MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
d0 d 1a. Stress/Strain P L0 L P
MEM
d d0 d0
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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P A0
L L0 L0
Bending Moments and Shear Forces in a Beam
A bar subjected to tension/ compression (Chapter 2) A shaft subjected to torsion (Chapter 3)
=
P PL ; = A EA
T TL ; = IP GI P
( )
1b. Constitutive relations (Linearly elastic)
E (G )
Chapter 4
( )
P
E=
G= =
G=
E 2(1 + )
Shear Force and Bending Moment
3. Torsion
2. Axially loaded members
P = = = E A L
PL = AE TL GI P
T = T IP
= = G
4. Shear force and bending moment diagrams 5. Bending and shear stresses in beams 7. Analysis of stresses; Mohrs circles 8. Applications of plane stress 9. Deflections of beams 10. Statically indeterminate beams 11. Columns Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
dV = q dx
dM =V dx
T P
M My = I
M V VQ = Ib
pr pr 1 = 2 = t 2t
A beam subjected M to bending & shear (Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) V
1 / 33 Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
My VQ ; = I bI
w = L(AppendixG)
2 / 33
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r F2
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Examples of Beams Subjected to Lateral Loads
Internal Forces in Beams Due to lateral Loads
r F3 r F2
r (L) fi
ResultantForce r r Fi = fi( L )
r r r r
r F1
r F4
r F1
F = F1 + F2 + Fi = 0
Planar (2-D) Structures: All loads act in the same plane and all deflections occurs in the same plane (x-y plane)
Normal Stresses and Shear Stresses
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment 3 / 33 Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
Resultant Shear Force and Bending Moment
4 / 33
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Types of Beams, Loads, and Supports
Concentrated Loads, Distributed Loads, Couples
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Procedure for determining shear force and bending moment
1. Determine the reactions using the equilibrium conditions of the overall structure. 2. Cut the beam at the cross section at which shear force and bending moment are to be determined. Draw a free-body diagram. 3. Set up equilibrium equations of the F.B.D. to determine shear force and bending moment at the cross section. 4. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for as many cross sections as needed. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams.
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
P A B
a
RA
A x
L RB
Mx Vx
Simply-supported Beams Cantilever Beams Overhang Beams
RA
P A a RA
x
F = 0 M = 0
Mx Vx
6 / 33
Roller Supports
Hinged Supports
Fixed Supports
5 / 33
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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Shear Forces and Bending Moments Sign Convention
P A a RA
x
Shear Forces and Bending Moments Sign Convention
Mx
P Mx Vx
OR
A a RA
x
Vx
Positive!
Negative!
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment 7 / 33
When drawing freebody diagrams for beams, always apply positive shear forces and bending moments
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
8 / 33
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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2L 3 q0 L 2
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Example 4.1
L 2
L 2
Determine V and M at cross sections to the left and to the right of the midpoint Reactions
RB =
M0 = 0 M@A = RB (L) P 4 L
Determine V and M at cross section x
Reactions :RB =
MB
q0 L q L2 M B = 0 2 6
At L 2 ( )
3P M0 4 L P M0 F = RA P V = 0V = 4 L PL M0 L L + P + M = 0M = M = RA 8 2 2 4 RA =
P M0 + 4 L
RB q0 x L
(NOTE: Even though the reactions at B are not needed if the F.B.D. to the left of the cross section is used, They are nevertheless useful in checking the results.)
