination
The following shall be satisfied
Q < R
Load modifier
= drl= 1,0*1,0*1,0 = 1,0
Load Combination
Factor
Strength-1
Dead Load
Vehicular Load
Dynamic Allowance
DC
LL
IM
1.25
0,33*LL Truck & Tandem
1.75
1.75
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Ethiopian Roads Authority
Page TB-2
Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Timber Bridge Design
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TB.3
FORCES
TB.3.1
Permanent load
Girder Load assuming deck slab supported by riged girders
Forces in deck and load on girders are analyzed for loads in 2.11 by continous girder program
Load on Exterior Girder = 6,99 kN/m
TB.3.2
Load on Interior Girder = 2,40 kN/m
Live Load
Load distribution between girders
Load on exterior girder according to lever rule
Qe = P/3 + P*0,75/3,4 = 0,554P
Load on interior girder assuming deck slab supported by riged beams
Qi = a/(2*l)*(3-(a/l)^2)*P = 0,8/(2*1,7)*(3-(0,8/1,7)^2)*P = 0,654 P
where l = beam spacing and a = wheel load distance from outer supports
Exterior girders will be designed for the following Loads
Factor
Strength-1
q = 7,29+3,46 = 10,75 kN/m
Dead Load
1.25
13.4
Q = 1,2*1,33*0,554*145 or 35 = 128 or 31 kN
Truck Load
1.75 224 or 54
Q = 1,2*1,33*0,554*110 = 97 kN
Tandem Load
1.75
170
q = 1,2*0,554*9,3 = 6,2 kN
Lane Load
1.75
10.8
q = 1,81+3,46 = 5,27 kN/m
Dead Load
1.25
6.6
Q = 1,2*1,33*0,654*145 or 35 = 151 or 37 kN
Truck Load
1.75 265 or 64
Q = 1,2*1,33*0,654*110 = 115 kN
Tandem Load
1.75
201
q = 1,2*0,654*9,3 = 7,3 kN
Lane Load
1.75
12.8
Interior girders will be designed for the following Loads
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Ethiopian Roads Authority
Page TB-3
Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Timber Bridge Design
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TB.4
GIRDERS
TB.4.1
System analyzis
The main girders are composed of sawn beams bundled by dowels (reinforcement bars)
driven through drilled vertical holes.
Beams including dowel forces are analyzed by computer program for plane frames
in order to simulete the slip between beams.
Forces in load combination Strength-1 are considered.
Truck or tandem loads are moved with increments of 1 m from support and outwards.
For maximum shear lane load appears from the first wheel and outwards.
The three main beams are designed identically and the interior beam forces are governing
Simulation of slip between beams due to deformations in dowel groups
The slip is about 2 mm for the dowel design load (P = 350 kN/m see Section 6)
For the verticals in the frame system thus the following stiff-ness criterium is valid
/2 = P*(L/2)^3/(3*E*I) = P*(L/2)^3/(3*E*B*D^3/12) = P/(2*E*B)*(L/D)^3
D/L = (P/(*E*B))^(1/3) = ( 0,34/(0,002*5000*0,3)^(1/3) = 0,5
where
TB.4.2
L = length of verticals
D = fictious depth of verticals
B = width of vertical
E = modulus of elasticity
Dowel Forces from system analyzis
Node
Bar
1
25
27
29
31
Load Case
length
Shear
Force / m
DL
Truck x=1,5
Total S-1
35
376
411
1.25
329
DL
Truck x=3,5
Total S-1
48
508
556
1.5
371
DL
Tandem x=5
Total S-1
35
389
424
1.5
283
DL
Tandem x=5
Total S-1
18
272
290
1.5
193
400
329
371
283
193
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1
Srie1
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Ethiopian Roads Authority
Page TB-4
Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Timber Bridge Design
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TB.5
DECK
TB.5.1
System
TB.5.2
Load
Deck loads are computed by continous beam program for unfactored loads
Dead load =
Live Load
Tandem
Lane
110/(0,5+0,5)/1,2 =
9,3/3=
2.64 kPa
factor =
1.25
91.7 kPa *
3.1 kPa
factor = 1,2*1,33*1,75 = 1,33*2,1
factor = 1,2*1,75 =
2.1
* 122 kPa including dynamic load allowance
The live tandem wheel load is assumed to be evenly distributed over the axle spacing by the planks
TB.5.3
Beam Forces from system analyzis
Design Deck Moment over inner beams
M = 1,25*0,1 + 2,1*19,6 = 41 kNm/m
Deck Beam Spacing 0,45 m
W = (0,15/0,3)*0,2^2/6 = 0,0033 M^3
= M/W = 0,041*0,0033 = 12,4 Mpa
TB.6
DOWELS
TB.6.1
Dowel Dimensions
Dowels are made of ordinary dia 20 mm reinforcement bars
TB.6.2
Dowel Groups
Each dowel group is designed for the actual shear force according to system analyzis
TB.6.2.1
Design Dowel Force is
Rr = *Rn
TB.6.2.2
where
Rn = 26*d^2*2*fy/180
Minimum Dowel Spacing
S = 7*d = 7*20 = 140 parallel to grain
TB.6.2.3
Rr = 0,8*26*20^2*400/90 = 17,5 kN
S = 4*d = 4*20 = 80 not parallel to grain
Dowel Group Capacity
Group 1
Spacing 150 mm
3/0,15*17,5 = 350 kN/m
Group 2
Spacing 225 mm
3/0,225*17,5 = 233 kN/m
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Ethiopian Roads Authority
Page TB-5
