Process Description: How a Turbofan Engine Works
Colin Kling ENGL 202 C Section 33 3/17/11
Audience and Scope of Description
The purpose of this document is to provide the reader with a basic understanding how a jet engine functions. The document will focus on the turbofan engine (a specific type of jet engine common to commercial airliners) and the process it employs to generate thrust. After reading this document, the audience will be able to identify the key components of a turbofan engine, the role of these components in the overall process, and how these components interface with one another. The intended audience for this document is high school upperclassmen in a physics or advanced science course. The document could appear within a textbook or stand alone as a technical process description. Students should gain a better understanding of concepts that they have learned in other courses through the real world example of a turbofan engine. These concepts may have been learned in other science courses, such as chemistry or physics, and will be tied together by the process description of how a turbofan engine works. This general understanding will be beneficial to the students should they seek higher education, an internship, or a career in this field.
Introduction to Process
Turbofan engines are found on commercial airliners around the world and have revolutionized the way we travel. The turbofan engine functions by way of a thermodynamic cycle where air is ingested into the engine, compressed, combusted, expanded, and exhausted from the engine creating thrust to propel the vehicle. These five steps are carried out by five major engine components: the fan, compressor (low and high pressure), combustor (or combustion chamber), turbine (high and low pressure), and exhaust nozzle. These components can be seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1: A diagram of the components of a turbofan engine
To fully understand how a turbofan engine functions, we will examine the engine from front to back, following the path that air passing through the engine would take. Each of the five major components will be discussed in the order they occur. By outlining their purpose and how they interact with the other components, we will gain an understanding of each part separately as well as an understanding of the engine as a whole.
The Ideal Gas Law One useful concept to keep in mind throughout the entire process is the ideal gas law. The ideal gas law is an equation which relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal fluid. The ideal gas law states that the product of the pressure and the volume of a fluid is equal to the amount of the fluid multiplied by the ideal gas constant and the temperature of the fluid. That is, PV = nRT, where P represents pressure, V represents volume, n represents the amount, R is the ideal gas constant, and T represents temperature. For this description, it is assumed that the amount (n) of fluid and the ideal gas constant (R) are constant and of little consequence. The implication of the ideal gas law is that when the volume decreases (when the fluid is compressed), the temperature and pressure must increase. The converse of this is also true: when the volume increases (when the fluid expands), the temperature and pressure decrease. These concepts are important throughout this process description. For our purposes, we will assume the fluid within the turbofan to be ideal.
How a Turbofan Engine Works
Figure 2 is a sketch of a turbofan cross section. In this side view, the components or stations have been numbered. The air travels through the engine from left to right, starting at the fan (number 1 on the figure) and progressing towards the exhaust nozzle (number 5 in the figure). The components and what occurs at each station are described in detail below.
1 2 4 3 5
Bypass Air
Figure 2: A cross section of a turbofan engine with bypass air labeled and processes numbered
1. Air Intake/Ingestion The fan is responsible for producing the majority of the thrust generated by a turbofan engine and is easily visible when looking at the front of the engine, as seen in Figure 3. The fan is directly connected to the low pressure compressor (LPC) and the low pressure turbine (LPT) by way of a shaft known as the low pressure shaft. The fan is station 1 in Figure 2 (above). Ambient air enters the engine by passing through the fan. Most of the air that passes through the fan travels around the core of the engine (the center of the engine where the Figure 3: A turbofan engine, compressor, combustor, turbine, and exhaust nozzle are viewed from the front, with the fan visible located). This air that travels around the core is known as bypass air (it bypasses the core, as seen in Figure 2). Bypass air is accelerated out of the back of the engine by the fan thereby creating thrust. It never interacts with the compressor, combustor, turbine, or exhaust nozzle. The remaining air enters the core of the engine. This air has been somewhat accelerated by the fan, and immediately enters the low pressure compressor. 2. Compression The purpose of compression is to prepare the air for combustion by adding energy in the form of pressure and heat. The compressor is divided into two portions: the low pressure compressor, mentioned above, and the high pressure compressor. The compressor is station 2 in Figure 2. Both compressors function in a similar manner; however, they interact with different parts of the turbofan engine. The Low Pressure Compressor(LPC) The LPC is directly connected to the fan and the low pressure turbine (LPT) by the low pressure shaft. The LPC has rows of spinning blades which push the air further back into the engine. As the air is being forced rearward, the LPCs cross sectional area decreases, causing the volume of air to decrease. From the ideal gas law, this implies that the air is becoming pressurized and the temperature is increasing. Immediately after the air passes through the LPC, it enters the high pressure compressor. The High Pressure Compressor (HPC) The high pressure compressor, or HPC, is located directly downstream of the LPC and directly upstream of the combustor. The HPC is connected directly to the high pressure turbine by the high pressure shaft. Like the LPC, the HPC has rows of spinning blades which force the air flow rearward into a higher pressure and higher temperature state due to