q0 x 2 2 L
F = RA P V = 0V = 4
At L 2 ( + )
+ P + M M0 = 0 M = RA 2 4 PL M0 + M = 8 2
M0 L
2x 3 M V RB
9 / 33
q0 x 2 q0 x x V = 0V = L 2 2L q0 x 2 x q0 x 3 M 0 M + = = M = 2 L 3 6L
F =
MB
Vmax = V (x = L) =
q0 L = RB 2
Mmax = M (x = L ) =
q0 L2 = MB 6
10 / 33
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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Example 4.3: Determine V and M at cross section D
Reactions
Relationships Between Loads, Shear Forces, and Bending Moments
q( x )
M@A = RB (24 ) P(9) q(30)(30 2) = 0
RB = 9k ;RA = 11k
x
dx
Draw F.B.D. for Section AD
FV = 11 0.2(15) 14 V = 0V = 6k M = Vx (15) 14(9) 0.2(15)(15 2) + M = 0
M = 58.5ft k
Draw F.B.D. for Section DC
Assume constant q over the length dx
FV = V (V + dV ) qdx = 0 q = dx
dV
M = M + (M + dM ) (V + dV )dx q(dx )(dx 2) = 0 dM V = (higherordertermsneglected)
dx
FV = V + 9 0.2(30 15) = 0V = 6k M = M + 9(9) 0.2(15)(15 2) = 0M = 58.5ft k
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment 11 / 33
q=
dV dx
V=
dM dx
12 / 33
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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Example 4.2
Revisit
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
qx q= 0 L
q x2 V = 0 2L q x3 M= 0 6L
Recall Axial Loads
10N
P1 = 25N P2 = 10N P3 = 25N
q0 x 2 dM d q0 x 3 = = 2L = V dx dx 6L qx dV d q0 x 2 = = 0 = q dx dx 2 L L
15N
25N
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Recall Torsion
11k in 8k in 7k in
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
13 / 33
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
14 / 33
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Reactions
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
RA = Pb L RB = Pa L
M@A = RB (L) P(a ) = 0
RB = Pb a Pa ;RA = 1 P = L L L
For0 x a
V= Pb L
Fora x L
For0 x a
FV = RA V = 0 V =
Fora x L
Pb L Pbx L Pa L
V-Dia
P
Pab L
V =
Pa L
M = RA x + M = 0 M = FV = RA P V = 0 V =
M max =
1 M = RA x P a + M = 0 M = Pa L
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment 15 / 33
Pbx M= L
Pbx L
M-Dia
x Pa 1 L
x M = Pa 1 L
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
16 / 33
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Reactions
Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Reactions :RA = RB =
Free-Body Diagram
M@A = RB (L) + M0 = 0
RA
M0 L
qL 2
RB
M0 M ;RA = 0 L L For0 x a RB =
M V
F = RA qx V = 0
L V = RA qx = q x 2
+ M = 0 M = RA x + qx 2 M = RA x qx 2 qx (L x ) = 2 2 dV = q dx x
M V
V dia
M0 a L
x RA
Fora x L
M dia
M0
M 0 (L a ) L
M V
M0 L M M = RA x = 0 x L M V = RA = 0 L M = R A x M0 V = RA =
Mmax =
qL2 8
dM L = q x = V ; dx 2
RA
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
x = M0 1 L
17 / 33
Maximum bending moment occurs at the location where shear force is zero
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment 18 / 33
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P1a1 + P2 a2 + P3 a3 L
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
RA = P1 (L a1 ) + P2 (L a2 ) + P3 (L a3 ) L RB =
Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Reactions :RA =
qb(b + 2c ) qb(b + 2a ) RB = 2L 2L
For0 x a1
M V x
Fora2 x a3
M
V = RA M = RA x
V = R A P1 P2 M = RA x P1 (x a1 ) P2 (x a2 )
For0 x a
M V
Fora x a + b
M
V = RA M = RA x
V = R A q(x a ) M = RA x q(x a )2 2
Fora1 x a2
M
Fora3 x L
V = RA P1 V M = RA x P1 (x a1 )
V = RA P1 P2 P3 M M = RA x P1 (x a1 ) V P2 (x a2 ) P3 (x a3 )
19 / 33 Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
Fora + b x L
M V Lx
V = RB
M = RB ( L x ) = RA x
= R A q(x a ) q[x (a + b )] q(x a )2 q[x (a + b )]2 2 2
20 / 33
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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M B = P1 L + P2 b
Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Reactions :RA =
qb(b + 2a ) qb(b + 2c ) RB = 2L 2L
Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Reactions :RB = P1 + P2
For0 x a
M x V
Maximum bending moment occurs at the point where shear force is zero (a x a + b)
b(b + 2c ) V = R A q( x a ) = q x + a + 2L 2 q(x a ) q M = RA x = b(b + 2c )x L(x a )2 2 2L
V = P1 M = P1 x
Fora x L
]
x
M V
V = 0x1 = a +
Mmax = M (x = x1 ) =
b(b + 2c ) 2L
V = P1 P2 M = P1 x P2 (x a )
M V
qb (b + 2c )(4 aL + 2bc + b 2 ) 8 L2
Alternatively
21 / 33 Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
V = RB Lx M = M B + RB ( L x )
22 / 33
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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qL 2
2
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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q= dV dx V= dM dx
Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Reactions :RB = qL M B =
UsingFreebodydiagram
2
Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
M@C = (1.0)(4 )(18 )
RB (16 ) + 12.0 = 0
D
qx
x2
M x V
qx V = qx ,M = 2 Vmax = qL = RB
RB = 5.25k ,RC = 1.25k VA = 0 VA B = qdx = x
VB (x = 4 ) = 4.0 VB+ (x = 4 + ) = 1.25
V = qdx + C1 M = Vdx + C 2
M max
qL2 = = MB 2
q = 0 V = Constant
M D (x = 12 ) = 2.0
}
RB = 5.25
dV = qV = qdx = qx + C1 dx
V (x = 0 ) = q(0 ) + C1 = VA = 0
dM dV = qx = V , = q dx dx
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
MA = 0 M A B x2 = Vdx = 2
qx 2 dM = V = qxM = qxdx + C 2 = + C2 dx 2 q(0 )2 M (x = 0 ) = + C2 = M A = 0 2
23 / 33
M B (x = 4 ) = 8.0
}
M B D = 1.25(x 4 ) 8.0
M D + (x = 12 + ) = 10.0 MC (x = 20 ) = 0
M0 = 12.0
M DC = 1.25(x 12 ) 10.0
24 / 33
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Method of Superposition
M0 a1 a2 a3 a4 P q0 slope = s
Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Method of Superposition
Concentrated Moment M0 a
x
Concentrated Force M a
V
Uniformly Distributed Load
M
Linearly Distributed Load slope = s M
q0 a x
M V
x V = P
This problem can be treated as the superposition of the following four cases q0 M0
V =0
V = q0 ( x a ) q0 (x a )2 2
V =
s(x a )2 2 s(x a )3 6
a1 P a2
a3
x slope = s a4 x
25 / 33
M = M0
M = P (x a )
M=
M=
dV = q dx
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
dM =V dx
26 / 33
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Method of Superposition
M0 a1 a2 a3 a4 P q0 slope = s
Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Method of Superposition
Reactions :
Loading : q0 = 1.0k ft RB = 5.25k atx = 0 RC = 1.25k atx = 4ft q0 = 1.0k ft ,P = RB = 5.25k atx = 12ft M = 12.0k ft
x
0 M 0 M0 P(x a2 ) M= q0 (x a3 )2 M0 P(x a2 ) 2 2 3 M P(x a ) q0 (x a3 ) s(x a4 ) 0 2 2 6 0 x < a1 a1 x < a2 a2 x < a3 a3 x < a 4 x a4
0 0 P V = P q0 (x a3 ) s(x a4 )2 P q0 (x a3 ) 2
0 x < a1 a1 x < a2 a2 x < a3 a3 x < a 4 x a4
0x<4 q0 ( x 0 ) = x V = q0 (x 0 ) + RB + q0 ( x 4) = 1.25 4 x < 12 q (x 0 ) + R + q ( x 4) = 1.25 12 x 20 B 0 0 V (0 ) = 0 ,V (4 ) = 4 ,V (4 + ) = 1.25 ,V (12 ) = V (20 ) = 1.25