a decrease in volume. The HPC typically has more rows of blades when compared to the LPC. Air exiting the HPC has a high temperature and pressure and is now ready for combustion. 3. Combustion Combustion occurs within the combustor, a stationary chamber within the core of the engine, which is station 3 in Figure 2. The combustor is directly downstream of the HPC and directly upstream of the high pressure turbine. The purpose of the combustor is to add even more energy to the air flow by way of heat addition. Within the combustor, fuel is injected and mixed with the air. This fuel-air mixture is then ignited, creating a dramatic increase in temperature and energizing the flow, propelling it rearward towards the high pressure turbine. A Quick Recap At this point, the air within the engine has had fuel added to it and has been burned very rapidly. This air is at a much higher pressure and temperature compared to when it entered the engine. These elevated pressures and temperatures are due to the energy added to the flow from compression and combustion. 4. Expansion Expansion occurs within the high pressure and low pressure turbines. The turbines are station 4 in Figure 2. Similar in appearance to the compressors, the turbines have rows of blades which spin (as seen in Figure 4). The purpose of the turbines is to extract energy from the flow which is then used to spin the compressors and the fan. The spinning fan draws more air through the core of the engine which continues the entire process, and it pulls more bypass air around the engine, generating continuous thrust. The High Pressure Turbine(HPT)
Figure 4: Rows of turbine blades
The high pressure turbine, or HPT, is located directly downstream of the combustor and directly upstream of the low pressure turbine. The HPT is driven by the high pressure air that passes through it. The HPTs cross sectional area is initially small and then increases downstream. This change in area allows the air to expand, increasing in volume thereby decreasing in pressure and temperature. This decrease in pressure and temperature, along with the energy used to spin the turbine, correspond to a decrease in the overall energy in
the air flow. Air exiting the HPT is significantly cooler and less pressurized than the air entering; however, it still has viable energy which will be extracted by the low pressure turbine. As mentioned earlier, the HPT is connected to the HPC by the high pressure shaft. The high pressure shaft spins the HPC when the HPT is spun by the air passing through it. This interaction ensures that the HPC will be pulling air into the combustor continuously, thus feeding the HPT highly energized, combusted air continuously. The Low Pressure Turbine (LPT) The low pressure turbine, or LPT, is located directly downstream of the HPT and directly upstream of the exhaust nozzle. The LPT functions exactly as the HPT does; however, it is connected to the LPC and the fan via the low pressure shaft. Therefore, when the LPT is driven by the air passing through it, is also drives the LPC and the fan. When the LPC is spinning, it provides the HPC with air to feed to the combustor. When the fan is spinning, it provides the LPC with air to feed to the HPC, and it produces thrust by accelerating bypass air out of the engine. Air exiting the LPT is significantly cooler than when entering, but it is still hotter than the ambient air. This hot air exits the LPT and immediately enters the exhaust nozzle. 5. Exhaust The exhaust nozzle is located directly downstream of the LPT and it is the last component that the air flow touches before exiting the engine. An example of an exhaust nozzle can be seen in Figure 5. The exhaust nozzle is at station 5 in Figure 2 and it is stationary, like the combustion chamber. The purpose of the exhaust nozzle is to propel the core flow out of the engine, providing additional thrust. This is accomplished by way of its geometry or shape. The nozzle also helps regulate pressures within the engine to keep the other components functioning properly and efficiently.
Figure 5: An exhaust nozzle as seen from the back of an engine
Conclusion
This entire process can be broken down into steps as follows: 1. Air enters the engine through the fan, which is being driven by the low pressure turbine. 2. Most of the air is accelerated out of the back of the engine, creating thrust. 3. A portion of the air enters the core of the engine where it travels through the low pressure and high pressure compressors. 4. This compressed air is then mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor where heat energy is added. 5. Heat energy and pressure energy cause the air to expand through the turbines, spinning the high pressure and low pressure turbines which in turn spin the fan and the compressors. 6. Air exits the turbines and exits the engine through the exhaust nozzle, which also generates thrust, propelling the engine and vehicle forward. This process is continuous, with each component doing a specific task to keep the engine as a whole running. Overall, the idea behind a turbofan engine is relatively simple: add energy to the air flowing through the engine then extract this energy in order to drive the fan and create thrust. Turbofans are the main powerplant propelling jet liners across our country and around the world. With some general physics and chemistry concepts, one can gain an understanding of these machines that have revolutionized the way we travel and have a greater appreciation for the technology behind them.
Works Cited Figure 1 (unmodified): Schematic diagram of a high-bypass turbofan engine. Diagram. Aviation Dictionary. 2006-2007. 11 March 2011. <[Link] Figure 2 (labels added): Sketch of turbofan engine. Sketch. Institute of Sound and Vibration Research Fluid Dynamics and Acoustics Group. 11 March 2011. <[Link] m>. Figure 3 (cropped): Front view of a turbofan engine. Photo. Irish Energy News. 15 Oct. 2010. 11 March 2011. <[Link] Figure 4 (resized): Flickr user jondresner. Westinghouse Turbine Detail. Photo. Flickr. 30 June 2009. 11 March 2011. <[Link] 3709979497/>. Figure 5 (unmodified): Boeing. Aft end of a Rolls Royce turbofan engine. Photo. Boeing Media. 20 Nov. 2011. 11 March 2011. <[Link]