(x 0 )2 x2 = 0x<4 q0 2 2 (x 4 )2 (x 0 )2 M = q0 + R B ( x 4 ) + q0 = 1.25 x 13 4 x < 12 2 2 2 2 ( ) ( ) x 0 x 4 q + R B ( x 4 ) + q0 M0 = 1.25 x 25 12 x 20 0 2 2 M (0 ) = 0 ,M (4 ) = 8 ,M (12 ) = 2 ,M (12 + ) = 10 ,M (20 ) = 0
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment 28 / 33
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
27 / 33
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Method of Superposition
MA
Loading : atx = 0 P = 4.6kN,M0 = 6.24kN m
Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Method of Superposition
V = 5.1x M = 2.55 x 2
q0 = 5.1
RA
Reactions : R A = 4.6kN M A = 6.24kN m
4 .6 V Dia 1 .6 M Dia
2.56 1.28
atx = 0.8m P = 3.0kN atx = 1.6m q0 = 1.0kN m 0 x < 0 .8 P = 4 .6 V = 4.6 3.0 = 1.6 0.8 x < 1.6 1.6 (x 1.6 ) = x + 3.2 1.6 x 3.2 V (0 ) = 4.6 ,V (0.8 ) = 4.6 ,V (0.8 + ) = 1.6 ,V (1.6 ) = 1.6 ,V (3.2 ) = 0
M0 = 6.24 + 4.6 x M = 6.24 + 4.6 x 3(x 0.8 ) = 3.84 + 1.6 x 3.84 + 1.6 x 0.5(x 1.6 )2 = 5.12 + 3.2 x 0.5 x 2 0 x < 0.8 0.8 x < 1.6 1.6 x 3.2
V = 0.655 x 2
s = 1.31
RB = RC = 39.33kN
M = 0.218 x 3
V = 39.33 M = 39.33(x 4.2 ) V = 0.655(x 4.2 )2
M = 0.218(x 4.2 )3 V = 39.33 M = 39.33(x 5.4 ) V = 0.655(x 5.4 )2 M = 0.218(x 5.4 )
3
P = 39.33
s = 1.31
P = 39.33
s = 1.31
6.24
M (0 ) = 6.24 ,M (0.8 ) = 2.56 ,M (1.6 ) = 1.28 ,M (3.2 ) = 0
29 / 33 Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
0.0
4.2 5.4
9.6
30 / 33
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Compound Beams (Prob. 4.5-26)
Hinged Connection, internal moment = 0
4kN m
Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
Compound Beams
4kN 4kN m
Free-Body Diagrams
4kN
Loading : x0 P = R A = 2.5kN x 2m P = 4kN ,M = 4kN m x 4m P = RC = 2.5kN x 7m P = 2kN
VD MD = 0 VD
R A = 2.5kN RC = 2.5kN RE = 1.0kN
RA
RC = 2.5kN R A = 2.5kN
Loading : atx = 0
RC
RE VD = RE = 1.0kN
Equivalent load
4kN 4kN m
R A = 2.5 R 4.0 = 1.5 A V= R A 4.0 + RC = 1.0 R A 4.0 + RC 2.0 = 1.0
0x<2 2x<4 4x<7 7x<8
0x<2 2x<4 4x<7 7x<8
P = R A = 2.5kN
atx = 2m P = 4kN ,M = 4kN m atx = 4m P = RC = 2.5kN RA RC RE atx = 7m P = 2kN
31 / 33 Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
R A x = 2 .5 x 2.5 x 4.0(x 2 ) 4.0 = 1.5 x + 4 M= 1.5 x + 4 + RC (x 4 ) = x 6 x 6 2 .0 ( x 7 ) = x + 8
Verify the values of V and M at x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 m
32 / 33
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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MEM230 Mechanics of Materials
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Example: Compound Beams
P = 20kN MC = 30kN m q0 = 4kN m
P B A RB
1m 1m 2m
Example: Prob. 4.5-28
Given shear force diagram, determine loading and bending moment
q0 VF q0
G VF
2m
MC
C
hinge
D E RD
1m 1m
q0
F RG
2m
Free-Body Diagrams
B
P G A
Loading : q= dV dx
RA = 12kN
q=
6kN m
P = 12kN
MC
C
2m
D RD E F RG
RB
1m 1m
1m 1m
dV 12 dV dV RD = 12kN = =6 q= q= dx 2 dx dx =0 =0
B C D
V
20
+12
+8
+4 0 slope = 4 0 +2
VF = RG = 4 kN
ShearForce
M = Vdx + M A = ( 6 x + 12 )dx = 3x 2 + 12 x
0 20 38
14
M@B = (1)P + MC + (3)RD (4.5 )(1 q0 ) (5 )VF = 0
RD = 4 kN
V = 6 x + 12
V =0
V = 12
FV = P + RB + RD (1)(q0 ) + RG = 0
dM =V dx RB = 32 kN
33 / 33
12kN m
M = Vdx + MC = ( 12 )dx + 12 = 12 x + 12
dV = q dx
BendingMoment : M = Vdx + C
0 0
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
Chapter 4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
34 / 33
